水稻干尖线虫快速分子检测技术研究

根据水稻干尖线虫的rDNA-ITS序列,设计出水稻干尖线虫的特异性引物,利用PCR技术对水稻干尖线虫(Aphelenchoides besseyi)部分rDNA-ITS1和部分5.8S基因核苷酸序列进行特异性扩增。实现了单条活的或4%的甲醛(FG)固定的水稻干尖线虫的快速检测。     

西瓜细菌性果斑病菌的16S rDNA序列分析及特异性引物的设计

 利用细菌16S rDNA基因的通用引物对16个供试菌株进行PCR扩增,把扩增产物进行核苷酸序列测定。将获得的序列与GenBank中相关菌株的16S rDNA序列进行同源性分析。以此设计出检测A.a.c的特异性引物,并利用最大简约法构建了16S rDNA系统演化树。系统演化关系分析表明,6~9号供试菌株的16S rDNA序列与A.a.c标准菌株仅有3个位点的差异,其同源性均在99.8%以上,在构建的系统演化树上,它们聚为同一个族群。利用设计的一对特异性引物(BFB64/65),对各供试菌株进行PCR检测,结果只有A.a.c相关菌株产生扩增条带,产物大小与预期一致。     

两种向日葵检疫性真菌病害的多重DPO-PCR检测方法

本研究根据向日葵白锈病菌大亚基核糖体RNA基因序列,向日葵黑茎病菌的ITS-5.8S r RNA基因序列,分别设计特异性DPO(dual priming oligonucleotide)引物,建立同时检测这两种检疫性病菌的多重DPO-PCR检测方法,并对其特异性和灵敏度进行评价。结果表明,所设计的DPO引物特异性强,仅向日葵白锈病菌和向日葵黑茎病菌可分别扩增出307 bp与388 bp的特异性条带,其他参照菌株及阴性对照均无条带;检测体系对混合模板中向日葵白锈病菌和向日葵黑茎病菌的DNA灵敏度均达0.05 ng/μL;且该检测方法对退火温度不敏感,适用范围广。该方法能够准确、快速的检测向日葵白锈病菌和向日葵黑茎病菌,适合于口岸实验室的快速检测。     

马铃薯块茎和土壤样品中粉痂病菌快速检测方法的建立

 马铃薯粉痂菌(Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea)是引起马铃薯粉痂病的病原。本研究根据粉痂菌内部转录间隔区和线粒体DNA的保守区域,分别设计了2对适用于普通PCR的引物A5/A9、C3/C8和1对适用于荧光定量PCR的引物QF/QR,用于检测块茎和土壤样品中的粉痂菌。特异性检测结果表明:引物对A5/A9和C3/C8,以马铃薯粉痂菌DNA为模板,能分别扩增出264和367 bp大小的单一条带,而对其他非靶标DNA无扩增;引物对QF/QR对马铃薯粉痂菌有单一的熔解峰,说明三对引物特异性良好。灵敏性检测结果表明:荧光定量PCR灵敏度为13.8 fg·μL^-1,是普通PCR灵敏度的1 000倍。进一步建立循环域值(Ct)与质粒DNA含量的曲线关系,获得标准曲线y=-3.893 9 x+35.228,R² = 0.9966,呈良好线性关系。通过对不同地区采集的18份带菌种薯和18份带菌土壤进行普通PCR和荧光定量PCR检测,引物A5/A9、C3/C8和QF/QR对带菌种薯检测率均为100%,对带菌土壤的检测率分别为44.44%、66.67%和100%。本研究建立的马铃薯粉痂病菌快速检测方法,能及时、准确地检测带菌种薯和土壤,为马铃薯粉痂病的早期诊断和防治提供依据。     

松材线虫rDNA-ITS1区分子检测与鉴定

利用两对松材线虫特异性引物,分别对来自日本、美国和葡萄牙的松材线虫虫样进行PCR检测,成功扩增出330 bp和220 bp rDNA-ITS1区基因片段,该方法对松材线虫成虫或幼虫均能作出准确鉴定.     

