猪博卡病毒的研究进展

猪博卡病毒是最近发现的一种属于细小病毒科博卡病毒属的单链DNA病毒。它具有三个开放阅读框,能够编码NS1,NP1,VP1和VP2四种蛋白。常与其它致病菌混合感染猪只。可以通过PCR,实时荧光定量PCR,环介导等温扩增技术和其它分子病毒学技术进行检测。目前在粪便、血清、肾脏、淋巴结和其它组织器官检测到该病毒。由于猪博卡病毒是新发现的一种病毒,所以还有很多问题未得到解决,本文将对近几年该病毒的研究进展进行阐述。     

PCR技术在禽病诊断中应用的研究进展

聚合酶链式反应(PolymeraseChainReaction,PCR),又称体外基因扩增技术,是80年代中期由Mullis.发明的一种新的分子生物学技术,与传统的检测方法如生物化学、细菌学、病毒学和血清学方法等相比较,PCR方法具有特异性和敏感性高、操作简便、快速高效等特点,而且应用广泛。在病原方面,它既可作病原体的检测,也可同时进行不同病原或同一病原不同株的检测。特别适合难以培养的病毒和细菌的检测。经过近20年的发展,目前已开发出多种PCR技术,以适应不同试验需要,现综述PCR技术在禽病诊断中的应用。1PCR原理PCR是由三个基本反应组成的反复循…     

免疫PCR检测微量H5亚型禽流感病毒

为了有效检测低浓度禽流感病毒,笔者通过将高特异性的抗原-抗体反应与高灵敏性的PCR扩增技术相结合,建立了一种快速检测痕量H5亚型禽流感病毒的间接免疫PCR方法和间接“三明治”抗体夹心免疫PCR方法.以TopYield 96孔板为固相免疫吸附载体,以禽流感病毒H5蛋白为检测对象,通过一系列免疫反应及亲和素-生物素桥联作用,将生物素标记的报告DNA分子和生物素标记的禽流感病毒H5亚型抗体分子连接.充分洗涤后,在TopYield板孔中添加PCR反应液,对板壁偶联的报告DNA进行PCR扩增,间接达到检测微量禽流感病毒H5蛋白的目标.通过优化报告DNA分子和链亲和素的浓度,2种免疫PCR技术都可检测到约1 fg的禽流感病毒H5蛋白,与常规ELISA方法相比,灵敏性提高了近1 000倍.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒乌鲁木齐分离株GP5基因遗传变异分析

为对乌鲁木齐市猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)的分子遗传变异情况进行研究与分析,应用RT-PCR方法对疑似感染PRRSV猪的组织脏器进行PRRSV GP5基因的扩增,将阳性样品PCR产物进行克隆和测序,并应用分子生物学软件对测序结果进行比对和遗传进化分析。结果显示,5株病毒分离株GP5基因全长均为603 bp,与JXA1株亲缘关系较近,同属于美洲株的同一基因亚群。本试验结果为掌握乌鲁木齐市PRRSV的分子遗传变异情况提供了依据。     

家蚕几种常见病毒分类近况

随着分子生物学的研究方法和手段不断应用到病毒学研究中,人们已获得了大量的分子水平的实验资料,使病毒学的发展日新月异,病毒的分类也在不断变动、补充和完善。自从1971年Wildy整理发表第一届国际病毒命名委员会(ICNV)统一的病毒分类和命名方案报告(即ICNV)第一     

禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒检测方法研究进展

禽网状内皮组织增生症（Reticuloendotheliosis,RE）是危害养禽业的一种重要病毒性肿瘤病。本文概述了禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒（REV）实验室检测方法的研究进展。在细胞生物学方面,主要依靠病毒分离培养、病毒电镜形态检查、病毒特异性抗原及其抗体的检查等。在分子生物学方面,主要依靠国内外相继建立起的PCR、荧光定量PCR、LAMP技术及斑点分子杂交等。介绍和比较了各种方法的优缺点和实用性,为临床兽医科技工作者建立快速、简便、准确、实用的检测方法提供参考。     

禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒检测方法研究进展

禽网状内皮组织增生症(RE)是危害养禽业的一种重要病毒性肿瘤病。本文概述了禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒(REV)实验室检测方法的研究进展。在细胞生物学方面,主要依靠病毒分离培养、病毒电镜形态检查、病毒特异性抗原及其抗体的检查等。在分子生物学方面,主要依靠国内外相继建立起的PCR、荧光定量PCR、LAMP技术及斑点分子杂交等。介绍和比较了各种方法的优缺点和实用性,为临床兽医科技工作者建立快速、简便、准确、实用的检测方法提供参考。     

