混菌戊糖己糖发酵产乙醇的研究

比较研究休哈塔假丝酵母单菌发酵、休哈塔假丝酵母和酿酒酵母两步发酵、休哈塔假丝酵母和酿酒酵母同步发酵3种发酵模式下对混合糖(葡萄糖和木糖)的利用情况,结果显示2种酵母同步发酵能够有效解除葡萄糖的抑制,加快木糖利用速率。采用Plackett-Burman实验、最陡爬坡实验和中心组合设计,对2种酵母混菌利用戊糖己糖发酵生产乙醇的培养基进行优化,得到最优培养基条件:硫酸铵9.09 g/L、磷酸二氢钾8.96 g/L、氯化钙0.34 g/L,在此条件下发酵得到乙醇产量为21.71 g/L,较优化前(19.85 g/L)提高了9.4%;混菌在优化后的培养基下进行发酵,酵母浊度OD由12.12增长到了21.87,木糖利用率由优化前的82%增长到优化后的93%。     

休哈塔假丝酵母对半纤维素戊糖和己糖的同步发酵

休哈塔假丝酵母(Candida shehatae)的改良菌种R能同时将半纤维素中的戊糖和己糖发酵成乙醇。当酵母细胞浓度高于8g/L和木糖含量高于总糖的20％时,较易代谢的己糖对木糖所产生的抑制作用可被消除。在30℃～40℃和限制供氧的条件下,90％以上的单糖得到了利用,乙醇得率为0.43～0.48g/g消耗的糖。厌氧发酵导致木糖的不完全利用和木糖醇的积累,而供氧过量则导致酵母细胞增殖并降低乙醇得率。该菌种对半纤维素水解液(如亚硫酸盐制浆废液、玉米秆水解液和落叶松浸提液)中的发酵抑制物有较高的忍耐能力,有重要的工业应用前景。     

树干毕赤酵母在水解液中的驯化及木糖发酵

通过在玉米秸秆蒸汽爆破水解液中的驯化,树干毕赤酵母(Pichia stipitis能够在大量抑制物存在的情况下进行木糖发酵,且驯化后P.stipitis的木糖利用率为94.1％,乙醇得率为82.1％.在此基础上,对初始木糖质量浓度为30、45和60 g/L的水解液进行发酵,结果显示45 g/L初始木糖发酵的平均乙醇生成...     

稀酸蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆预水解液的脱毒及乙醇发酵

以水洗稀酸蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆(ASC)得到的预水解液为原料,分析了ASC预水解液中可发酵性糖、碳水化合物降解产物和主要木质素降解产物的含量,研究了ASC预水解液乙醇发酵性能、3种脱毒方法对预水解液进行脱毒及乙醇发酵性能。研究结果表明,ASC预水解液中可发酵糖类主要含有木糖(49.50 g/L)及少量葡萄糖(9.80 g/L),可用于发酵制备乙醇,但含有大量抑制物不利于乙醇发酵,发酵60 h时的糖利用率和乙醇得率分别仅有87.96%和74.63%。ASC预水解液经过乙酸乙酯萃取、酵母吸附和亚硫酸钠处理3种方式脱毒后乙醇发酵性能均得到较大改善:经乙酸乙酯萃取脱毒后发酵36 h时的糖利用率和乙醇得率分别为95.40%和90.71%;经酵母吸附脱毒后发酵48 h时的糖利用率和乙醇得率分别为97.83%和81.98%;经亚硫酸钠处理脱毒后发酵48 h时的糖利用率和乙醇得率分别为95.55%和84.74%。虽然乙酸乙酯萃取脱毒效果最佳,但从工业应用前景来看,酵母吸附和亚硫酸钠处理是最佳选择。     

固定化细胞发酵半纤维素水解液产木糖醇的研究

固定在海藻酸钙凝胶中的热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)细胞，可有效地利用玉米芯半纤维素水解液生产木糖醇。在摇瓶条件下，采用分批发酵方式，确立了适宜的发酵工艺参数为：32℃，每升氮源含酵母粉2．2g、胰蛋白胨3．7g，发酵液初始pH值6．0，分段改变摇床转速，其中0～24h为210r／min；24～72h为140r／min，固定化细胞凝胶珠与玉米芯半纤维素水解液体积比为1：4。利用固定化细胞重复进行10批次共30d发酵，木糖醇得率平均为73．7％，达到了理论值的80％。固定化细胞密度高、抗逆性强、发酵性能稳定，水解液未经脱色与离子交换便可转化成木糖醇，显示了良好的应用前景。     

