Food Security in India: The Challenge of Food Production and Distribution

Food security in India is adversely affected by several abiotic, biotic, and sociopolitical situations. The current position may worsen in the future if timely and appropriate actions are not planned and executed. The pressure of human population and land for cultivation, climate change, government policies of public distribution and marketing of food grains, and lack of a participatory approach—all are contributing to slow down the availability of foods. Also, crop productivity seems to be very much unsustainable. The situation has to be remedied by all possible means and citizens must be assured of food security. This review summarizes several strategies for crop production and food distribution and emphasizes the need for a second Green Revolution.     

西北地区食物结构及其安全现状评估

食物是国民经济基础之基础,食物安全问题是世界各国共同面临的重大问题。及时把握和正确判断一个国家或者地区的食物安全状况,对其经济和社会可持续发展具有非常重要的现实意义。在对2000—2014年西北地区7个省(区)的食物结构及生产量、人均食物占有量和主要食物的平均人日热量拥有量进行分析的基础上,对西北地区的食物安全现状进行了评估和判断。结果表明:2000—2014年西北地区7个省(区)粮食、蔬菜、水果、肉蛋奶、棉花、油料等食物产量整体上在波动中呈增长趋势,食物种类趋向多样化和丰富化;近5年西北地区粮食和水果人均占有量均超过全国人均水平,2000—2014年人均奶类、棉花和油料占有量大于全国人均占有量,但人均蔬菜、禽蛋和肉类占有量低于全国人均水平;除青海地区外,其他6个省(区)2014年人均每日热量拥有量都达到营养学要求;2000年以来,西北地区食物安全程度不断提高,但2014年,西北地区食物安全仍处于一个较低安全水平;当前西北地区仍面临着水资源缺乏、耕地面积和质量有限、农业技术设备落后等挑战,使该地区食物安全受到威胁,针对这些问题,文章提出了调整农业结构,保护生态环境,确保食物安全可持续发展等对策。     

Traditional Food Crops and Their Role in Food and Nutritional Security in Kenya

In Kenya, traditional food crops play an important role in food and nutritional security, especially in the dry parts of Kenya. This study set out to document the most important traditional food crops in Kenya and highlight their production levels, production ecologies, as well as their nutritional value. The findings reveal that the relative importance of traditional food crops differs from one area to another and, while some are produced for subsistence use; others, like sweet potatoes, are grown for commercial purposes. Despite their potential contribution to food and nutritional security, production of traditional food crops is far below that of maize (the main staple food in Kenya). The authors recommend rigorous promotion to increase their production and consumption, since traditional food crops are grown in the arid and semi-arid parts of the country where maize does not perform as well.     

安徽省1995-2013年粮食生产与耕地压力动态变化特征及驱动因素

[目的]探索安徽省粮食安全与耕地压力动态变化及驱动因素,为管理层制定粮食安全政策提供决策参考.[方法]运用耕地压力指数模型、C-D生产模型,采用偏最小二乘回归方法,对安徽省1995-2013年粮食生产与耕地压力的动态特征及驱动因素进行综合分析.[结果](1)人口增长与耕地面积减少的矛盾突出.人口由1995年6 000万,增至2013年6 929万,呈线性增长态势,而耕地面积则由1995年4.29×106 hm2减少至2013年4.19×106 hm2,呈下降态势;(2)研究时序内,耕地压力指数均值为0.345,承载力指数均值为0.747,耕地资源禀赋尚处盈余状态,为全国商品粮盈余地区,平均盈余率达25.32％;(3)粮食作物播种面积、农业固定资产投资对粮食生产具有正向影响,边际弹性系数分别为0.001 458,0.116 508,有效灌溉面积、劳动力、农机总动力、化肥、农膜、农药、农村用电量对粮食生产具有弱负向影响.[结论]加大财政支持力度,加快推进农业现代化进程,增强科技对粮食生产的贡献率,是保障安徽省粮食生产可持续发展的重要途径.     