定量PCR技术的研究现状及应用概述

定量PCR的问世是继定性PCR（即常规PCR）后分子生物学方法学研究的一大飞跃，实现了对核酸信息量的分析比较，为疾病的诊断和治疗提供了更多、更有效的基因水平信息。本旨在介绍定量PCR技术的研究现状，包括PCR产物定量检测的几种常用技术以及近年来研究和应用较多的几种重要的定量PCR方法。同时，对定量PCR技术在分子生物学和临床上的应用也作了探讨。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒检测方法研究进展

介绍了猪流行性腹泻病毒实验室检测方法的研究进展,在细胞生物学方面,主依靠病毒分离培养、病毒电镜形态检查、病毒特异性抗原及其抗体的检查等检测方法;在分子生物学方面,主依靠核酸杂交技术、RT—PCR法和实时荧光定量RT—PCR法等检测方法。介绍和比较了各种方法的优缺点和实用性,为临床兽医科技工作者提供参考。     

陕北白绒山羊小反刍兽疫病毒RT-PCR方法的建立

为了建立适用于本地区小反刍兽疫病毒的分子生物学快速检测方法,通过分析NCBI数据库中小反刍兽疫病毒N基因序列,根据该基因设计特异性引物,建立针对本地区小反刍兽疫病毒N基因的一步法RT-PCR检测方法,利用该方法对来自疫源地的不同病料样本进行检测,结果显示该方法对病料的可选择性较多,对检测到的阳性条带通过测序分析,发现流行毒株与陕西毒株基因型差异不明显。该检测方法的建立有利于开展小反刍兽疫疫情监测,为有效防控小反刍兽疫提供技术支撑。     

Real-time polymerase chain reaction: a novel molecular diagnostic tool for equine infectious diseases

The focus of rapid diagnosis of infectious disease of horses in the last decade has shifted from the conventional laboratory techniques of antigen detection, microscopy, and culture to molecular diagnosis of infectious agents. Equine practitioners must be able to interpret the use, limitations, and results of molecular diagnostic techniques, as they are increasingly integrated into routine microbiology laboratory protocols. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the best-known and most successfully implemented diagnostic molecular technology to date. It can detect slow-growing, difficult-to-cultivate, or uncultivatable microorganisms and can be used in situations in which clinical microbiology diagnostic procedures are inadequate, time-consuming, difficult, expensive, or hazardous to laboratory staff. Inherent technical limitations of PCR are present, but they are reduced in laboratories that use standardized protocols, conduct rigid validation protocols, and adhere to appropriate quality-control procedures. Improvements in PCR, especially probe-based real-time PCR, have broadened its diagnostic capabilities in clinical infectious diseases to complement and even surpass traditional methods in some situations. Furthermore, real-time PCR is capable of quantitation, allowing discrimination of clinically relevant infections characterized by pathogen replication and high pathogen loads from chronic latent infections. Automation of all components of PCR is now possible, which will decrease the risk of generating false-positive results due to contamination. The novel real-time PCR strategy and clinical applications in equine infectious diseases will be the subject of this review.     

Establishment and Preliminary Application of Nano-PCR and LAMP Methods for Bovine Parainfluenza Type-3 Virus

This study was aimed to establish Nano-PCR and LAMP which were new rapid type of molecular detection technologies of bovine parainfluenza type-3 virus (BPIV3).The comparative specificity and sensitivity of BPIV3 Nano-PCR and LAMP PCR were tested, and the assay was applied to detect 10 clinical samples. The specificity and sensitivity tests showed that Nano-PCR and LAMP were only sensitive to BPIV3,without cross reaction to other viruses, such as bovine respiratory syncytial virus,infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus. In the sensitivity test, Nano-PCR and LAMP showed 10 times sensitivity than that of the traditional PCR technology,with the minimum detection of 4.16×10² copies/μL. Clinical test results showed that the coincidence rate of Nano-PCR and LAMP could reach to 100%, and the positive detection rate was much higher than that of normal PCR.Therefore, the Nano-PCR and LAMP methods established in this study provided a faster, sensitive and reliable tool for the clinical diagnosis of BPIV3.     