2016年北京地区玉蜀黍黑粉菌遗传多样性分析

 2016年从北京市10个区采集317份玉米瘤黑粉病样品,选择核糖体RNA内转录间隔区的ITS rDNA和28S rDNA基因作为持家基因,通过单核苷酸多态性技术(Single Nucleotide Polymorphism,SNP)分析北京市10个区玉蜀黍黑粉菌的遗传多样性。ITS rDNA基因分析表明,有3个菌株的序列存在1个颠换突变位点,产生两种单倍型,采用邻接法构建的系统发育树将317个菌株分为2个群体;28S rDNA基因分析表明,有54个菌株的序列存在1个颠换突变位点,产生两种单倍型,采用邻接法构建的系统发育树将317个菌株分为2个群体。中性检测表明北京市10个区的玉蜀黍黑粉菌符合中性进化模型。试验结果表明北京市10个区的玉蜀黍黑粉菌遗传多样性不高,遗传分化不明显。     

金莲花绿变植原体的分子鉴定

本研究对河北省大面积发生的金莲花绿变病的病原进行检测和鉴定。以金莲花叶片的总DNA为模板,使用植原体16S rDNA和核糖体蛋白(ribosomal protein)基因rp的特异性引物进行PCR扩增,在感病金莲花样品中扩增到植原体的16S rDNA(1 432 bp)片段和rp基因(1 240 bp)片段。序列分析发现,获得的16S rDNA和rp基因片段与洋葱黄化植原体Onion yellows phytoplasma(GenBank登录号:AP006628)的相似度最高,分别为99.9%和99.3%,确定金莲花绿变病的病原为植原体,暂命名为金莲花绿变植原体Trollius chinensis virescence phytoplasma。对金莲花绿变植原体的16S rDNA进行虚拟RFLP分析,发现其酶切图谱与16SrⅠ-B亚组的洋葱黄化植原体的参照图谱完全一致,相似系数1.00。16S rDNA和rp基因的系统发育进化树显示,金莲花绿变植原体与16SrⅠ-B亚组的植原体聚为一支,属于植原体16S rⅠ-B亚组。     

云南花生丛枝植原体16S rRNA和核糖体蛋白基因序列分析

 利用植原体16S rRNA基因及核糖体蛋白基因(ribosomal protein, rp)通用引物对发生在云南元谋的花生丛枝病病株DNA进行PCR扩增,并对扩增片段进行序列测定。扩增获得的云南元谋花生丛枝植原体(PnWB-YNym)16S rDNA、16S-23S rDNA和23S DNA片段总长1 806 bp,rp基因扩增片段长1 171 bp。云南株系与来源于台湾和海南的花生丛枝植原体均有较高同源性。比较16S rDNA片段,发现云南株系在5个位点上与来自台湾或海南的株系存在碱基差异,其中有1个位点的差异是云南元谋株系特异的;再分别比较核糖体蛋白rplV-rpsC 2个基因所编码的氨基酸序列,发现云南株系rpsC编码的第194位氨基酸与台湾和海南的株系存在差异。经16S rDNA片段系统进化及iPhyClassifier在线分析,表明PnWB-YNym在分类上属于16SrII-A亚组成员,与候选种‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australasiae’相关;基于rp基因构建的系统进化树表明,PnWB-YNym与16SrII-A亚组各成员聚为同一亚进化支(iii)。     

较小拟毛刺线虫不同群体的形态及分子特征比较研究

毛刺类线虫系一类重要的植物外寄生线虫,其内包括一些可传播植物病毒的种类。本研究基于形态学和rDNA分子特征从我国海南儋州、云南呈贡和昆明、福建厦门等植物根围土壤样品中分离鉴定出8个较小拟毛刺线虫(Paratrichodorus minor)群体;通过对种群数量较大的海南儋州群体与福建厦门群体的形态及测量值比较,发现不同地理群体间主要形态测量值存在一定差异;各群体18S RNA区、r DNA-ITS1区、r DNA-ITS2区和28S RNA基因中D2D3区序列与Gen Bank已登录的较小拟毛刺线虫不同群体相应序列(AJ438053、AJ438054及AJ438056;KJ934126;JN123380和JN123381;JN123396和KJ513001)相似度分别介于99.1%~99.9%、95.8%~96.3%、99.5%~99.8%和99.4%~99.9%。对上述较小拟毛刺线虫群体r DNA-ITS1区、r DNA-ITS2区和28S RNA基因中D2D3区序列比较和酶切分析显示,该3段序列在较小拟毛刺线虫种内群体间都较为保守。其中28S RNA基因中D2D3区序列在种内群体稳定,种间群体有明显的差异,系毛刺类线虫鉴定一较好的分子靶标。有关结果对较小拟毛刺线虫的鉴定及鉴别有直接的指导意义。     

