Perspectives on nutrient management in mixed farming systems

Abstract. Changes in agricultural subsidies in Europe and the ready availability of fertilizers have allowed a spatial decoupling of livestock and crop production. This has increased the flow of nutrients that occurs between farms compared to within individual farms. In terms of nutrient cycling, mixed farms provide the opportunity to re-integrate aspects of agricultural production. The degree of integration between crop and livestock production is defined by the reliance on the use of home-produced feed compared to imported feed, and is independent of intensity. Management of inputs and/or internal flows offers the scope to improve nutrient use efficiency (NUE) on mixed farms. Greatest uncertainties in calculating NUE are associated with variation in yield and composition of home-produced feed, and consequent manure composition. Three key areas are addressed to highlight the interchange of nutrients (and risks for losses) between crop and livestock production; (i) the role of livestock diet in manipulating the amount and availability of manure nutrients; (ii) the impact of manure management on nutrient losses; and (iii) nutrient management through the integration of crops and livestock in rotations. While not all the associated issues are unique to mixed farming, these three areas all influence NUE.     

黄土沟壑区主要粮食作物生产稳定性及成本效益分析

种粮收入是黄土沟壑区农民收入的重要来源之一,为揭示该区域主要粮食作物生产投入产出状况及其稳定性,选取黄土沟壑区长武县王东沟流域的30户农户为研究对象,对其种粮过程中小麦、玉米和大豆等主要粮食作物的投入与产出状况进行了为期10 a的跟踪调查,并进行了成本效益分析.结果表明,大豆的生产稳定性最高,其土地产出率变异系数为14.2%;玉米次之,其土地产出率变异系数为17.2%;小麦的土地产出率年际变化较大,其生产稳定性最低.1999-2008年间,3种粮食作物的单位面积产值及生产成本均呈上升趋势.从而得出,在黄土沟壑区,种植玉米的经济利润最高,大豆次之,小麦最低.据此提出增加科技投入,加大政府对农业生产资料价格的监控力度及种粮补贴力度,以降低农民种粮成本增加种粮收入,促进粮食稳定生产,保证区域粮食安全.     

Conservation agriculture in India – Problems,prospects and policy issues

Conservation agriculture (CA) technologies involve minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover through crop residues or cover crops, and crop rotations for achieving higher productivity. In India, efforts to develop, refine and disseminate conservation-based agricultural technologies have been underway for nearly two decades and made significant progress since then even though there are several constraints that affect adoption of CA. Particularly, tremendous efforts have been made on no-till in wheat under a rice-wheat rotation in the Indo-Gangetic plains. There are more payoffs than tradeoffs for adoption of CA but the equilibrium among the two was understood by both adopters and promoters. The technologies of CA provide opportunities to reduce the cost of production, save water and nutrients, increase yields, increase crop diversification, improve efficient use of resources, and benefit the environment. However, there are still constraints for promotion of CA technologies, such as lack of appropriate seeders especially for small and medium scale farmers, competition of crop residues between CA use and livestock feeding, burning of crop residues, availability of skilled and scientific manpower and overcoming the bias or mindset about tillage. The need to develop the policy frame and strategies is urgent to promote CA in the region. This article reviews the emerging concerns due to continuous adoption of conventional agriculture systems, and analyses the constraints, prospects, policy issues and research needs for conservation agriculture in India.     

农业机械化水平对湖北农户耕地复种指数的影响

耕地复种指数的提升对我国粮食安全战略实施和三农问题解决意义重大。为了考察农业机械化水平对湖北农户耕地复种指数的影响,以1 682份湖北农户调查数据为基础,通过运用IVTobit和IVProbit回归模型,探讨农业机械化水平对农户耕地复种指数的影响及其在不同类型农作物耕地间的差异性。研究结果表明：1）农业机械化水平每提升1%,耕地复种指数提高1.393%,粮食作物耕地复种指数提高0.988%,经济作物耕地复种指数提高2.160%。2）从不同类型农作物耕地复种意愿来看,农业机械化水平每提升1%,农户对粮食作物耕地复种意愿的概率提高3.100%,对经济作物耕地复种意愿的概率提高5.361%。从其他控制变量来看,户主教育、户主年龄、家庭非农收入占比、家庭转出土地、气温变化对农户耕地复种指数存在显著的负向影响;家庭规模、农作物品种数量、地区类型对农户耕地复种指数存在显著的正向影响。总之,农户农业机械化水平的提升对耕地复种有积极作用,特别对经济作物耕地复种指数的提升作用尤为明显。     

