植物化感物质对种子萌发的影响及其生态学意义

化感现象作为植物之间的一种相互作用方式,在农林业生产中广泛存在。合理利用植物之间的化感作用,对于生产实践具有重要的指导意义。研究表明,化感物质可促进或抑制不同物种种子的萌发过程,这对于植物的生长发育、植物群落的组成与分布以及生态系统的平衡有着重要影响。本文从化感物质对种子萌发的影响与其生态学意义两个方面进行了综述。一方面,在阐述化感作用影响种子萌发的基础上,进一步总结了化感物质抑制植物种子萌发的生理生化机制。包括:化感物质通过抑制胚根和胚轴的伸长,破坏亚细胞结构,干扰植物激素及活性氧的合成与代谢,造成细胞损伤,从而阻碍种子萌发;抑制种子中储存物质的代谢,阻碍种子萌发过程中的物质以及能量转换,导致种子萌发受阻等。另一方面,本文从化感作用在抑制农田杂草及影响生态系统稳定性两个方面,阐述了化感物质调控种子萌发的生态学意义。讨论了农作物的化感抑草作用,农林业生产中的化感自毒作用以及化感作用造成的生物入侵等,以期为农林业生产提供借鉴。最后,根据目前研究进展,对本领域未来研究方向进行了展望和讨论。     

入侵杂草五爪金龙的除草剂植物筛选

本文报道了具有化感作用或潜在抑草活性的17种植物叶片水浸液对华南地区入侵杂草五爪金龙幼苗生长的化感作用,以期获得对五爪金龙有较强抑制作用的植物种类,为植物源除草剂的开发奠定基础。结果显示,17种供体植物中有12种能够抑制五爪金龙幼苗生长,抑制强度依次为假臭草〉飞机草〉黄帚橐吾〉艾蒿〉披针叶黄华〉微甘菊〉马缨丹〉鸡矢藤〉牧荆〉南美蟛蜞菊〉胜红蓟〉隆缘桉。且假臭草、艾蒿、飞机草、黄帚橐吾和披针叶黄华5种供体植物对五爪金龙的4项生长指标均产生显著或极显著影响,其中假臭草、飞机草、黄帚橐吾作用浓度较低,且资源丰富,可成为天然除草剂主要的资源植物。     

水稻化感种质筛选的初步研究

采用砂培法和蒸馏水浸提法对300份水稻品种进行了化感作用初筛，初步发现12份品种分别对稗草或莴苣的幼根、幼苗的生长具有明显的抑制作用，约占总数的4％，主要来源于外国粳稻、籼稻及广西地方晚籼品种；一般情况下，化感物质对稗草幼苗的抑制作用明显强于其对幼根的抑制作用，而对莴苣幼苗的抑制作用则明显弱于其对幼根的抑制作用；对莴苣的化感作用强于对稗草的化感作用，所以初筛时以莴苣为检测植物可提高效率；砂培法和蒸馏水浸提法具有能快速大量测定化感种质的优点，可作为初筛的主要方法，但均需改进，以提高准确性。     

水稻化感作用潜力研究初报

6个化感水稻的化感作用潜力试验结果表明，不同品种水稻的化感潜力存在差异，6个供试水稻按其对稗草生长抑制率的大小依次为“Woo Co Chin Yu”＞“Kouketsumuchi”＞“AC1423”＞“CN-15”＞“Taichung Native 1”＞“YH-1”。提高化感物质的浓度，可相应增强对稗草生长的抑制作用。试验证实，水稻对稗草的化感作用具有密度依赖效应，表现为杂草密度加大，水稻化感抑制效果降低，这与资源竞争的结果恰好相反。     

水稻人感作用潜力研究初报

6个化感水稻的化感作用潜力试验结果表明，不同品种水稻的化感潜力存在差异，6个供试水稻按其以对稗草生长抑制率的大小依次为“Woo Co Chin Yu”＞“Kouketsumuchi”＞“AC1423”＞“CN－15”＞“Taichung Native 1”＞ “YH－1”。提高化感物质的浓度，可相应增强对稗草生长的抑制作用。试验证实，水稻对稗草的化感作用具有密度依赖效应，表现为杂草密度加大，水稻化感抑制效果降低，这与资源竞争的结果恰好相反。     