牛副流感3型病毒Nano-PCR、LAMP方法的建立及初步应用

试验旨在建立牛副流感3型病毒（bovine parainfluenza type-3 virus,BPIV3）纳米PCR（Nano-PCR）与环介导等温扩增技术（loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP）新型快速分子检测技术,对其进行特异性和敏感性对比试验,并对10份临床样品进行了检测。特异性与敏感性试验结果显示,建立的Nano-PCR和LAMP方法只对BPIV3特异,而对牛呼吸道合胞体病毒、牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒、牛病毒性腹泻病毒无交叉反应;建立的Nano-PCR和LAMP方法具有相同的敏感性,均是普通PCR的10倍,最低核酸检出量均为4.16×10²拷贝/μL。临床检测结果显示,建立的两种方法阳性符合率为100%,且阳性检出率均高于普通PCR。因此,本试验建立的Nano-PCR和LAMP方法为BPIV3的临床诊断提供了更快速、敏感、可靠的工具。     

Molecular genetic methods in the veterinary clinical bacteriology laboratory: current usage and future applications

In the last 5 years, numerous molecular methods have been published for the detection and characterization of bacteria in the field of veterinary medicine. PCR has been the most commonly used technology. Although not currently used for clinical veterinary diagnosis, new technologies such as liquid-phase hybridization, real-time PCR, pathogen load determination and DNA/protein microarray have been described and have many possible applications in the clinical bacteriology laboratory because of their sensitivity and efficiency. This review describes the basic principles and application of recently published DNA-based molecular techniques for the purpose of veterinary clinical bacteriological diagnosis. It covers advances in probe hybridization technology, DNA/RNA amplification techniques and other molecular detection methods, including 16S rRNA analysis for bacterial characterization and DNA microarrays for bacterial detection. The review briefly summarizes the application of molecular methods for the diagnosis of specific important bacterial infections of animals, and for other animal pathogens that are slow or difficult to isolate in the clinical bacteriology laboratory. In addition, the molecular detection of antimicrobial resistance genes and of bovine mastitis pathogens is briefly described and current commercially available tests are listed.     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒一步法RT-PCR检测方法的建立与应用

为建立一种快速检测牛病毒性腹泻病毒病原的方法,本研究根据GenBank上登录的牛病毒性腹泻病毒(bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV)基因组序列,设计1对引物,建立了检测BVDV的一步法RT-PCR方法。该方法对牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒、猪瘟病毒、牛副流感病毒3型的扩增结果均为阴性,检测的敏感性达1 ng RNA。该一步法RT-PCR方法具有良好的特异性、敏感性、重复性,可以准确快速检测出极低含量的BVDV,将为BVDV的病原检测及分子流行病学调查等提供一种快速、灵敏、特异、准确的分子生物学检测方法。     

鸭甲型肝炎病毒1型与3型双重TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立与应用

旨在建立一种针对鸭甲肝病毒1型（DHAV-1）和鸭甲肝病毒3型（DHAV-3）的高效快速、高灵敏度和高特异性的双重TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR （q-PCR）检测方法并应用于临床疑似样品检测。根据DHAV-1和DHAV-3的VP1基因保守区域,分别设计合成了2对特异性引物和探针,在此基础上建立并优化了双重TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR方法。结果显示：优化后标准曲线的相关系数（R²）均在0.999以上,扩增效率（E）在105%~110%,其组内变异系数（i-CV）与组间变异系数（c-CV）均在0.77%以下。运用双重q-PCR方法对不同稀释度的混合质粒与病毒核酸进行检测,结果表明,建立的双重TaqMan q-PCR特异性高;同时检测DHAV-1和DHAV-3的灵敏度均可达10个拷贝,分别是常规PCR方法的1 000倍和100倍。对40份来自苏中、苏北地区的疑似鸭肝炎病毒感染的鸭组织病料进行检测,结果表明,q-PCR方法检出36份阳性病料,阳性率为90%;而常规PCR方法未能检出高Ct值的样品,阳性率为72.5%（29份阳性病料）。建立的双重TaqManq-PCR检测方法为DHAV-1与DHAV-3的临床样品检测提供了高效、灵敏、特异的工具,推动了临床分子流行病学调查及病毒定量分析等研究。     

