氧、光照时间、pH等理化因子影响光合细菌生长的研究

用正交试验设计研究氧、光照时间、pH值等理化因子对荚膜红假单胞光合细菌生长状况。研究结论，荚膜红假单胞菌适宜生长在光照充足的有氧条件下，初始培养基的pH值最好中性偏酸，以使其在整个生长过程中呈良好的态势。     

光合细菌的计数方法--半固体试管法

光合细菌是一大类能在厌氧条件下进行不产氧光合作用的细菌的总称,包括红螺菌科、着色菌科、绿硫菌科和绿色丝状菌科,由于它有能利用硫化氢、氨氮、有机酸等小分子有机物快速生长且菌体本身具有营养丰富、无毒无害等特点,因而在水产养殖上得到了广泛应用。目前水产养殖中用的光合细菌主要是红螺菌科的光合细菌,如沼泽红假单胞菌、荚膜红假单胞菌、球形红菌等,常用来净化水质、防治疾病和促进水产动物的生长,效果比较明显。然而长期以来,光合细菌水产制剂却没有一个统一的质量标准,造成产品质量参差不齐,甚至时有掺假使杂现象发生,严重危害到…     

高活性光合细菌荚膜红假单胞菌培养特性初探

从洛河水中进行了光合细菌的分离，得到一株细胞活性高的荚膜红假单胞菌JM12，并对其培养条件进行了初步摸索。结果表明：该菌适宜在pH值6～7，盐浓度0％～3％，温度25℃～35℃以及有光照条件下生长。     

光合细菌菌剂和沼泽红假单胞菌对实验水体氮磷营养盐和微生物群落的影响

为比较光合细菌菌剂与沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris)的生理生态特性,分析了不同初始菌量的菌剂PG和菌株PSB-1对实验水体氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、亚硝氮(NO_2~--N)、硝氮(NO_3~--N)和活性磷(PO_4~(3-)-P)的降解效果,通过高通量测序分析了菌剂PG的优势菌组成及实验结束时水体细菌数量和微生物群落组成。结果显示,菌剂PG组对实验水体的PO_4~(3-)-P、NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N有一定的降解作用,其最大降解率分别为40.98%、28.28%和20.12%。菌株PSB-1组仅对实验水体的NO_2~--N和PO_4~(3-)-P有一定的降解效果,其最大降解率分别为14.19%和9.88%。菌剂PG的主要优势菌为红假单胞菌属(Rhodopseudomonas sp.)。实验7 d后实验组水体细菌数量和微生物群落结构发生变化,水体细菌数量增长,形成以异养细菌为优势菌的菌群结构。结果表明光合细菌菌剂PG对水质因子的降解效果优于沼泽红假单胞菌PSB-1,但与报道的高效光合细菌菌株的降解能力存在一定差距。     

光合细菌菌种的分离、富集培养、纯化和菌种鉴定及净化水质的研究

光合细菌一般生长在湖底土、河流底土、海底土和水田等地，笔者选择有机物污染较为严重的东平湖畔的河流底土，经富集培养、纯化，最后经菌种鉴定获得了沼泽红假单胞菌、胶质红假单胞菌、球形红假单胞菌和绿色红假单胞菌４株净化养鱼池水质较为理想的菌株。１试验材料和方法１．１富集用培养基NH４Cl１克，MgCl２０．２克，酵母膏０．１克，K２HPO４０．５克，NaCl２克，水９００毫升，灭菌。经过滤灭菌的NaHCO３５克／５０毫升水；５０毫升经过滤灭菌的酒精、戌醇或４％的丙氨酸，用过滤灭菌的０．１摩／升H３PO４调pH值至７．０。…     

海洋光合细菌筛选及其对养殖水体修复效果的测定

集约化投饵型养殖会导致养殖区域底部环境持续恶化,限制了水产养殖的可持续发展。对采自威海金海滩排污口附近污泥中的海洋光合细菌进行了富集、分离和初步鉴定,模拟自然养殖环境,选取优势菌株进行池塘底泥处理试验(上层水体,下层底泥),分析比较两株菌对底泥的改良效果;试验共获得两株优势光合细菌PSB1和PSB2,分属于红假单胞菌属(Rhodopseudomonas)和小红卵菌属(Rhodovulum)。底泥处理试验结果显示:PSB1和PSB2都可以稳定水体pH,降解水中的硫化物、氨氮和化学耗氧量(COD Mn)。PSB1处理底泥最佳效果为:添加1‰的PSB1,水体中pH在6.98~7.33,底泥中COD Mn 、硫化物、氨氮和NO - 2-N降解率分别为92.91%、79.61%、97.00%和73.56%。研究表明,光合细菌可以促进改善水质、维持下层水体的良好水质,在水产养殖中具有良好的应用前景。     

粘稠性荚膜红假单胞菌对黄沙鳖稚鳖水质及生产性能的影响

探讨了荚膜红假单胞菌对黄沙鳖稚鳖水质及生产性能的影响.结果表明:使用荚膜红假单胞菌后,试验池与对照池相比较,水体中的溶氧量提高了31.17％,平缓pH值波动,显著降低水中氨氮含量,下降幅度达74.08％,加快了水中氨氮转化量,减少了氨氮的毒害作用.成活率提高了9.5％、重量增重了9.79 kg,其发病率比后者降低30....     

