食用木薯饮料加工工艺优化

以华南9号食用木薯为材料,在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验设计方法对制备食用木薯饮料的酶解条件、调配配方及稳定性等工艺条件进行优化研究。结果表明,最佳酶解工艺条件为:耐高温α-淀粉酶添加量80 U/g,酶解温度85℃,酶解时间120 min;最优调配配方组合为:8%白砂糖+0.2%植脂末+0.04%柠檬酸;复合稳定剂最佳添加量为:蔗糖脂肪酸酯0.04%,分子蒸馏单甘酯0.04%,微晶纤维素0.02%和卡拉胶0.04%。经该工艺生产的食用木薯饮料风味独特,口感细腻,稳定性良好。     

东北黏玉米汁饮料工艺研究

利用东北地产黏玉米作为主要生产原材料,确定东北黏玉米汁饮料的工艺条件为料水比1∶6,液化酶(α-淀粉酶)、糖化酶用量及各自的酶解时间和酶解温度分别是0.25%,90 min,78℃和0.2%,3 h,50℃。确定玉米汁饮料调配时各组分的添加量,玉米糖化汁为75%,柠檬酸为0.3%,白砂糖为5%,氯化钠为0.2%,此时的玉米汁饮料风味最佳。成品的灭菌温度和时间分别是95℃,5 min。     

蒲公英雪梨保健饮料加工工艺的研究

以蒲公英、雪梨为主要原料,研制蒲公英雪梨复合保健饮料,并探讨各因素对蒲公英浸提、雪梨汁酶解及饮料调配效果的影响。结果表明,蒲公英的最佳超声浸提条件为超声频率40 kHz,料液比1∶25,提取温度70℃,提取次数2次,提取时间1.5 h;雪梨汁的最佳酶解工艺为酶解时间2.0 h,酶解温度40℃,复合酶添加量0.6%,pH值3.5;饮料最佳调配工艺为雪梨汁添加量20%,冰糖添加量8%,苹果酸添加量0.15%,蒲公英浸提液添加量30%,蜂蜜添加量0.005%,制得的产品风味独特、营养丰富、质量最佳。     

果胶酶澄清石榴汁的工艺优化

以新疆石榴原汁为材料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验筛选果胶酶澄清石榴汁的工艺条件。结果表明,果胶酶澄清石榴汁最佳工艺为:果胶酶添加量64.32 U/100 m L,酶解时间35 min,酶解温度45℃,经该工艺条件澄清后石榴汁的透光率为91.39%,花色苷含量为89.74 mg/100 g。     

酶解辅助提取桑黄粗多糖的工艺优化

桑黄多糖是桑黄子实体中的主要有效成分。对木瓜蛋白酶酶解辅助提取桑黄多糖的提取工艺进行优化,首先研究了酶添加量、提取温度、提取时间和料液比对桑黄多糖提取率的影响,在单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验优化得到了最优的酶解提取工艺。结果表明,提取温度、提取时间和料液比都对提取率有明显影响,且在所选取的范围内有最大值。在酶添加量为0.3%的基础上,最优工艺条件为提取时间40 min,提取温度50℃,料液比1∶40(g∶m L)。在此条件下桑黄多糖的提取率可达到1.52%。     

海带多糖酶解辅助提取工艺的响应面优化及其稳定性研究

对海带加工下脚料中多糖的酶解提取工艺和化学稳定性进行研究。在单因素试验基础上，采用响应面法对酶解辅助提取的工艺参数进行优化，得出4种酶解因素对海带加工下脚料中多糖提取量影响顺序依次为：复合酶添加量＞pH ＞酶解时间＞温度。最优工艺条件为：液料比40∶1（mL/g），酶解时间135 min，酶解温度55 ℃，酶解液pH 6.0，复合酶添加量2.0%。在该条件下，制得的海带多糖提取量为149.662 g/kg。化学稳定性试验表明，海带多糖提取物在高温和酸性环境下，具有良好的化学稳定性，对碱性环境稳定性较差，是一种化学稳定性较好的天然活性多糖。     

荞麦饮料酶解工艺研究

未经处理的荞麦饮料具有极不稳定的性质,通过单因素试验和正交试验,利用α-淀粉酶的酶解作用,将淀粉大颗粒降解为可溶性糖,确定荞麦饮料最佳酶解工艺,以提高其稳定性。试验表明,料液比1:8,α-淀粉酶酶解温度65℃,酶添加量0.4%,酶解时间60 min为最佳酶解工艺,各因素对荞麦饮料DE值的影响主次顺序为酶解时间酶添加量酶解温度,对荞麦饮料DE值的影响表现为酶解时间极显著、酶添加量显著、酶解温度不显著。此条件下生产的荞麦饮料香味浓郁、口感好、稳定性较好。     

沙枣沙棘复合果酱的响应面法工艺优化及储藏期预测

以新疆喀什沙枣为原料,添加新疆精河县沙棘代替酸味剂柠檬酸,研制复合果酱。通过单因素试验,对沙棘添加量、白砂糖添加量和熬煮时间进行研究。根据可溶性固形物含量及感官评分,采用Box-Benhnken中心组合设计试验,优化沙枣沙棘复合果酱的工艺配方,并通过建立Q10模型对其货架期进行预测。结果表明,沙枣沙棘复合果酱的工艺配方为：沙枣质量设为100%,沙棘添加量12%,白砂糖添加量15%,熬煮时间25 min。该条件下得到的复合果酱产品品质较好,酱体呈黄褐色,甜酸适中,组织状态良好,其中可溶性固形物含量为66%,pH值 3.80,蛋白质含量0.57%,多酚含量4.32 mg/g,黄酮含量0.67 mg/g,还原糖含量3.67%,微生物指标符合国家标准。通过建立Q10模型,预测该产品20 ℃条件下的货架期为177 d。     

酶法制备红枣浓缩汁的工艺研究

以大红枣果实为原料,采用果浆酶酶解的方法浸提红枣汁,研究了红枣汁加工工艺中的软化条件和果浆酶作用最佳环境,从而得出红枣提汁的优化工艺条件。结果表明,红枣软化工艺的参数为软化温度50℃,软化时间15min,水料比3:1;最佳酶解工艺条件为反应温度30℃,反应时间3h,果浆酶的添加量0.04%。     

一种莲藕复合果蔬饮料的工艺研究

对莲藕汁饮料的生产工艺进行研究,将莲藕经过清洗、去杂、切片、护色、打浆和糊化后,添加淀粉酶酶解淀粉后得到莲藕汁,添加白砂糖、苹果浓缩汁、梨浓缩汁、哈密瓜浓缩汁、黄原胶复配,经过均质、脱气、超高温瞬时杀菌和无菌灌装后,制备出莲藕汁饮料。通过单因素试验与正交试验确定了淀粉酶的种类和莲藕汁的酶解工艺,得到α-淀粉酶的最优酶解条件为α-淀粉酶添加量10 U/g,酶作用pH值6.0,酶处理温度75℃,酶解时间50 min;确定了莲藕汁复合饮料的最优配方为莲藕汁添加量70%,白砂糖添加量3%,梨浓缩汁添加量2%,苹果浓缩汁添加量2%,哈密瓜浓缩汁添加量2%。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.