不同类型农村住户生活垃圾特征识别

以京郊农村熊儿寨乡为例,依托该乡已建立的生活垃圾分类管理模式,分析全乡生活垃圾产生强度与组分特征;重点入户调查纯农户、农业兼业户、非农兼业户、非农户4类典型户,识别其生活垃圾产生强度,以及与经济、养殖、旅游接待等因素的关系,并用SPSS分析相关性与差异性。结果表明,全乡生活垃圾平均产生强度为379.5 g·d-1·人-1;4类典型户生活垃圾产生强度分别为335.3、403.8、414.6、350.7 g·d-1·人-1;生活垃圾产生强度与人均年收入呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,相关系数排序为非农户＞农业兼业户＞非农兼业户＞纯农户;不同类型住户中厨余垃圾产生强度为养殖户低于非养殖户,但差异不显著（P=0.053）,民俗旅游接待户明显高于非接待户,差异极显著（P〈0.01）;人均年收入水平和民俗旅游接待成为影响该乡生活垃圾产生强度的主要因素。     

种养平衡——农业污染减排模式探讨

种植业与养殖业缺乏协调规划导致“种养分离”日趋明显,由此影响了种养系统间物质循环利用过程,导致畜禽粪便过量对生态环境造成极大危害。为此,从种养系统间物质循环与农业污染之间的内在联系出发,提出“种养平衡”发展模式,分别从以种定养、以养促种的角度探讨了种植业与养殖业平衡发展模式的实现途径：“以种定养”是从种养系统物质循环的角度合理规划养殖规模,防止畜禽粪便过量产出增加环境压力;“以养促种”是通过畜禽粪便无害化处理和科学合理地还田利用等手段,降低畜禽粪便资源化的环境风险。通过建立“以种定养”、“以养促种”的农业生产模式,实现废弃物高效循环利用,降低环境污染风险,从而缓解农业污染减排压力。     

Agricultural Diversification in Indian Punjab: An Assessment of Government Intervention Through Contract Farming

This article examines the role of the Indian Punjab government in addressing agricultural diversification through contract farming. It also analyzes prospects of diversification for the Punjab state employing the 59th Round of NSSO unit-level data. The findings suggest lack of policy effectiveness for diversification in terms of market institutions and prices which has failed to fetch better crop incomes for the diversified farm households. The analysis of the latest Punjab Contract Farming Act 2013 raises questions about the interventionist approach of the government. The insights from this article suggest that the government needs to strengthen infrastructure, marketing and pricing structure, and identify region-specific crops for diversification.     

乡村振兴视角下中国生态农业发展分析

从乡村振兴战略视角分析中国生态农业发展的必要性,并就目前的生态农业发展现状进行反思,剖析农业发展进程中面临的资源环境、供需不平衡等多方面的压力,指出发展生态农业是实现乡村振兴战略目标的重要举措,市场需求发生新变化的客观要求,解决农业生产所面临资源环境压力的必然选择,以及对发达国家农业持续发展经验的理性借鉴。在对我国生态农业发展现状反思的基础上,提出"七个一批"的发展建议,即编制一批发展规划、出台一批扶持政策、培育一批生态产业、发展一批生态农场、壮大一批生态农庄、培养一批生态农民、构建一批信息平台。以此实现乡村产业兴旺,农村环境宜居及农业产品的多样化、优质化,更好满足城乡人民群众对农产品安全优质、营养健康的消费需求,同时提升生态农业"养眼、洗肺、悦心"的生态价值,促进农业增效、农民增收,农村增绿,为更好促进中国农业的可持续发展乃至世界性的农业清洁生产提供参考借鉴。     

吴起县退耕后农户生产经营与粮食供需状况

运用吴起县农户农业生产经营状况调查资料,对退耕还林(草)后不同收入类型农户的土地利用结构及其变化,产业结构及经济效益以及2007年农户的粮食供需及输入输出情况等方面进行了分析.结果表明,目前吴起县农户最主要的土地利用方式是林草地和耕地,收入的主要来源是工副业和退耕补贴,各类型农户的产业结构差异显著,高收入户工副业比重达81.8%,低收入户工副业和种植业比重相近,但其收入来源中退耕补贴比例占46%,存在一定依赖性.各类型农户农业效益差异与自然条件和劳动力素质有关.吴起县农户粮食基本能够自给,输入率和输出率相当,不存在粮食安全问题.提出吴起县应合理调整农业结构、加大对农业技术的推广和基本农田及相关配套措施建设等建议.     