3种细菌对小球藻生长和脱氮除磷效率的影响

鉴于水资源日益紧缺且水污染问题日渐加剧的现状,藻菌共生系统作为一种节能环保的污水处理方式,有助于提高污水处理效率。通过人工模拟城市污水,选取3种污水处理中常用细菌地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris)与小球藻构建藻菌共生系统,探究了不同细菌对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa FACHB-5)生长以及污水脱氮除磷效率的影响。结果显示,在3种藻菌共生系统中,地衣芽孢杆菌为小球藻促生长菌,而枯草芽孢杆菌对小球藻生长有抑制作用,沼泽红假单胞菌对小球藻生长无显著影响(P>0.05),且沼泽红假单胞菌的生长受到小球藻的显著抑制(P<0.05)。在3个共生系统中,地衣芽孢杆菌-小球藻共生系统中小球藻生物量最高,第2天水体的总氮和总磷去除率分别达到79.84%和83.48%,显著高于小球藻单独培养试验组(P<0.05)。研究表明,3种藻菌共生系统中,细菌与微藻间的关系具有特异性,应选择适宜的促生菌与微藻共培养,合适的藻菌共生系统可提高水体总氮和总磷的去除率。     

沼泽红假单胞菌对罗非鱼养殖水质及生长的影响

为探讨不同浓度的沼泽红假单胞菌(有效活菌数≥5×109个/mL)对罗非鱼养殖水质及生长的影响,采用单因子试验方法,试验共设4个处理,其中1#、2#、3#为试验组,依次在水体中投放3种不同浓度的沼泽红假单胞菌(4mg/L、6mg/L和8mg/L),每隔10d泼洒一次;4#为空白对照组。试验养殖180d,分6次测定水体pH值、溶氧量、化学需氧量(COD)和总无机氮(TIN)含量,试验结束起捕计算罗非鱼的产量、均末重、成活率以及饵料系数作为生产性能的评判指标。试验结果表明,试验组投放沼泽红假单胞菌能稳定水体pH值,提高溶氧量,有效抑制水体化学需氧量(COD)和总无机氮(TIN)等有毒物质的产生,试验组的平均单位产量、均末重和成活率均显著高于对照组4#(P<0.05),而饵料系数显著低于对照组4#(P<0.05)。多重比较来看,投放浓度为6mg/L组效果最好,单位面积产量最高。说明在水体中投放沼泽红假单胞菌,有效地改善养殖水体的水质状况,提高饵料转化率,促进鱼生长,增强抗病力,可在罗非鱼养殖区域大面积示范推广应用。     

固定化浓缩光合细菌对河蟹的促生长影响

根据昆山巴城地区以河蟹为主要养殖品种的特点,我们应用固定化浓缩光合细菌(PSB)对其进行了促生长试验。试验使用的菌种主要由红假单胞菌属的球形红假单胞菌和荚膜红假单胞菌组成,培养方法参照Weaver等(l975)的方法,扩大培养至菌体密度达5×l09个/毫升时收获,6000转/分离心,弃去上层清液,收获PSB浓缩菌体密度达5×l010个/毫升,作为试验用菌液。PSB的固定化采用吸附法,将离心后收集的l0倍浓度PSB浓缩液以硅藻土为吸附剂吸附在表面使其固定化。使用前将固定化浓缩PSB在营养液中活化24小时,使硅藻土内PSB的活性得到恢复和强化。试验分…     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

The optimal dietary protein level of juvenile silver sillago Sillago sihama at three dietary lipid levels

A 5 × 3 factorial growth trial was conducted to evaluate optimal dietary protein and lipid levels (dietary protein level, DP; dietary lipid level, DL) for juvenile Sillago sihama (S. sihama) (2.0 ± 0.02 g, initial weight). Fish were fed 15 diets containing 5 DPs (350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 g/kg) and 3 DLs (60, 90 and 120 g/kg) for 8 weeks. The interaction between proteins and lipids significantly influenced the feed conversion ratio, condition factor, body composition, antioxidant indices and lipase activity (p < .05). DP 450 g/kg showed the highest average final body weight. DPs 500 and 550 g/kg significantly decreased the protein efficiency ratio (p < .05). DL 120 g/kg showed the highest percentage weight gain. The low feed conversion ratio was found in diets P45L12, P55L9 and P55L12. Diet P45L12 showed high superoxide dismutase activities. DP 450 g/kg showed the lowest average malondialdehyde content. Lipase activity was increased by increasing DP (p < .05) with a fall at DP 550 g/kg. Under the present experimental conditions, the optimal DP for S. sihama was 450 g/kg under the DL 120 g/kg.     

Vitamin D3 and the renal handling of phosphate in American eels

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D₃) increased plasma inorganic phosphate concentration in American eels,Anguilla rostrata, in a dose-dependent fashion. This response was more marked in phosphate loaded fish. In control as well as phosphate loaded eels the hyperphosphatemic response to D₃ was associated with a sharp reduction in renal phosphate clearance relative to¹⁴C-polyethelene glycol (PEG) clearance. Glomerular filtration and urine flow rates were not affected by D₃. As renal phosphate clearance, even in phosphate loaded eels, never significantly exceeded that of PEG, it is suggested that D₃ reduced the relative clearance rate of phosphate by increasing renal phosphate reabsorption rather than by reducing the tubular secretion of phosphate.