紫茎泽兰叶片凋落物对入侵地4 种草本植物的化感作用

为了明确紫茎泽兰叶片凋落物对入侵地草本植物的化感作用, 研究了不同浓度紫茎泽兰叶片凋落物水提液对入侵地草本植物多年生黑麦草、白三叶、辣子草和紫花苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响, 同时结合土培试验研究了叶片凋落物在入侵地土壤中的化感作用。结果表明, 除多年生黑麦草外, 水提液对其他3 种草本植物种子萌发均产生了显著的化感抑制作用, 且水提液的浓度越高抑制效果越强; 低浓度水提液对紫花苜蓿和辣子草的幼苗生长存在显著化感促进作用, 高浓度的水提液对除多年生黑麦草外的其他3 种植物幼苗的生长存在显著化感抑制作用, 水提液对多年生黑麦草幼苗生长的影响不显著; 土壤中按照50 g·kg^-1的比例添加叶片凋落物后, 显著抑制了白三叶的生长, 而添加活性炭后, 白三叶的单株生物量相对于未添加活性炭的处理增加71.25%, 进一步证实叶片凋落物在土壤中的化感抑制作用。这说明外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰可能通过其叶片凋落物在入侵地土壤中降解, 释放化感物质, 抑制伴生植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长, 为自身创造有利的生长环境, 实现其成功入侵和扩张。     

农业生态系统中的化感作用

化感作用体现了植物之间的生化相生相克关系，且广泛存在于农业生态系统之中。由于化感物质的作用，某些种类的作物不宜混种，而有些种类之间实行间作则提高产量。因为自毒作用的影响，重茬种植作物会出现减产，因而选择适宜品种进行轮作可避免此况发生。开发、利用化感物质作为植物源杀虫剂、土壤灭菌剂也已成为当前植保工作的热点。通过杂交和转基因等生物工程手段筛选、培育携带抑草基因的栽培品种，或将普通作物与抑草作用显著的品种进行间作，均可有效减少除草剂的使用。更为直接的方法是将化感物质发展为除草剂，并进一步探讨其人工合成和化学修饰的可能性，从而提高作物产量，减少化学除草剂对农业环境的污染。     

田间旱育条件下不同化感潜力水稻的抑草效应分析

研究了田间旱育条件下, 在土壤水分充足和适度干旱状态时, 化感水稻"PI312777"和非化感水稻"Lemont"的抑草效应差异.结果表明, 在两种供水状态下, 化感水稻"PI312777"对田间杂草的控制效应显著高于非化感水稻"Lemont","PI312777"对各种杂草抑制效应指数的绝对值多在0.5以上, 而"Lemont"对各种杂草抑制效应指数的绝对值则多在0.5以下.进一步分析发现, 适度干旱胁迫下"PI312777"和"Lemont"对杂草的抑制效应都有增强趋势, 且"PI312777"稻田杂草生物量的降低幅度高于"Lemont"稻田; 以与非化感水稻"Lemont"共生下的杂草生物量为对照, 化感水稻"PI312777"对稻田杂草均表现出一定的化感抑制作用, 且适度干旱胁迫诱导下化感作用强度进一步增加.此外, 水稻对不同杂草的生物干扰强度不同, 化感水稻"PI312777"对夏熟稻田阔叶杂草有较强的控制效果, 干旱胁迫诱导"PI312777"对无芒稗(Echinochloa crusgalli L.)的化感潜力明显增强.     

