鲁中山区不同人工林土壤水分特征

 为了解不同林分土壤水资源的变化规律,为北方石质山区植被恢复重建提供科学依据,在济南市南部山区圣泉寺林场内,以5种人工林分为研究对象,对其土壤物理结构和土壤水分特征进行了研究。结果表明:1)各种林分类型的土壤容重、孔隙度和渗透速率等表征土壤水文物理性质的指标,明显好于无林地,其中混交林好于纯林,刺楸纯林好于黄连木、栾树纯林。2)在旱季和雨季,随着土壤深度的增加,大部分林分土壤含水量呈现递减趋势,其变动幅度小于无林地。3)随着土壤深度的增加,各森林类型土壤饱和持水量逐渐减小;混交林表层土壤蓄水功能最好,其他林分各层次差异较小;在涵养水源和水分有效性方面,混交林优于纯林,纯林中以刺楸较好,栾树较差。在今后的森林经营中,首先考虑营造混交林分,树种组成以刺楸+黄连木较好,若营造纯林,应选择营造刺楸林分。     

黄河三角洲人工林地土壤的水盐动态变化北大核心CSCD

在调查林分长期生长特征的基础上,以未造林荒地为对照,系统研究黄河三角洲不同退化程度刺槐林、刺槐白蜡混交林和白蜡纯林等人工林地土壤的水盐动态变化特征。结果表明:人工刺槐林的退化程度越高,其林地表层土壤含水量越低,深层土壤盐分含量则越高。与刺槐、白蜡纯林相比,混交林土壤含水量相对较高、土壤盐分则较低。春、秋、冬三季,严重退化刺槐林土壤含水量随土层深度增加而升高,而轻度退化刺槐林土壤含水量季节变化较复杂。春、冬两季随土层深度增加土壤含水量呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,夏季则相反,而秋季逐渐降低。混交林及相应纯林的土壤含水量在春季随土层深度增加均表现出先降后升的趋势;夏季有很大程度的降低,但混交林高于纯林;秋、冬季时纯林土壤含水量由表层向深层递减,混交林则先下降后上升。轻度退化刺槐林的土壤含盐量在全年中均较低,而严重退化刺槐林深层土壤含盐量较高。相比之下,混交林降低土壤含盐量的能力最强,刺槐纯林次之,白蜡纯林最弱。总之,在滨海盐碱地区营造人工林,能在一定程度上改善土壤含水量和含盐量,明显影响土壤中水分、盐分的时空分布。     

鲁中南石灰岩山地针阔混交林土壤理化性状及水文效应

为选择出适宜鲁中南石灰岩山地的针阔混交林模式,以山东省新泰市扒石山小流域栽植的5种10a生针阔混交林为研究对象,采用野外调查与室内测定相结合的方法,系统分析针阔混交林模式下的枯落物蓄积量、土壤理化性质、土壤渗透速率、土壤水文效应等指标,研究不同针阔混交林对林地土壤理化性状和土壤水文效应的改良效果。结果表明:5种混交林模式下的各项指标均差异显著,且针阔混交林的各项指标均优于侧柏纯林,其中针阔混交林的各项指标均以侧柏刺槐混交林最优,侧柏黄连木混交林较差;林地土壤理化性状和水文效应的改良效果依次为:侧柏刺槐混交林侧柏苦楝混交林侧柏五角枫混交林侧柏臭椿混交林侧柏黄连木混交林。在鲁中南石灰岩山地营造针阔混交林时,应优先选择侧柏刺槐混交林和侧柏苦楝混交林,其次可选择侧柏五角枫混交林和侧柏臭椿混交林,应尽量避免大面积营造侧柏黄连木混交林及侧柏纯林。     