农村居民点多功能识别与空间分异特征

多样化和分异是当前社会经济转型期中国农村居民点演变的重要特征。以山西省长治市为例,根据距离衰减原理,以县域为研究单元,县城为中心将农村居民点划分为城中村、近郊型、远郊型和边远型4类。基于农村居民点内部用地视角将农村居民点多功能识别为生活功能、农业生产功能和非农生产功能。构建农村居民点功能表征属性指标体系分析不同类型农村居民点多功能表征属性分异。最后,基于农村居民点功能表征属性指标,构建农村居民点多功能量化公式,测算农村居民点功能优势度,从而揭示不同类型农村居民点优势功能的差异。研究结果揭示了空间内不同类型农村居民点生活功能、农业生产功能、非农生产功能及其表征属性的分异特征,可为农村居民点分类整理提供科学依据。     

农村劳动力转移对中国耕地种植结构的影响

探讨农村劳动力转移对中国耕地种植结构的影响,对快速城镇化背景下耕地种植结构的调整有重要意义。该文基于2014-2015年对中国13个省1 580个农户的大样本调查数据,对影响耕地种植结构的各种因素进行多元回归模型估计,以检验农村劳动力转移对中国耕地种植结构的影响。结果表明:1)在被调查农户中,80.4%的农户种植了粮食作物,户均种植面积达0.84 hm2;37.2%的农户种植了至少1种经济作物,户均种植面积为0.29 hm2。经济作物占总种植面积的比例达到13.77%,在各类经济作物中,种植户数和面积最多的是蔬菜和水果。2)农村劳动力转移降低了农地投资强度和经济作物的种植比例,耕地种植结构随着外出务工地与家庭间的距离而不同。在县内或省外务工的家庭种植经济作物的比例和户均种植面积都较小。3)农户的农业种植和投资行为同时受到土地资源因素、家庭成员特征、社会资本因素以及市场和政策因素的影响。人地矛盾突出地区的农户倾向于种植经济作物,村庄集中灌溉设施的建设对蔬菜种植有正向影响,而对水果种植呈负向影响,地权稳定性对农户在耕地上的地均投资和经济作物种植有显著的正向影响;家庭成员特征对农户的农业种植和投资行为影响较大;社会资本对蔬菜种植具有正向影响,而对水果种植和农地投资强度影响并不显著;由到城市/县城的距离所表征的市场因素对蔬菜和水果种植比例均呈负向影响;土地流转对蔬菜的种植有正向影响,而对水果种植有负向影响,专业合作社对水果种植呈正向影响,但对蔬菜种植影响不显著。该研究可为中国耕地种植结构的优化与调整提供参考。     

The value of bushmeat and other wild foods to rural households living in extreme poverty in Democratic Republic of Congo

We examine the relationship between poverty and the use of wild foods, namely bushmeat, fish and wild plants, within a Congolese agricultural community. A sample of 121 households were monitored over a 16-month period, using a combination of participatory and quantitative survey techniques, to assess their wealth and their production, consumption and market sales of wild foods. Households varied in wealth but all could be considered subject to extreme poverty (income below US$1 per capita per day). Our analyses indicate that wild foods play a small role in household consumption but a major role in household income. Hence, over 90% of both bushmeat and fish production is sold at market. In addition, the value of wild foods increases in the “lean season” when agricultural production is low. We also find that the poorest households in this community are unable to capitalise on the most valuable wild foods, bushmeat and fish, as a source of food or cash income. We use an entitlements framework to explain the factors that determine such wealth-related variation between households, indicating that household use of wild foods is determined more by social and economic constraints than by resource abundance in this community. Nevertheless, our findings show that overall the small-scale commercialisation of wild foods provides a vital source of income for rural households living in extreme poverty.     