植物化感作用类型及其在农业中的应用

本文总结前人研究成果的基础上,对不同植物化感作用类型及其作用机制和在农业中的应用进行了探讨。植物化感作用包括化感偏害作用、自毒作用、自促作用和互惠作用。植物化感偏害作用是由植物根系分泌物介导下的植物与特异微生物共同作用的结果。利用植物化感偏害作用控制田间杂草是一项环境友好型的可持续农业技术,并已在水稻化感抑草研究方面取得了较突出的成果。植物化感自毒作用(作物连作障碍)是造成作物产量降低、生长状况变差、品质变差、病虫害频发的现象。药用植物,特别是以根部入药的药用植物中,连作障碍表现更为突出。近年来研究结果认为根系分泌物生态效应的间接作用及土壤微生物区系功能紊乱是导致植物连作障碍的主要因素。因此,改善土壤生长环境,恢复和修复根际土壤微生物结构平衡,增强生态系统机能是克服作物连作障碍的关键。植物化感自促作用(连作促进作用)是在植物根系分泌物促进下,根际土壤微生物之间此消彼长,有益微生物之间互利协作,土壤肥力和营养补给能力明显改善,从而增强植物根系抗性,促进植物生长发育,提高产量和品质的结果。牛膝的连作促进作用明显,有学者试图通过牛膝与其他不耐连作药用植物间作套种或轮作,实现药用植物生产的可持续发展。植物间的正相互作用(互惠作用)是作物间套种系统超产和养分等资源高效利用的重要机制,根系分泌物在介导根际微生物与植物的有利互作中起到重要作用。最后作者强调指出,存在于根际土壤的微生物群落的宏基因组组成是决定植物能否健康生长的关键。深入研究存在于土壤生态系统中的植物体外基因组的组成与演化机制,将成为借用现代合成生物学原理与技术,定向控制植物根际生物学过程,促进作物生产可持续发展的优先研究领域。     

植物化感作用研究概况

近年来植物化感物质的提取、纯化、鉴定及其生物检测方法的研究取得很大进展。化感作用物质主要来自植物的次生代谢产物，它通过影响植物膜系统、激素水平、矿质吸收、呼吸和光合作用等对植物的生长产生影响。并阐述了植物化感作用及其机理、化感作用的研究方法，指出植物化感作用研究中存在的问题和研究方向。     

Soil and weed management for enhancing arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization of wheat

Tillage and weed control are critical components of cropping systems that need to be combined such that crops benefit from reduced competition. However, weeds may also contribute to the biological diversity within the agro‐environment. This greenhouse study investigated whether common weeds of arable cropping systems were suitable host plants for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), allowing the development of extraradical mycelium (ERM) that can contribute to the early colonization of a following wheat crop, especially in the absence of soil disturbance. Weeds were allowed to grow for up to 2 months before being controlled by soil disturbance or herbicide application (glyphosate or paraquat). Pregerminated wheat seeds were then planted. Chemical control of the weeds prior to sowing enhanced the early arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) colonization rate of wheat roots, whereas mechanical disturbance was less acceptable as a method of weed control for rapid AM colonization. The type of herbicide (contact or systemic) had no impact on colonization of the wheat crop. Enhanced AM colonization promoted early P acquisition and growth of the crop. Appropriate management of weeds emerging between two consecutive cropping seasons coupled with no‐till soil management could ensure a quick and efficient AM colonization of the following wheat plants.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal hyphae enhance transport of the allelochemical juglone in the field

Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon where plants have harmful effects on growth of surrounding plants through the production of chemical substances. Here we focus on allelochemical processes which operate belowground, can influence plant interactions and therefore potentially affect plant community structure. Soil hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may enhance transport processes in the soil matrix by providing direct connections between plants facilitating infochemical exchange.In a two-component field study we showed that soil hyphae likely play a crucial role in movement of allelochemicals in natural soils and greatly expand bioactive zones by providing effective transport pathways for chemical compounds. First, we tested the effects of Juglans regia leaf litter extract addition in intact or disrupted hyphal networks and simultaneously determined growth reducing effects on sensitive Lycopersicon lycopersicum plants. Second, we analyzed the effect of juglone on tomato by directly adding leaf litter. In both approaches we found an increase of juglone transport if a hyphal network was present, resulting in reduced growth of target plants.Our results, together with previous work, add to the body of evidence for hyphae of soil fungi playing an important role in the transfer of allelochemicals and effectively acting as transport highways in the field. We suggest that hyphal connections, mostly formed by AMF, increase the effectiveness of allelochemicals in natural systems and can play a crucial role in chemical interaction processes in the soil.     