基于水土资源状况的中国粮食安全思考

粮食安全是当前国内外关注的焦点,尤其是近年来国内外粮食供需矛盾日益尖锐。该文基于影响粮食生产的两大刚性约束——水资源和耕地资源,在系统阐述中国农业水土资源状况及其对粮食生产影响的基础上,提出保障中国粮食安全应遵循“寓粮于源、保粮于墒”的基本策略。并以海河流域为例,分析了不同灌溉条件下典型作物需水量、农田需水量的构成,从定量上说明“寓粮于源、保粮于墒”在维持中国粮食生产中的重要性。     

关中-天水经济区粮食生产的生态成本研究

以关中-天水经济区各市区为研究对象,依据水土流失的相关理论,运用生态学和经济学思想并结合遥感影像进行估算,采用主成分方法对粮食生产过程的生态成本和直接生产成本进行了研究。研究结果表明,关中天水地区粮食生产的生态成本最高已经达到0.8元/kg,直接生产成本约为1.45元/kg,总成本约为2.25元/kg,已经接近粮食的出售价格2.56元/kg。水土流失对于关中-天水地区粮食的生态成本具有重要影响,种子费用和机械费用过高是制约粮食生产成本过高的关键因素。高成本低收益的情况会极大地削减农民种植粮食的积极性。因此,在今后的种植过程中,应当充分利用农业资源,加大科技投入,扩大种植规模,降低生产单位粮食的生态成本。     

Enhancing Household Food Security Under Changing Climatic Conditions: A Case Study of Gokwe North and Hurungwe Districts in Zimbabwe

The effects of climate change are largely felt by smallholder farmers in southern Africa who rely on rain-fed agricultural production. This study used data from a cross-sectional household to investigate the factors that influence a household's adaptive capacity. Results show that there is a positive and statistically significant correlation between receiving information on crop production (p <.01), access to early warning information (p <.01 and adaptive capacity. Without adaptation, it is impossible for smallholder farmers to enhance food security. The study recommends that there is need to improve farmers' knowledge of climate change adaptation technologies and access to early warning information.     

重庆粮食安全战略的科技对策

分析了重庆粮食生产的科技潜力,针对当前科技兴粮面临的三大难题,提出应通过推进"三个科技工程"(粮食科技创新工程、粮食科技示范工程和农技体系振兴工程),强化重庆粮食安全的科技支撑。     

优质食品原料生产技术的现状与展望

优质食品原料对优质食品的生产有着重要的意义。为了得到优质的食品原料,农业生产在提高产量的同时,应强调食物营养的增强和安全性的改善。文章还回顾了生物技术在食品原料生产中的应用,强调优质、天然、无害、健康的主题     

江西省可持续食物安全评价

选取了化肥用量等22个指标,采用层次分析法测算江西可持续食物安全度。结果表明,1978~2003年江西可持续食物安全度逐步提高,目前食物处于安全水平。江西食物生产因子、资源禀赋因子和气候因子安全水平较高,对食物安全较有保障;食物保障因子和社会经济因子安全水平偏低,是可持续食物安全的薄弱环节;可持续环境因子的安全水平正逐步加强,有利于提高可持续食物安全度。     

吉林省食品安全信用体系存在的问题与对策

目前,吉林省食品安全事故频发的重要原因就是食品生产经营企业信用的严重缺乏,为此,本文分析了吉林省食品生产企业存在的问题及产生问题的原因,并提出了加快食品安全信用体系建设的对策。     

吉林省食品安全信用体系存在的问题与对策

目前,吉林省食品安全事故频发的重要原因就是食品生产经营企业信用的严重缺乏,为此,本文分析了吉林省食品生产企业存在的问题及产生问题的原因,并提出了加快食品安全信用体系建设的对策。     