基于农户调查的村域农业活动空间研究——以河南省巩义市吴沟村为例

农业区位论对指导农业生产与布局具有重要意义,基于西方各项制度背景所提出的杜能理论需要根据中国实际予以修正。以河南省巩义市吴沟村为例,基于农户实地调查,着眼于村域视角,利用MapInfo 7.0和ArcGIS 9.3软件,采用定性和定量分析相结合的方法,对调查村域的农业活动空间格局与过程进行分析。研究表明:吴沟村农业生产布局在水平方向上,沿村庄延伸方向向两侧呈圈层状拓展分布;在垂直方向上,呈现随海拔高度变化的分层格局,乡村聚落所在高度以上主要为退耕林地,以下为菜地、农作物等。最后,对农业活动空间格局变动的成因及其影响因素的分析表明,地形、农田通达性、灌溉条件、土地制度显著影响村域农业活动空间。在上述研究结果的基础上,提出了从改变种植结构、修建水利设施、改善交通条件、加速土地流转和发展旅游业等方面促进农业结构调整与农民增收。     

肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入与农业单产水平变化

当前，肯尼亚和中国在生产足够粮食以保障粮食安全方面都面临着严峻的挑战。尤其是对于肯尼亚而言，因为其2100年预测的人口将达到2018年的1.4倍，且其粮食生产在过去并没有大幅度的改善。而中国近些年粮食生产能力显著提高。本文系统分析了肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入、种植业和畜牧业单产水平的历史变化，以及农业资源投入与产量之间的关系，为肯尼亚粮食危机和消灭贫困提供更多的理论支撑。研究结果表明，在20世纪60年代，肯尼亚耕地、草地和降水等自然资源人均占有量比中国高2~3倍，且人均食物能量和蛋白质供应显著高于中国。当前，肯尼亚人均资源拥有量仍高出中国约30%，但是其人均食品供应和粮食自给率却远低于中国平均水平。这是由于与肯尼亚相比，中国在种植业和畜牧业长期持续的投入，大幅度地增加了种植业和畜牧业能量或蛋白质单产水平。1961-2017年，中国和肯尼亚作物蛋白的平均单产分别增加282%和44%。中国的数据表明，种植业和畜牧业单产水平与肥料、精饲料、机械和农药的投入具有显著正相关性；农牧业生产结构对单产水平的变化影响也很大，如种植业中蔬菜和水果播种面积占比，畜牧业中单胃动物饲养占比等。总的来说，农业资源投入和农业结构对生产力的提高都有很大的影响，这可能是肯尼亚提高农业生产力的潜在选择。     

大渡河上游河谷与半山区耕地利用集约度及影响因素的对比分析

集约度变化是土地利用变化研究的核心问题,而目前对西部地区耕地利用集约度特征及原因解释的研究较少。该文采取参与式农村评估法（participatory rural appraisal,PRA）,以大渡河上游典型河谷与半山区为例,共调查农户357户,通过Tobit和OLS估计方法,定量对比分析了河谷与半山区耕地利用集约度及其影响因素。研究表明：河谷区和半山区在耕地利用集约度上存在显著差异。无论是资本集约度还是劳动集约度,河谷区均高于半山区。影响河谷与半山区耕地利用集约度差异的因素有承包耕地面积、人均实际耕地面积、家庭固定资产、离集镇的距离、二三产业收入、农业劳动力、年需换工数量、人情往来支出等。耕地资源禀赋和农业劳动力数量是导致集约度差异的关键因素,农业生产条件或环境和家庭收入水平对其有重要影响。     

Influence of soil properties on Ni accumulation in food crops and corresponding dietary health risk with a typical Chinese diet

Nickel (Ni), an essential micronutrient, is toxic to plants and animals at elevated levels. Fewer data are available on the dynamics of Ni than for trace metals such as Cu and Zn. Dietary intake is the major source of Ni, but almost no information is available on dietary intake for Asian populations whose diet contains much less animal products and processed foods than in Western countries. In south‐eastern China, most food is grown on peri‐urban agricultural land and thus, food crops from these areas should be the major source of dietary Ni. A large‐scale survey of Ni in soils and edible crops, including 515 sites and 24 crop species from 10 crop groups, was conducted in Fujian Province, SE China, to assess Ni intake for a typical SE Asian diet. Correlation, principal component analysis (PCA) and data mining were used to identify soil and plant factors that determine Ni accumulation in crops. Both soil Ni content and plant species contributed to Ni accumulation. Crop Ni (Ni_crop) was positively correlated with soil Ni DTPA‐extractible (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) (Ni_DTPA) for many crops. PCA did not identify strong relations between soil‐to‐crop transfer factors and any soil properties. Stepwise linear correlations found positive correlations between Ni_crop and Ni_DTPA; however, relationships between Ni_crop and both silt content and pH varied between crops. Dietary intake of foods containing mean Ni content could lead to health risks, especially for children. It was concluded that sandy soils, rich in organic matter with a large Ni content, are unsuitable for the production of rice and legumes.     