不同耕作、秸秆及氮素管理措施对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作田杂草生物量影响的研究

农田杂草的发生受多种生产措施的影响,是造成作物减产的重要原因之一。本研究目的在于探索我国华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系下农田杂草对不同耕作、秸秆和氮管理的响应。研究结果发现:(1)夏玉米拔节期杂草种类和平均总生物量分别是冬小麦拔节期的1.25倍和6.66倍,因此,玉米季是轮作中农田杂草防治最主要季节,而马唐、打碗花、稗草等是杂草防治的主要对象。(2)不同管理措施对冬小麦季农田杂草生物量无显著影响。(3)夏玉米季,全免耕处理杂草平均生物量比半免耕处理高77.5%～99.4%。玉米拔节期,无小麦秸秆覆盖还田时,会促进翻耕杂草的发生。(4)夏玉米收获时,高氮水平(当季施氮量240 kg.hm-2)杂草平均生物量比低氮水平(当季施氮量120 kg.hm-2)显著低55.9%,耕作和氮效应的交互作用达显著水平,全免耕、低氮投入杂草生物量是半免耕、高氮投入的4.05倍,在翻耕条件下,高氮水平抑制杂草效果不显著。因此,华北平原区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系应加强夏玉米季杂草的综合防治,利用秸秆覆盖还田抑制杂草的发生,也可通过优化氮素管理改善作物生长发育从而抑制杂草发生,其中在全免耕条件下,可通过适当增加氮素供应水平而减轻杂草的危害。     

千金子与异型莎草对直播水稻产量的影响及其生态经济阈值研究

千金子和异型莎草均是直播稻田的恶性杂草,危害水稻的生长发育,对水稻生产造成严重威胁。为明确千金子和异型莎草对直播稻产量的影响及其生态经济阈值,采用添加系列试验法和模型拟合法研究不同密度千金子和异型莎草组合和与水稻不同共生时间下水稻产量性状的变化规律。结果表明,随着千金子和异型莎草组合密度增加以及与水稻共生时间延长,水稻的有效穗数、每穗实粒数、千粒重和产量均逐渐下降。当千金子+异型莎草密度增加至8株·m~(-2)+8株·m~(-2),水稻产量仅2 236.37kg·hm~(-2),与空白对照相比产量损失率为71.14%;在千金子4.67株·m~(-2)+异型莎草3.50株·m~(-2)的平均密度下,二者与水稻在整个生育期共生时,水稻产量为5 138.33 kg·hm~(-2),与空白对照相比产量损失率为33.37%。低密度、短时间共生的两杂草组合对水稻产量无显著影响。但从密度梯度看,在两种杂草与水稻整个生育期共生条件下,杂草复合密度达到4.14株·m~(-2)时,则必须对其进行防除;从共生时间的尺度看,在试验设置密度条件下,必须在水稻种植后的16.7 d进行杂草防除,否则将对水稻产量和经济效益造成显著影响。在对复合杂草生态经济阈值分析的基础上进行杂草防除,可避免除草剂盲目使用,对减少除草剂使用次数,降低除草剂用量、节约除草成本和保护农田生态环境具有指导作用。     

淹灌和间歇灌溉对晚稻田杂草群落多样性的影响

为探明节水灌溉对稻田杂草群落组成及物种多样性的影响,运用群落生态学方法,开展了淹灌与间歇灌溉2种灌溉模式下水稻不同生育阶段稻田杂草群落动态变化研究。结果表明:间歇灌溉和淹灌稻田杂草种类分别有10科13属14种、10科11属11种;间歇灌溉稻田各生育期杂草密度平均降低27.8%;优势杂草种类虽与淹灌基本一致,但阔叶类杂草矮慈姑重要值降低9.76%,单子叶杂草浮萍重要值降低65.38%;间歇灌溉稻田以旱生杂草生长为主,总体各生育期旱生杂草群落密度增加277.51%,水生杂草群落密度降低81.44%,而淹灌稻田以水生杂草为主;间歇灌溉稻田Margalef物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wienner多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数,平均提高27.01%、14.31%、9.09%和3.48%,乳熟期差异尤为显著。间歇灌溉提高了稻田杂草多样性,有效地抑制了优势种杂草生长,有利于改善稻田生态保护。该研究可为节水灌溉稻田杂草控制及多样性保护提供科学依据。     

Biochemical basis for wheat seedling allelopathy on the suppression of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

