马尾松木质素快速热解及产物分析

以针叶材马尾松木质素(Pinus massoniana)为快速热解的原料,采用热解-气相色谱-质谱联用(PyGC-MS)技术,分别对磨木木素(MWL)、碱木素(AL)以及酸不溶木素(Klason木素)三种不同种类的木质素及磨木木素在不同热裂解温度下进行了热裂解实验,分析了不同条件下热裂解产物中主要酚类组分相对含量的变化。结果显示,裂解温度为500℃时,马尾松不同类型木质素热裂解产物存在较大差异,磨木木素、碱木素和酸不溶木素裂解产物中总酚相对含量分别为62.3%、44.86%和16.25%,结果说明磨木木素最易裂解,碱木素次之,酸不溶木素最难裂解。热裂解温度从400℃升高到500℃再升高到600℃的过程中,磨木木素裂解产物中总酚相对含量仅从59.78%升高到62.31%再升高到65.72%,主要酚类组分为愈创木酚及其衍生物,各酚类组分相对含量随温度升高呈现出不同的变化趋势。     

亚临界水中杉木碱木质素的解聚特性分析

利用间歇式高压反应釜在250~350℃的亚临界水中进行杉木碱木质素的水热解聚反应。通过GC/MS的定性、定量分析以及元素分析和FT-IR,分析反应液相和固相产物的组成与结构变化,探究了不同温度下碱木质素水热解聚的反应特性。结果表明,碱木质素水热解聚反应残渣率在325℃时最低,为18.66%。碱木质素在亚临界水中解聚所得的液相产物中酚类化合物GC含量均在80%以上,且随反应温度的升高,酚类化合物种类增加,总酚含量提高。酚类产物中愈创木酚的含量最高,其质量分数在325℃时达最高17.71 mg/g。随着反应温度升高,在一定程度上木质素脱氢脱氧,含碳量增加。在325℃时碳基转化率和能量转化率均最高,分别为79.18%和79.95%。在温度低于325℃时,水热焦的化学结构与木质素相似,达到350℃时,木质素严重缩合炭化。     

基于TG-FTIR和Py-GC-MS分析的椰壳热解特性研究

采用热重-红外光谱(TG-FTIR)和裂解-气相色谱-质谱联用(Py-GC-MS)技术对椰壳粉的热失重、热裂解行为及其裂解产物进行了研究。在对N2和空气气氛下椰壳的TG和DTG曲线进行分析的基础上,采用三维红外光谱对热解过程中气体产物进行在线检测,结果表明:N2气氛下,椰壳的最大失重峰温度(Tm)为347.8℃,固体残余量为32.0%,主要的气体产物是CO2;而空气气氛下椰壳的热解更完全,固体残余量仅为6.5%,且最大热失重温度为282.1℃,释放的气体除了CO2,还有CO、H2O和CH4等。Py-GC-MS分析结果表明:酚类化合物是主要的裂解产物,当温度为400℃时共检测到39种裂解产物,其中酚类化合物12种(GC含量40.0%);当温度为700℃时共检测到56种裂解产物,其中酚类化合物18种(GC含量45.8%)。     

竹材居里点快速热裂解研究

利用JHP-5型居里点裂解仪,在358、445、590和670℃4种居里点温度下快速热裂解竹材,通过GC-MS在线分析裂解产物。结果表明竹材居里点裂解液相主要产物为糠醛和酚类物质,其中445℃时2,3-二氢苯并呋喃的相对含量多达21%,并且液相主要产物的相对含量随温度的提高呈现先增后减的变化规律,裂解温度为445~590℃更利于液相产物的生成。裂解机理分析得知糠醛是由纤维素和半纤维素裂解产生,而酚类物质则来源于木质素。     

在Ru/C和甲酸(甲酸盐)体系中碱木质素水热解聚特性研究

在Ru/C和甲酸(甲酸盐)的共同作用下,275~350℃的亚临界水中,进行碱木质素的水热解聚反应。通过GC-MS定性分析和GC-FID定量分析,探究了供氢试剂及用量、反应温度、木质素分子级分对木质素水热解聚的影响。结果表明:在甲酸和Ru/C条件下,木质素解聚液相产物得率最高,组成较简单,具有较好催化降解效果;在甲酸添加量为0.8 mol/L,反应30 min时,木质素解聚液相产物最多,其中含量最高的单酚类物质为4-甲基愈创木酚,在主要单酚类物质中占32.77%,木质素水热解聚液相产物得率随温度升高而先增后减,并在325℃时取得峰值;L1、L2和L3是碱木质素的3个不同的分子级分,L1级分对木质素解聚液相产物得率贡献最大,达61.80%,且产物中单酚类物质总得率最高,为112.71 mg/g。其中,愈创木酚与4-甲基愈创木酚所占比例最高,可分别为35.38和35.52 mg/g;对木质素进行分级分离处理后再进行水热转化反应,有利于液相产物和单酚类物质得率的进一步提高。     