不同植被恢复模式下矿区废弃地土壤水分物理性质研究

以南京幕府山矿区废弃地5种植被恢复模式人工林为研究对象,对其土壤物理结构和土壤水分特征进行研究,以期为长江下游地区矿山生态恢复提供参考。研究结果表明:阔叶混交林、阔叶纯林、针叶纯林、乔灌混交林和灌木林5种植被恢复模式林地土壤容重、孔隙度、含水量指标均优于对照地,土壤质量明显改善,持蓄水分和调节水分的潜在能力明显提高。其中阔叶混交林土壤结构特性最好,对水分的贮蓄和调节能力最强,其次是乔灌混交林及阔叶纯林,针叶纯林稍差,灌木林最差。相关性分析表明,不同植被恢复模式下林地土壤水分物理特征与其土壤水分变化和持排水性能密切相关。在以后植被恢复过程中应加强混交林营建,在树种选择上适当增加有利于改善土壤非毛管孔隙度的树种。     

亚热带区域几种典型人工林生态系统林地土壤质量评价

针对不同经营模式对林地土壤的物理性质、化学性质和生物学性质的影响,采用主成分分析方法直观定量地研究了亚热带区域几种典型人工林生态系统林地的土壤质量指数和土壤退化指数,揭示了土壤质量指数之间的相关性和差异性、以及土壤退化指数之间的相关性和差异性,并很好地识别出了土壤质量指数和土壤退化指数的主要成分。分析结果基本上反映了不同生态类型林地土壤质量状况,主成分分析土壤质量指数得分以常绿阔叶林最高,其次是混交林和阔叶纯林,连栽杉木纯林最低;主成分分析土壤退化指数表明,与次生常绿阔叶林比较,其中连栽杉木纯林退化幅度最大,而混交林和阔叶纯林次之。从而对其林地土壤质量进行了准确评价,为杉木人工林的可持续利用提供直接依据,并为亚热带区域人工林生态系统林地土壤质量评价提供参考。     

黄河三角洲不同刺槐混交林的土壤持水能力

在黄河三角洲盐碱地,以无林地作为对照,调查刺槐臭椿混交林、刺槐白榆混交林、刺槐白蜡混交林、刺槐纯林4种林分不同土壤层的盐碱度、容重和孔隙度、枯落物层和土壤持水能力等指标。结果表明:(1)除刺槐白蜡混交林土壤表层有一定的返盐现象外,其余林分均具有一定的压盐抑盐效果,且pH值多随土壤深度的增加而升高;(2)不同混交林的枯落物层总蓄积量范围为2.03～12.15t/hm2,半分解层大于未分解层,表现出造林地显著高于无林地,但是刺槐混交林略小于刺槐纯林;(3)不同林分的枯落物最大持水量与其蓄积量的趋势基本一致,在3.79～19.59t/hm2之间,有效持水量在2.74～13.48t/hm2之间,二者的变化趋势并不完全一致;(4)与无林地相比,林地的土壤容重显著减小,而土壤孔隙度增加,其中混交林好于纯林,其土壤饱和蓄水量、毛管蓄水量从大到小依次为刺槐白蜡混交林、刺槐白榆混交林、刺槐臭椿混交林、刺槐纯林、无林地。因此,为发挥刺槐在黄河三角洲盐碱地的改良土壤、涵养水源等方面的作用,建议营造混交林。     

兰州市南北两山5种典型人工林土壤的渗透特性

[目的] 探讨不同树种组成的人工纯林和混交林在生长过程中对土壤渗透特性的改良程度,为该区域人工林营建过程中树种选择及现有林分的抚育管理提供科学依据。[方法] 采用双环渗透法对甘肃省兰州市南北两山5种典型人工林分类型（侧柏林、新疆杨林、刺槐林、侧柏+刺槐混交林和新疆杨+刺槐混交林）的土壤渗透特性（土壤初渗速率、稳渗速率、平均渗透速率和渗透总量）进行了研究。[结果] 随土层深度（0—80 cm）的增加,土壤渗透性逐渐降低。不同林分类型土壤渗透性均表现为：新疆杨+刺槐混交林 > 侧柏+刺槐混交林 > 刺槐林 > 侧柏林 > 新疆杨林,混交林大于纯林;通用经验方程对各林分土壤渗透性的拟合效果最好,比较适合于描述研究区5种人工林土壤水分入渗过程,Horton方程次之,Kostiakov方程最差。土壤渗透性与土壤初始含水率、总孔隙度、有机质含量、全氮、无机氮呈极显著正相关,与毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度呈显著或极显著正相关,与土壤容重呈极显著负相关。[结论] 在今后兰州市南北两山植被重建过程中,应营造不同树种所组成的混交林人工植被,不宜大面积营造人工纯林植被类型。     