The chemical basis for wheat seedling allelopathy on the growth of annual ryegrass was investigated by the identification and quantification of multiple allelochemicals from wheat seedlings. Results indicated that 58 wheat accessions differed significantly in seedling allelopathy and inhibited the root growth of ryegrass from 10 to 91%, depending on accession. Analysis of allelochemicals by GC/MS/MS indicated that allelopathy was significantly correlated with the levels of measured allelochemicals in the shoots and roots of young wheat seedlings. Ryegrass root growth was also negatively correlated with the levels of p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, and trans-ferulic acids in root exudates. Wheat allelopathic potential was negatively correlated with the levels of the eight known allelochemicals quantified in the shoots, roots, and water-agar medium, with multiple regression coefficients (r) of -0.61, -0.71, and -0.71, respectively. In comparison with weakly allelopathic accessions, strongly allelopathic accessions produced significantly higher amounts of allelochemicals in the shoots and roots of the wheat seedlings and also exuded larger quantities of allelochemicals into the growth medium. Wheat accessions with strong seedling allelopathy might be useful for management of weeds during the establishment stage, thereby reducing the need for commercial herbicides in early-season application.     

Effect of different ecological conditions on the mud snail (Cipangopaludina japonica) in submerged paddy soil

Summary The effects of environmental factors, such as the nature of paddy soil, the presence of rice plants and weeds and applications of compost and weed-killers, on the behavior, growth and reproduction of the mud snail (Cipangopaludina japonica, an important paddy-soil dweller in Japan) were studied. The types of water-soluble substances in the soil and the softness of the mud make paddy soil a suitable habitat for this snail. The snail avoids soils that bear rice plants and weeds, preferring soils without higher plants. Feeding experiments revealed that the snail consumes a great deal of bacterial materials, such as detritus and sludge compost, suggesting that the sewage sludge produced from wastewater-treatment installations can be decreased by the snail if it is applied to paddy fields as sludge compost.     

Impact of the rhizosphere on soil microarthropods in agroecosystems on the Georgia piedmont

We pulse-labeled corn (Zea mays) and weed plants with photosynthetically fixed Carbon-14 to investigate the importance of the rhizosphere as a food source for soil microarthropod food webs. In field samples, we followed the movement of ¹⁴C from plant shoots to roots to microarthropods. In conventionally tilled (CT) agroecosystems, the soil microarthropods accumulated radioactive tracer and reached concentrations as high as those in roots. In no-tillage (NT) agroecosystems, radioisotope concentrations in microarthropods were not as high. The CT systems lack surface organic litter, an alternate food base for microarthropods. Results suggest that feeding in the rhizosphere is more important in CT systems. Weeds transferred higher concentrations of tracer into the rhizosphere than did crop plants, suggesting that weeds in CT systems may be important in fueling food webs.     

间种白三叶草和稻草覆盖控制丘陵茶园杂草效果

开展丘陵茶园杂草生态控制,可减少对茶园土壤水分和养分的消耗,避免使用化学除草剂。连续2年的田间试验,野外应用小样方多点采样调查茶园杂草种群数量、生物量、平均株高和茶芽密度等指标,结合实验室的茶叶内含成分分析和感官评审。结果表明:茶园共有杂草16科31属31种,春季(4月)以生长速度较慢、生物量小、株高在30cm以下的杂草为主,夏季(7月)以生长快、植株高和生物量大恶性杂草为主,秋季(9月)恶性杂草开始减少,酢浆草、白花蛇舌草等生物量小、株高矮的杂草逐渐增多;稻草覆盖处理茶园春、夏和秋季3个观测时期杂草物种丰富度(S)、多样性(H)、均匀度(J)等指数均高于清耕对照,优势集中性指数(C)低于清耕对照;间种白三叶草处理春、夏和秋季3个观测时期杂草总数量和生物量均显著低于清耕对照,夏、秋季杂草平均株高显著低于清耕对照;稻草覆盖和间种白三叶草处理春季茶芽重和产量显著高于清耕对照,鲜叶中游离氨基酸含量高于清耕对照,茶叶感官评审得分高于清耕对照处理。这表明稻草覆盖和间种白三叶草能改变茶园杂草群落结构,有效控制杂草生长,增加茶叶产量和改善茶叶品质。