铝胁迫对黑麦幼苗活性氧系统的影响

为了阐明黑麦对铝毒害的抵御机理,研究了铝胁迫对黑麦幼苗活性氧系统的影响。结果表明,在铝胁迫条件下,黑麦幼苗根伸长生长受到抑制,且随A l3 浓度的增加,抑制程度加重;根尖和叶片的超氧阴离子(O2-)产生速率、H2O2和丙二醛(M DA)含量均随A l3 浓度的增加呈现先增后降的趋势;根和叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、可溶性蛋白含量增加,有助于将活性氧控制在一定浓度范围内,可有效地避免活性氧伤害。     

外源柠檬酸作用下大豆根尖铝积累规律的研究

耐铝性大豆根系柠檬酸的分泌被认为是缓解铝胁迫的重要方式。设置外源柠檬酸协同铝处理,检测根尖铝积累的荧光染色、根尖铝的相对含量以及处理液中3种不同铝形态的变化情况,旨在探索柠檬酸与大豆根系环境中铝的作用规律,进一步揭示大豆根系分泌物缓解铝毒的机理。结果表明：大豆根尖细胞细胞壁积累铝的现象十分明显,且随着铝处理浓度的增加和处理时间的延长,细胞壁固定的铝逐渐增多;外源柠檬酸存在下,细胞壁铝积累明显减少,浙春3号尤为显著。浙春3号和浙春2号铝积累量随着铝浓度的增大和铝处理时间的延长而呈不同的变化趋势。从铝形态结果分析,可以判断Ala和Alb活性铝的含量变化趋于相同,外源柠檬酸作用下,各浓度梯度的活性铝形态含量均较单铝胁迫时有所降低。综合试验结果可知,植物在接触铝胁迫的初期,自身缓解铝毒的机制是需要时间而呈周期性波动的过程;外源柠檬酸对浙春3号的缓解作用比浙春2号强,一定比例的外源柠檬酸加入可改变大豆自身的耐铝能力,但是超过一定比例就会在某种程度上对植物产生新的酸化毒害。     

水分胁迫下外源多胺对水稻叶片光合速率与籽粒充实的影响

 以汕优63和PC311/早献党18为材料,研究了不同程度土壤干旱胁迫下水稻叶片中多胺含量变化以及外源多胺对籽粒充实和粒重的影响。在水分胁迫条件下,叶片中腐胺含量和腐胺与亚精胺以及精胺的比值提高。无论在土壤水分充足或水分胁迫条件下,抽穗期施用低浓度Spd和Spm后,叶片中的腐胺和MDA含量降低,而亚精胺和精胺、光合作用速率和籽粒的胚乳细胞数,饱满籽粒百分率以及千粒重显著增加。     

盐胁迫下钾吸收途径的抑制对小麦叶片K~+、Na~+含量的影响

为研究盐胁迫下小麦维持钾、钠平衡的生理机制,以耐盐小麦沧麦6005和盐敏感小麦矮抗58为材料,利用TEA、NEM、Ba(NO_3)_2三种药物分别抑制钾离子通道、钾载体及非选择性阳离子通道,测定正常及盐胁迫下小麦叶片K~+、Na~+含量,比较耐盐性不同的小麦品种在K~+、Na~+吸收中的差异。结果显示,盐胁迫下,沧麦6005和矮抗58叶片K~+含量下降,Na~+含量增加;沧麦6005叶片Na~+含量低于矮抗58,K~+/Na~+比值高于矮抗58。正常条件下,NEM、TEA处理均可降低沧麦6005和矮抗58叶片K~+含量,NEM处理较TEA处理效果更为明显;TEA处理显著降低了盐胁迫下矮抗58叶片K~+含量,而NEM处理则明显降低了盐胁迫下沧麦6005的叶片K~+含量;TEA、NEM、Ba(NO_3)_2处理降低了盐胁迫下矮抗58叶片Na~+含量,仅NEM处理降低了沧麦6005叶片Na~+含量。综上所述,正常条件下,钾载体是小麦K~+吸收的主要方式;盐胁迫下,耐盐品种和盐敏感品种K~+吸收途径不同,耐盐品种的NSCCs和钾离子通道具有更强的"拒钠"能力。     

盐胁迫对小麦根系氧化损伤及细胞程序性死亡的影响

为探究小麦根系响应盐胁迫逆境的生理机制,以耐盐性不同的三个春小麦品种新春11号(高耐)、新春29号(中耐)和新春6号(盐敏感)为材料,分析300 mmol·L~(-1)NaCl胁迫对耐盐性不同的小麦品种根系生长、活性氧含量、抗氧化酶活性及细胞程序性死亡的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,盐胁迫下三个品种根长显著下降,根系干、鲜重均呈下降趋势,新春11号和新春29号变化幅度较小,而新春6号变化幅度相对较大;根尖中超氧阴离子产生速率保持增长趋势,耐盐性强的品种上升速率慢于耐盐性弱的品种,过氧化氢含量先增后降,最后与对照基本相同。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性均在盐胁迫初期快速上升,胁迫30min后开始下降。SOD活性在耐盐性强的小麦品种中显著升高,而APX活性在耐盐性弱的品种中则显著升高。Evans Blue染色结果发现,随着盐胁迫时间的增加,死亡细胞数目逐渐增多。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳显示,盐胁迫4h后即可检测到DNA片段化的发生,表明NaCl胁迫对小麦造成氧化损伤,诱导小麦根尖发生细胞程序性死亡。     