农产品加工应重视餐桌主食品

我国食物生产近年发生了根本性变化,农产品加工是解决生产局部过剩和推动农村经济发展的重要途径,农产品和粮食加工的主要出路在于餐桌主食。主食工业化应重视传统食品的调查、整理、开发,传统食品不仅需要运用新科技知识来提高,也需要对其文化功能的发掘和发扬。开发适合国情具有中国特色的工业化食品,也是面向加入WTO后农业发展的重要战略     

Diversification of Food Production and Consumption Patterns in India

ABSTRACT

Agricultural diversification in India is steadily accelerating towards high value crops and livestock activities to augment farm income. Some of the factors that influence the nature and pace of agricultural diversification from staple food to high value crops are technological change in crop production, improved rural infrastructure and diversification in food demand. The nature of agricultural diversification differs across regions due to wide heterogeneity in agro-climatic and socio-economic conditions. Generally, the pattern of agricultural diversification shows a shift from crop production to livestock production during the 1980s to 1990s. The livestock sub-sector across different regions has grown as a result of the mounting demand for livestock products, namely, milk, meat, eggs, etc. Diversification in favour of horticulture and livestock commodities is more pronounced in rainfed areas. The focus of this paper relates to diversification of food production and consumption in both rural and urban areas of India. With rising incomes, the patterns of diet normally change from a basic cereal-based diet to non-cereal items. Several recent studies have found evidence of this in India. Analyses of expenditure patterns of Indian households in urban and rural areas based on National Sample Survey data provide evidence that the income elasticity of demand for cereals is very low or zero for the population as whole, even though households at low income levels may still have a positive income elasticity of demand for cereals (Kumar, 2000). A varied diet is likely to include protein, fats and other non-cereal items such as fruits and vegetables.     

绿色食品枸杞生产技术规程

为促进甘肃省地方特色枸杞产业持续快速发展,提高枸杞种植水平和产品质量,实现枸杞绿色标准化生产。通过多年的生产实践、试验研究与示范推广,按照绿色食品产地标准和农产品质量安全的要求,从范围、规范性引用文件、术语和定义、产地环境、栽培技术、水肥管理、整形修剪、病虫草害防治、果实采收、制干、分级包装及贮藏与运输、生产废弃物处理、生产档案管理等方面总结提出了枸杞绿色生产栽培技术和管理措施。     

Impacts of environmental change on sustainable food production in Southwest Ontario,Canada

A sustainable food production system may be defined as an agri-food sector which over the long term can simultaneously maintain environmental quality, produce a sufficient food supply and provide adequate rewards to primary producers. This paper investigates the implications of two forms of environmental change for sustainable food production in Southwest Ontario, a major agricultural region in Canada. A modified version of the Universal Soil Loss Equation was employed to estimate long-term erosion, whereas an altered climate was derived from a general circulation model. Crop productivity models were used to estimate the impacts of modified environmental conditions on yields. Mathematical programming models were used to estimate economic viability and food production capacity given these changed conditions. Soil erosion combined with a climatic warming induced by a doubling of atmospheric concentrations of CO₂ or its equivalent would contribute to severe declines in resource quality, and result in declines of 18 per cent to 35 per cent in average yields for major grains and oilseeds. On lands with a relatively high natural risk to erosion, the yield-reducing impacts of erosion and a climatic warming would reduce profits from cash grain farming by 26 per cent, and increase concern about the economic viability of these enterprises. Environmental change would reduce the region's food production potential to 86 per cent of current production levels, and possibly endanger the security of its food supplies. These findings suggest the need to explore strategies which would either prevent future environmental change or mitigate its adverse impacts.     