海河流域水资源演变与驱动机制

海河流域含京津冀及周边三省,是我国水资源短缺和用水矛盾最突出的地区。中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心团队围绕不断加剧的水资源短缺,研究了流域水资源演变的关键驱动机制:山区径流变化、农业需水和虚拟水外输,分析了流域水资源演变的主要原因,并对未来的可能调控提出了建议。研究首先选取海河流域的八大山区子流域,分析了20世纪60年代以来的径流变化,确认70年代开始山区来水逐渐减少,径流减少的关键时期是1978—1985年,推断农业用水增加是径流减少的核心驱动因素;其次,基于作物模型、作物系数法和遥感等手段,量化了海河平原农业用水的时空格局和区域水量平衡,通过对比农业耗水量、地下水水位变化和南水北调中线供水量,确立了山前平原区南水北调实施后为实现水量平衡需控制用水的进一步扩大、低平原区仍然亏缺的未来水资源态势;最后,通过粮食贸易的虚拟水分析,指出本地区外输虚拟水达90亿m~3,是造成水资源短缺的重要原因,减缓虚拟水外输或输入一定虚拟水是缓解区域水资源压力的可选方案。     

Wild Relatives of Cultivated Plants in India. A Reservoir of Alternative Genetic Resources and More,A.K. Singh,Springer (2017) 309 pp., Price 156.99 £, ISBN: 9789811051166

Wild relatives of cultivated plants are the treasure trove of genetic resources for crop improvement and dietary diversification. Especially, they are crucial for conferring diseases resistance and abiotic stress tolerance (such as drought, flood, heat-shock, salinity, etc.) in cultivated crops and thereby breeding next generation of climate smart crops (i.e. climate resilient crops) for futuristic climatic conditions. Unfortunately, most of the wild relatives of crop plants across the world are being neglected and underutilized, without recognizing its real potential. In this backdrop, the book herein review titled “Wild Relatives of Cultivated Plants in India: A Reservoir of Alternative Genetic Resources and More”, authored by Anurudh Kumar Singh, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India is a timely and topical endeavor to provide a vivid account of more than 958 species of wild relatives of cultivated plants in India along with their occurrence, distribution, current status, as well as their future potential for breeding program and dietary diversification. Moreover, the author has also explored the additional utility of such crop species for ecosystem restoration, phytoremediation and soil carbon sequestration in detail. Here we distill the essence of this 309-page book for the better comprehension and understanding for a wide range of potential readers like graduate students and doctoral researchers in agricultural and environmental sciences, agronomist, plant breeders, as well as various national and international policy makers and regulatory agencies.     

禾豆间作氮素高效利用机理及农艺调控途径研究进展

为保障粮食安全,农业生产中化肥使用极为普遍,但过量使用,往往引起地下水污染、温室效应加剧、生物多样性降低等多种环境和生态问题。禾豆间作系统由于不同作物生物学特性和氮素利用存在差异,进行合理调控可充分发挥生物固氮优点,从而减少化肥投入,提高生产效益,是一种稳产、高产、高效可持续的种植体系。该系统中"氮转移"、"氮阻遏"消减和氮素时空分异是目前研究的热点,也是促进豆科作物固氮、减少化肥投入的有效途径,可实现禾、豆两种作物对氮素的高效利用。特别是该系统中作物品种、施氮制度、空间布局以及种植密度等农艺措施是对种间关系进行调控的必要手段,合理优化可有效促进禾/豆间作竞争与互补协同作用,增强氮素协调利用,从而挖掘两种作物对氮素高效利用的生物学潜力。为此,本文基于前人研究成果和农业可持续发展观点,重点综述了国内外有关禾豆间作氮素高效利用主要机理及相关农艺调控途径的研究现状,旨在为构建简易、高产、高效、氮肥节约型禾豆间作模式提供有力的科学依据和理论支撑。