浙江云和梯田国家湿地公园湿地植被调查研究

在资料收集、样带样方调查的基础上,对云和梯田国家湿地公园内的湿地植被类型进行分类,分析研究湿地植被类型的组成、结构特征、分布规律和生境条件。结果表明:湿地公园内植被类型可划分为阔叶林湿地植被型组、草丛湿地植被型组、浅水植物湿地植被型组3个植被型组;银叶柳林、水蓼、粤柳林、弯囊苔草、菰、星花灯心草、满江红等20个群系;共查明湿地维管束植物70科296种,其中野荞麦、野大豆、蛛网萼3种属国家二级保护野生植物。     

北京湿地维管植物群落分类研究

通过对北京地区25个主要湿地植物多样性的调查,参照《中国植被》与《中国湿地植被》的分类原则与系统,对北京湿地植物群落进行划分,共划分为2个植被型组,4个植被型,3个植被亚型,40个群系,84个群丛。     

湖南新化龙湾国家湿地公园湿地植被研究

通过野外调查与统计分析,龙湾国家湿地公园的湿地植被可划分为水生植被、沼生植被、沼泽化草甸植被和湿生木本植被4个植被型、11个群系组、44个群系,其中洲滩沼泽化草甸植被分布面积较大,永久性水生植被分布面积较小。通过对主要湿地植被群系结构研究分析,湿地公园的湿地植被群落主要由湿地草本植物组成,其湿地植被的外貌季节性变化明显。     

洱海湿地植被及其保护

洱海是云南省第2大淡水湖,面积24 952hm2,湖容量28.8亿m3,根据《中国湿地植被》的植被分类原则,洱海湿地植被划分为2个植被型组,4个植被型,27个群系。文章介绍了其中的14个植被群系的分布、生物学特性及主要用途。并从生物多样性、稀有性、自然性、脆弱性等方面进行了生态质量评价。提出了今后的保护措施。     

黄陂草湖湿地自然保护区湿地植物调查

通过调查得知:黄陂草湖湿地自然保护区有湿地维管植物38种,分属22科,37属;莲、绵毛酸模叶蓼、空心莲子草、稗、水烛等为主要湿地植物种类。湿地植被可划分为2个湿地植被型组,3个湿地植被型,5个群系。影响湿地物种缺失的主要因素为过度养殖。     

丽江市湿地植被调查研究

对湿地斑块采用"3S"技术结合实地调查,湿地植被采用典型样方法调查,设立了680个样地。根据样地资料分析整理,将丽江市湿地植被划分为7个植被型68个群系。阐述丽江市湿地植被类型、分布区域及其面积以及湿地植被特点。根据湿地受威胁状况,提出了相应保护管理建议。     

蓬莱平畅河省级湿地公园植物群落分布特点

通过对蓬莱平畅河省级湿地公园植物群落的调查及对主要植物种类、植被类型和植物群落的结构、特征的研究发现:该地区湿地植物资源丰富,有植物107种、4个植被型组、7个植被型、9个群系。     

嘟噜河湿地保护区植物区系及植被特征分析

以嘟噜河湿地自然保护区维管束植物为基础,分析了该区域湿地植物区系特征、植被类型,物种组成、结构及分布特点。调查结果显示,嘟噜河自然保护区有维管束植物73科182属309种,湿地植被划分为4个植被型,7个植被亚型,17个群系组,19个群系,25个群丛,湿地植被物种较为丰富。     

湖南永顺猛洞河国家湿地公园植物资源特点研究

通过野外调查、标本采集与鉴定和查阅文献,对湖南永顺猛洞河国家湿地公园植物资源进行了统计和分析。结果表明:湖南永顺猛洞河国家湿地公园植物多样性高,珍稀特有植物丰富,有维管束植物149科472属710种,其中湿地植物207种、石灰岩特有种52种、中国特有种127种、国家重点保护野生植物7种;种子植物区系具有丰富性、古老性和过渡性的特点;森林植被以人工植被和石灰岩生境次生植被为主,湿地植被划分为4个植被型组、10个植被型、40个群系。并分析了湿地公园植物资源特点形成的原因,以期为湿地公园植物资源保护提供参考依据。     

内蒙古呼伦贝尔湿地种子植物的群落学特征

通过2012及2013年7-8月两个阶段的系统调查,结合相关历史参考资料的分析,对呼伦贝尔湿地植物群落的生态类型和生活型进行了系统的统计分析,并以群系组为基本单位对该区植被类型进行描述,对该区域湿地的分布、演替规律及湿地植被的保护与合理利用作了分析.结果表明:该区湿地植物生态类型以中生植物为主,生活型中草本植物占绝对优势,沉水植物种类丰富;该区湿地植被可划分为3个植被型组、8个植被型、6个植被亚型和30个群系组.因所处气候带和湿地独特生境的综合作用,该区湿地植被表现出优势种多、盖度大,外貌整齐,层片结构分化不明显的群落学特征.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.