德国高等院校食品科学技术教学体制的分析

德国食品科学技术教学体制的发展是以德国有关食品生产和检验的法规为基础,并根据食品生产企业的实际需要而逐步完善的。教学目标是为食品生产企业和与食品生产有关的科研机构及政府管理部门培养专业技术人才,教学内容包括与食品生产有关的自然科学知识,工程技术知识,食品营养科学知识,食品法和企业经营管理知识五个方面。其教学体制的特点是教学知识面宽,试验和实习课程所占的比重较大,教学与生产实际紧密结合。因此,德国食品科学技术专业的毕业生具有较强的在食品生产企业和与食品生产有关部门从事工作的能力。     

物联网在农业生产与食品安全中的应用

在我国农业生产流通中,生产效率和食品安全是必须考虑的两个重要问题,物联网可以很好地解决这些问题,但是物联网在农业上广泛应用也面临着一些实际困难。     

黄淮南片粮仓现代农业发展战略

皖北、苏北、鲁西南和豫东南的4省交界地区,有以淮北平原为主的砂姜黑土、黄泛区为主的风沙盐碱地等易旱易涝中低产田面积400万hm~2以上,虽然处于南北过渡带的黄淮南片,温热降水等自然资源条件较好,但因地理偏远、交通不便,科技文化和社会经济发展相对落后,农业高产潜力还未发挥。加快黄淮南片中低产田改造,建设黄淮南片第二粮仓,可以新增粮食50亿kg,在区域现代农业发展和保障我国粮食安全中具有重要作用。根据气候变暖和绿色提质增产增效的现代农业发展态势,提出以下黄淮南片粮仓现代农业发展战略:在种植业方面,第1是培育抗赤霉病的小麦品种,利用综合防治措施减轻小麦赤霉病的危害;第2是培育耐旱耐涝、脱水快适合机械化粒收的玉米新品种并快速示范推广;第3是扩大吨粮田建设,确保黄淮南片和国家粮食安全。在区域治理方面,重点改造淮北砂姜黑土、黄泛区的风沙盐碱地等易旱易涝区的中低产田,加强农田排灌系统基础投入,建设旱涝保收、林网路、渠井电配套的高标准农田。在现代科技装备方面,要加大农机补贴,增加大中型农机的数量,加强深翻深松农机的示范推广,普及农作全程机械化。在绿色提质增效方面,积极推行化肥农药减施,扩大环境友好型的绿色生物肥料制剂等应用,加强秸秆还田和生物资源等循环高效利用。在科技教育方面,要扩大职业教育规模,培养知识农民,专业服务工人,打造社会化服务的专业队伍。在区域经济发展方面,在皖北做强做大粮食品牌化生产,在苏北做大粮食规模化生产和培育现代新型产业,在鲁西南做好农林牧协同高效发展,在豫东南打造中国食品深加工的旗舰。在农业信息化建设方面,加大"互联网+"农业的普及,带动订单农业、外销农业、观光农业等的快速发展。建议国家及早启动黄淮南片第二粮仓重点科技专项,将黄淮南片粮食主产区和经济塌陷区建设成为国家主体粮仓和农业经济新兴区及环境优美的可持续发展区。     

中国粮食安全评价指标体系构建及实证分析

运用食物系统的观点,结合中国实际,从粮食生产资源、粮食可供量与稳定性、粮食获取能力和粮食利用水平等4个层面出发,构建了中国粮食安全评价指标体系,并对中国1990-2011年来的粮食安全状况进行了定量评价。结果表明:中国粮食安全系统的发展呈现出稳步上升、快速下降和快速上升3个发展阶段,粮食安全系统的4个子系统也呈现出显著的阶段性变化特征,其中粮食生产资源和粮食可供量与稳定性2个子系统对粮食安全系统的影响占主要地位。粮食安全系统的障碍因素诊断分析表明,在1990-2000年,财政支农支出、粮食总产量和道路密集度3个指标是粮食安全系统的最大障碍因素,但在2000-2010年,三者对粮食安全系统的障碍度不断下降,但人均耕地面积的障碍度不断增加。2010年,人均耕地面积已成为粮食安全系统最大的障碍因素,其次分别为粮食净进口量和粮食价格水平。最后,从3个方面出发,就如何提高中国粮食安全水平进行了讨论。