固定化混合菌利用戊糖和己糖共发酵制备乙醇

为研究固定化混合菌种对戊糖和己糖同步发酵生产燃料乙醇的影响,以海藻酸钙为固定化载体,采用包埋法固定化休哈塔假丝酵母(Candida shehatae)和酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)混合菌发酵生产燃料乙醇,并对固定化混合菌种的发酵条件进行优化。结果表明:固定化混合菌种发酵可以快速利用葡萄糖,解除葡萄糖代谢对木糖代谢的抑制作用,提高发酵效率,发酵时间从固定化单菌发酵的24 h缩短至20 h,发酵时间缩短16.67%。乙醇产量从13.28 g/L增加至14.89 g/L,升高了12.12%。固定化混合菌种的优化条件为:混合糖(葡萄糖和木糖)质量浓度为45 g/L,发酵温度为30℃,摇床转速为170 r/min,休哈塔假丝酵母和酿酒酵母菌体的比例为4∶1。在此条件下得到最佳乙醇产量为15.21 g/L,较优化前(13.74 g/L)提高了10.70%。本研究结果可为固定化混合菌发酵生产燃料乙醇的工业化提供理论依据。     

树干毕赤酵母戊糖发酵影响因素的研究

研究了树干毕赤酵母(Pichia stipitis)CBS 5776以木糖为单一碳源发酵生成乙醇的影响因素.结果表明,树干毕赤酵母发酵体系的初始酵母质量浓度、pH值和通风条件对其发酵性能有很大影响,发酵的最佳初始酵母质量浓度为5～7 g/L,最佳pH值范围是4.7～5.5,250 mL摇瓶发酵的最佳持液量为75 mL,最佳摇床转速为150 r/min.在2L发酵罐中,通风量为0.075 L/min,即0.05L/(L·min)时,发酵时间为32 h,最高乙醇质量浓度18.29 g/L,乙醇得率83.2％;厌氧发酵的最高乙醇质量浓度19.09 g/L,乙醇得率86.5％.因此,最优通风量为0～0.075 L/min.pH值的提高和通风条件的改善可以使酵母对乙酸的耐受能力得到提高,在150 r/min的转速、pH值为5时,提高通风量后,酵母乙醇得率比厌氧时提高了166.6％.纯糖实验得到的结果用以玉米秸秆酸性爆破模拟水解液定向驯化的酵母在含有乙酸的模拟糖液中发酵得到验证.     

Klebsiella oxytoca发酵木糖生产2,3-丁二醇的研究

利用一株克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella oxytoca ZU-03)发酵木糖生产2,3-丁二醇,并对主要发酵工艺参数进行了优化.实验结果表明:在木糖质量浓度 90 g/L、玉米浆质量浓度 6 g/L、接种量 10 %(体积分数)、初始pH值5.5、 30 ℃的条件下发酵 96 h,木糖利用率为 89 %, 2,3-丁二醇的质量浓度为 36.22 g/L,得率为 0.45 g/g,达到了理论值的 90 %.     

基因重组酵母发酵木糖产酒精的研究

以一株基因重组酵母为研究对象,探讨了厌氧条件下pH值、底物浓度、接种量、乙酸质量分数和葡萄糖添加量等关键因子对木糖发酵的影响。结果表明,重组酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae ZU-10有较强的发酵木糖产乙醇的能力,在80g/L(相对木糖)、初始pH值5.5、接种量1.2g/L(细胞干质量,相对培养液)、30℃下发酵72h,发酵液中乙醇质量浓度达到28.9g/L。发酵液中的乙酸质量分数低于0.05%时对发酵木糖影响不大。添加适量的葡萄糖可促进木糖发酵,在30g/L木糖培养液中添加40g/L葡萄糖,36h内木糖利用率从79.0%增加到85.7%。     

杨木酶水解液培养枯草芽孢杆菌试验

为了更好地利用林业废弃物杨木屑,将杨木屑进行预处理和酶水解制备了富含单糖的酶水解液,并将杨木酶水解液作为培养基中的碳源培养枯草芽孢杆菌。首先通过单因素试验优化了培养基组成,研究了培养基中氮源、无机盐和微量元素以及各组分添加量对枯草芽孢杆菌生长的影响。采用软件Design-Expert 12设计响应面优化试验,对培养基组成进一步优化。根据预测的最佳条件进行5次重复试验,确定最佳培养基组成为:3.20%(体积分数)杨木酶水解液、2.30%(质量分数)鱼粉蛋白胨、0.06%(质量分数)K_2HPO_4、0.04%(质量分数)MgSO_4。通过单因素试验优化了杨木酶水解液作为碳源培养枯草芽孢杆菌的培养条件,确定最佳培养条件为:温度35℃、pH 7.0、转速190 r/min、初始接种量2.0%(体积分数)、装液量10 mL(相对于50 mL)。杨木屑经过乙酸、过氧化氢-乙酸预处理和纤维素酶水解后得到了含有101.7 g/L葡萄糖和20.7 g/L木糖的酶水解液。在最佳培养基组成和培养条件下,酶水解液经过发酵24 h后,培养基中26.8 g/L的葡萄糖和5.6 g/L的木糖分别被枯草芽孢杆菌消耗至0.4和0 g/L,培养得到的枯草芽孢杆菌活菌数可达到6.46×10~8 CFU/mL,最终单糖利用率可达98.7%。试验结果表明,杨木酶水解液可应用于枯草芽孢杆菌培养,可为杨木高值化利用提供参考。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。