华蓥市山区典型林分水源涵养功能评价

为研究南方丘陵山区典型人工林的生长现状和涵养水源能力,选取华蓥市6种林分作为研究对象,通过测定林下枯落物层和土壤层特征,分析比较不同林地枯落物和土壤的持水能力,对林地水源涵养能力进行评价。结果表明:杉木纯林(近自然经营)枯落物现存蓄积量最大,枯落物持水能力排序为杉木纯林(近自然经营)杉木纯林马尾松—檵木混交林(近自然经营)杉木—响叶杨混交林柏木纯林马尾松—杉木混交林;杉木纯林的土壤层总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、有效持水量均为最优,分别达到67.67%,60.39%,138.11 t/hm~2;6种林地土壤有效持水量大小顺序为杉木纯林杉木纯林(近自然经营)马尾松—杉木混交林杉木—响叶杨混交林柏木纯林马尾松—檵木混交林(近自然经营);综合枯落物层和土壤层持水能力可知,杉木纯林(近自然经营)的水源涵养能力最强,为309.77 t/hm~2,马尾松—杉木混交林最弱。     

华北土石山区人工林土壤健康评价研究

健康的土壤是培育和保护健康森林的基础,研究不同人工林下土壤健康状况对森林健康维护和可持续经营具有重要意义。以河北木兰围场人工林中的落叶松纯林、油松纯林、落叶松与白桦混交林和油松与落叶松混交林为研究对象,分析和比较了不同林分下的土壤物理、化学和生物学性质,并采用主成分分析法评价了其土壤健康状况。结果表明:(1)林分类型对土壤理化和生物学性质影响显著;随土壤深度增加,土壤密度和土壤pH值增大,而土壤含水量、养分含量和微生物数量减少,但其在不同林分下的变化程度不同;(2)土壤因子之间关系密切,土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾含量和细菌数量与土壤密度呈显著或极显著负相关,而与土壤含水量呈极显著正相关;土壤养分含量之间具有不同程度的显著正相关关系;土壤微生物数量与土壤pH值和养分含量之间存在一定的相关性;(3)采用主成分分析法对不同林分下0-60 cm的土壤健康状况进行了评价,各林分土壤健康水平由高到低依次为:落叶松与白桦混交林油松与落叶松混交林落叶松纯林油松纯林。     

3种阔叶树气体交换特性及水分利用效率影响因子的研究

通过测定刺楸、黄连木、栾树旱季和雨季气体交换参数及其周围环境因子的日变化,分析水分生理生态特性,探讨各生理生态因子对水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：光合有效辐射与温度均呈单峰型,空气相对湿度呈“U”型。蒸腾速率日变化3个树种在旱季和雨季均呈单峰型。净光合速率日变化刺楸在旱季为双峰型,在雨季为单峰型,而黄连木、栾树在旱季和雨季均为单峰型。水分利用效率日变化在雨季3个树种呈单峰型,在旱季黄连木呈单峰型,而刺楸和栾树呈双峰型。逐步回归分析发现,影响3个树种水分利用效率的因子主要有胞间CO2浓度(极显著负相关)、大气CO2浓度(极显著正相关)、空气相对湿度(正相关)和叶温(负相关)等。通过主成分分析,可将影响刺楸、栾树水分利用效率的因子归纳为3类,即温度、气孔导度和CO2浓度;黄连木可归纳为两类,即温度和气孔导度。     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.