β-5型木质素模型化合物热解机理研究

木质素作为三维网状无定形高聚物,其化学结构非常复杂。为探究热解过程中产物的分布及形成路径,利用PyGC/MS联用仪在不同的热解温度下对软木木质素中最典型的C—C键(β-5型)模型化合物的热解产物进行详细研究。结果表明:β-5型化合物在低温下主要发生C—O键的开环断裂,热解产物仍以二聚体的酚类和酮类化合物为主。随着热解温度的升高,二聚体继续发生二次裂解反应,形成大量的小分子芳香族化合物,相对含量约占15%～30%;当热解温度为900℃时,热裂解生成的化合物之间能够通过缩聚反应形成萘和茚,其相对含量约占产物含量的9%。同时,反应路径也进一步揭示了热解过程中的转化机理。     

竹材碱溶性木质素化学结构及热稳定性研究

连续用0.5%、2.0%和5.0%Na OH水溶液在80℃条件下从巨龙竹中抽提得到木质素组分,采用凝胶色谱、红外光谱、核磁共振、热重分析仪表征了竹材木质素的化学结构和热稳定性。结果表明,巨龙竹木质素属于典型的禾草类木质素,其大分子由对羟基苯丙烷(H)、愈创木基丙烷(G)和紫丁香基丙烷(S)3种基本结构单元组成;巨龙竹木质素大分子的主要联接键为β-O-4'醚键、β-β'和β-5'碳-碳键;巨龙竹木质素大分子苯丙烷结构单元侧链γ位碳与对香豆酸和阿魏酸存在化学键联接,形成对香豆酸酯和阿魏酸酯(醚);巨龙竹木质素具有较高的热稳定性,其热稳定性随分子量增加而升高。     

基于量子化学的木质素热裂解中环类化合物形成的理论及实验研究

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分析木质素微观结构,应用裂解气相色谱-质谱联用技术(Py-GC/MS)进行木质素的热裂解产物分析。研究结果表明:300和400℃时没有检测到多环芳烃等复杂结构,可见在该温度下,裂解产物并未发生二次缩合作用;在800℃下,苯和甲苯的GC含量增加,苯酚基本保持不变,并开始出现多环芳烃化合物。以密度泛函理论B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)为基础对木质素的裂解反应过程进行了分子动力学模拟研究,对比分析实验数据和模拟数据,推断出木质素热裂解中环类化合物的形成演化机理:300~400℃主要发生CC键的断裂和羟基脱落(路径R5-1)以及C1—Cα键的断裂(路径R5-2);400~800℃发生的C1—Cα键断裂反应(路径R4-1),苯环上甲氧基官能团脱去反应(路径R4-4)和苯环上甲氧基均裂(路径R5-3);与苯环上甲氧基官能团均裂反应(路径R4-3)相比,苯环C1—Cα断裂反应(路径R4-2)发生的可能性更大;路径2、路径3和路径5的产物量均在800℃左右达到最大,其产物分别为联苯、菲以及芘。     

木聚糖CP-GC-MS法裂解行为研究

采用居里点裂解仪-气相色谱仪-质谱仪(CP-GC-MS)联用分析技术,以木聚糖作为半纤维素的模化物,研究了居裂解温度对木聚糖快速裂解产物组成及其含量的影响,并与纤维素居裂解行为进行了对比。结果表明,木聚糖居裂解过程可以分为两个区域:居裂解温度小于300℃时,木聚糖发生了剧烈的糖基断裂,生成了糠醛和糖类单体化合物,其中糠醛含量在280℃时达到了54.38%;居裂解温度大于300℃时,糠醛和糖类单体化合物等含量下降,小分子的醛酮类化合物种类和含量大幅度提高;纤维素与木聚糖居裂解行为存在明显差异,木聚糖居裂解温度明显低于纤维素;木聚糖裂解的主体产物是糠醛,而纤维素裂解的主体产物是葡聚糖。     

纤维素CP-GC-MS法裂解行为研究

采用居里点裂解仪-气相色谱仪-质谱仪(CP-GC-MS)联用分析技术,研究了居裂解温度、时间对纤维素快速裂解产物组成及其含量的影响。结果表明,纤维素在居裂解过程中左旋葡聚糖始终是裂解的主体产物;纤维素在300~370℃居裂解主要生成糖类单体化学品;随着居裂解温度的进一步提高,纤维素解聚形成的单体裂解成为其他小分子的醛酮类化合物种类和含量大幅度提高;居裂解时间的增加对CP-GC-MS谱图的色谱峰没有影响,只是居裂解反应的中间体左旋葡聚糖含量降低,其它产物含量保持不变或有所提高;在居裂解温度358℃、居裂解时间1 s时,左旋葡聚糖含量高达73.07%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。