东北大豆种质不同多胺组分含量分析

为分析东北大豆种质资源的多胺含量及不同多胺组分之间的相关性,采用《国家标准-食品中生物胺含量的测定方法》(GB 5009.208-2008),对不同熟期的包括栽培、野生和半野生类型的78份东北大豆种质的4种多胺成分亚精胺、精胺、腐胺和尸胺组分含量进行测定,通过遗传多样性、相关性、因子与聚类分析,对大豆种质多胺组分含量进行表型鉴定及分析。结果表明:78份大豆种质的4种多胺组分含量存在较丰富的遗传变异,腐胺、亚精胺与精胺组分的离散程度较高,特异含量种质较多。栽培类型中腐胺、尸胺、亚精胺、精胺含量的遗传多样性指数分别为1.09、1.09、1.32和1.74,表明调控亚精胺和精胺各组分的基因型和遗传变异较丰富。亚精胺含量为0.10～1.06 mg·kg~(-1),均值为0.53 mg·kg~(-1),变异系数18.45%,表明大豆品种间亚精胺含量存在较大差异。除野生类型与半野生类型大豆尸胺含量差异显著(P0.05)外,各种类型大豆种质中多胺组分含量相对较一致,类型间无显著差异(P0.05)。亚精胺组分含量与精胺组分含量呈极显著正相关,腐胺组分含量与多胺总含量呈极显著正相关,亚精胺和精胺两种成分之间遗传关系比较紧密。主成分分析发现,多胺组分中具有代表性的因子为腐胺、亚精胺和精胺。聚类分析结果将66份栽培类型种质分为3类,类群2、3包含种质数量较少,其中大部分种质生育期为早熟类型。     

锌肥水平对苦瓜叶片多胺含量与活性氧代谢的影响

采用田间试验、植株生理生化测定方法,研究了不同锌肥水平对苦瓜(品种为大顶)叶片多胺类化合物与活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明:在土壤有效锌为0.45mg/kg的低锌胁迫下,苦瓜叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量和自动氧化速率(AOR)增加,多胺(PAs)、腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)、精胺(Spm)、抗坏血酸(ASA)的含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性都下降,因而施锌有利于苦瓜抗膜脂过氧化胁迫,延缓叶片衰老;叶片MDA含量与AOR呈极显著正相关,而与PAs、Put、ASA的含量以及SOD、POD、CAT的活性都呈显著和极显著负相关。      

亚精胺对渗透胁迫下小麦幼苗渗透调节物质含量和脯氨酸代谢酶活性的影响

为了探讨多胺提高小麦抗旱性的机理,以两个抗旱性不同的小麦品种(豫麦48,抗旱性较弱;洛麦22,抗旱性较强)为材料,研究了亚精胺对短期渗透胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片渗透调节物质含量以及脯氨酸代谢的调控效应。结果表明,渗透胁迫下,两个小麦品种幼苗叶片中脯氨酸、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量增加,且抗旱性较强的洛麦22增加幅度显著大于抗旱性较弱的豫麦48;脯氨酸代谢关键酶Δ1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶(P5CS)和Δ1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸还原酶(P5CR)活性增强,且洛麦22的P5CS活性增强幅度大于P5CR。但渗透胁迫处理对两个品种鸟氨酸转氨酶(OAT)活性影响不大。外源亚精胺处理则进一步提高了渗透胁迫下脯氨酸、葡萄糖、蔗糖含量以及P5CS和P5CR活性,且对抗旱性较弱的豫麦48效应较明显,但对两个品种的OAT活性基本没什么影响。这些结果表明,外源亚精胺处理能通过提高脯氨酸合成代谢谷氨酸途径的关键酶P5CS和P5CR的活性促进脯氨酸和可溶性糖的积累,从而提高小麦幼苗的保水性,增强其抗旱性,对抗旱性较弱的小麦品种的效果更加明显。     

小麦品种郑麦7698耐强光高温的生理机制

为了阐明小麦品种郑麦7698耐强光高温的生理机制,以黄淮南片麦区区域试验对照品种周麦18和大面积推广品种矮抗58为对照,研究了该试验材料在强光、高温、强光高温交叉胁迫下的生理特性。结果表明,3种逆境对小麦叶片光合功能的影响程度依次为强光高温强光高温,且3个品种的耐强光高温特性存在显著差异。3种逆境胁迫处理下,郑麦7698的光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学猝灭(qP)的下降幅度均显著低于周麦18和矮抗58,相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧阴离子生成速率、过氧化氢含量的上升幅度显著小于周麦18和矮抗58,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性在逆境下的上升幅度显著高于周麦18和矮抗58,表现出较好的耐强光高温特性。综合分析表明,郑麦7698之所以较周麦18和矮抗58具有更好的耐强光高温特性,是因为其在逆境下具有较高水平的抗氧化酶活性,可有效清除活性氧类物质,降低其光合机构受损程度,从而维持较高水平的光合效率。     

不同小麦品种苗期抗氧化特性及根系活力对盐胁迫的响应

为探讨不同耐盐性小麦品种苗期的生理差异,以小麦品种济麦22、青麦6号、德抗961、青丰1号为材料,在Hoagland营养液培养条件下,分析了NaCl胁迫对小麦幼苗叶片抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量及根系活力的影响。结果表明,随盐浓度及胁迫时间的增加,叶片SOD活性、可溶性蛋白含量不同程度地减小;POD活性及根系活力呈先增后减趋势,且均在胁迫1 d时出现最大值;MDA含量、游离脯氨酸含量不同程度地升高。品种间6个指标因盐胁迫浓度及胁迫天数的不同表现出不同的差异性,其中根系活力对于品种耐盐性有较强的鉴定价值;耐盐性高的青麦6号、德抗961各指标均显著高于耐盐性弱的济麦22和青丰1号。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.