How molecular methods change our views of FeLV infection and vaccination

FeLV was discovered 40 years ago and vaccines have been commercially available for almost two decades. So far, most FeLV pathogenesis and vaccine studies were conducted assaying parameters, such as virus isolation and antigen detection. Accordingly, regressive infection was characterized by transient or undetectable viremia, while persistent viremia is typically observed in cats with progressive infection. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction assays, the spectrum of host response categories to FeLV infection was recently refined by investigating proviral and plasma viral RNA loads. Cats believed to be immune to FeLV infection were found to turn provirus-positive after virus exposure. Moreover, efficacious FeLV vaccines were found unable to prevent provirus-integration and minimal viral replication. Remarkably, no difference was found in initial proviral and plasma viral RNA loads between cats with different infection outcomes. Only subsequently, the infection outcome is associated with FeLV loads. FeLV provirus was found to persist for years; reoccurrence of viremia and disease development was observed in some cats. Thus, aviremic provirus-positive cats are FeLV carriers and, following reactivation, may act as an infection source. However, integrated viral DNA may also be essential for solid protection and long-lasting maintenance of protective immunity. In conclusion, real-time TaqMan PCR and RT-PCR assays are highly sensitive and specific. They yield a more sensitive measure for FeLV exposure than antigen detection, virus isolation or immunofluoresence assays. We recommend the use of real-time PCR assays to identify FeLV exposed cats, particularly in catteries, and investigate obscure clinical cases that may be FeLV-associated. The use of sensitive molecular methods will contribute to a more in-depth understanding of the FeLV pathogenesis.     

Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies) virus: the virus and molecular pathogenesis--state of the art, June 1999

Considerable progress has been made during the last years in understanding the molecular basis of protein function in pseudorabies virus (PrV), the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease (AD). Major topics have been the identification and functional characterisation of viral envelope glycoproteins and cellular virus receptors, elucidation of viral proteins involved in neurovirulence and neuropathogenesis, detection and characterisation of attenuating mutations present in and leading to successful attenuated live vaccines, and the near completion of the genomic sequence of PrV DNA. This review, which follows an article prepared for the 1993 AD symposium in Budapest, Hungary, will briefly summarise those recent developments and update the reader on the current state of the art in PrV research.     

Early detection of bovine leukosis virus DNA in infected sheep using the polymerase chain reaction.

The early diagnosis of bovine leukosis virus (BLV) infection, the aetiological agent in enzootic bovine leukosis, is important for the implementation of control measures. BLV infection is currently assessed by the detection of circulating antibodies against the viral envelope protein, gp51. However, this approach has shortcomings in the time taken to detect anti-BLV antibodies (three to four weeks after infection), and in the failure to detect antibodies in some animals. Clearly a technique such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which directly detects the presence of viral DNA, has advantages over methods designed to measure host antibodies. The use of PCR for the detection of proviral DNA in an affected DNA sample with as little as 10(-5) micrograms of host DNA using agarose gel electrophoresis followed by ethidium bromide staining is described here. It was possible to improve the sensitivity of this assay by using hybridisation analysis with a BLV gene probe. PCR used in combination with hybridisation analysis will provide a sensitive diagnostic assay to detect BLV when antibody tests give weakly positive or equivocal results.     

The molecular diagnosis of porcine viral diseases: a review

The worldwide occurrence and re-occurrence of transboundary diseases like foot-and-mouth disease or classical swine fever indicates that there is a high need for the development of powerful, robust and high-capacity new diagnostic methods, which are able to detect the causative agents before they could spread to large populations and cause tremendous losses. This article reports the experiences of a research group on the development of molecular methods for the improved diagnosis of a range of porcine viral diseases, including diseases on List A of the Office International des Epizooties (OIE). Nucleic acid hybridisation and various polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays have been applied for routine diagnosis of a large range of viral diseases. During the last one-and-a-half decade more than 40 nested PCR assays have been developed to detect a variety of DNA and RNA viruses. False positive and negative results are avoided by the use of special tools, practices and internal controls of amplification (mimics). Recently, real-time PCR methods (TaqMan, molecular beacons, Primer-Probe Energy Transfer system) have been developed for the diagnosis of a wide range of diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease and vesicular stomatitis. Multiplex PCR packages have been developed for the simultaneous detection of eight important viruses of swine. By introducing nucleic acid extraction and pipetting robotics, together with the multi-channel real-time PCR machines, the diagnostic procedures have become rapid, robust and automated. In order to standardise the real-time PCR assays, the rules of OIE are considered. By following the five steps of OIE standardisation and validation, the new diagnostic procedures are nationally and internationally standardised and harmonised. The rapid, powerful and internationally standardised molecular diagnosis contributes to the reduction of losses caused by the transboundary viral diseases in swine populations.