马铃薯腐烂茎线虫特异性分子检测技术研究

 本研究利用通用引物(rDNA1/rDNA2)研究了21个国内甘薯茎线虫(Ditylenchus destructor)群体和1个韩国马铃薯茎线虫(D.destructor)群体的rDNA-ITS序列,从21个国内群体中扩增出2个大小不同的ITS片段,分别约为940bp和1100bp;经克隆、序列测定和分析比对发现其ITS区存在特异性差异,分别命名为A型和B型,其中18个群体DdTH、DdCL、DdJN、DdMY1、DdYX1、DdZZ、DdLN,DdDX1、DdFN,DdYX2、DDSX1、DdDX2、DdXY,DdLL、DdSX2、DdLY,DdMY2和DdPY的ITS扩增产物约为940bp,称之为A型马铃薯腐烂茎线虫(940bp),3个群体DdSH,DdTS,DdYS为B型马铃薯腐烂茎线虫(1100bp)。设计构建并筛选出A型和B型马铃薯腐烂茎线虫2对特异性引物DdS1/DdS2和DdL1/DdL2,分别扩增出A型马铃薯腐烂茎线虫、B型马铃薯腐烂茎线虫群体的特异片段252bp和485bp;引入D3A/D3B作为内标,设计出一步双重PCR检测技术;同时优化了检测体系和PCR反应程序。该技术具有较高的特异性和灵敏性,能快速、准确地检测出不同型的马铃薯腐烂茎线虫群体。     

Comparison of rDNA-ITS Sequences between Potato and Tobacco Strains in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizoctonia solani</Emphasis> AG-3

Genetic diversity among 51 isolates of Rhizoctonia solani AG-3, representing potato and tobacco populations, was inferred from the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. The 5.8S rDNA sequence was completely conserved not only in AG-3, but across all the AG isolates examined, whereas the rDNA-ITS sequence was found to be variable among the isolates. The nucleotide sequence similarity in the ITS 1 region was high (96-100%) for isolates within each of the two populations, but was 91-92% for isolates from different populations. The AG-3 isolates had 56 to 91% sequence similarities in the ITS 1 region with R. solani isolates of the other AGs. Phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS-5.8S rDNA sequence data indicated that the different populations in AG-3 are distantly related to each other. Genetic divergence between the two populations was also supported by the results of DNA-DNA hybridization studies. This study suggests that AG-3 consists of two genetically isolated groups corresponding to separate subgroups: AG-3 PT (potato type) and AG-3 TB (tobacco type). Specific primer sets for the detection of the two AG-3 subgroups were developed from the aligned rDNA-ITS sequences. Received 22 April 1999/ Accepted in revised form 2 July 1999     

Differentiation of Gaeumannomyces graminis from other turf-grass fungi by amplification with primers from ribosomal internal transcribed spacers

A region comprising the 5.8S RNA gene and internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 of the take-all patch fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae , was cloned and sequenced using primers from the flanking 17S and 26S ribosomal RNA genes. The sequenced region showed 99% similarity between the two G. graminis isolates, and 70–80% similarity between these two isolates and several other species of fungi. From the sequence, oligonucleotide primers were selected which permitted specific amplification of DNA from G. graminis vars. avenae and graminis using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The assay could detect DNA of G. graminis strains obtained from a wide variety of hosts, but did not amplify DNA from many other fungi, including the important turf-grass root pathogens Magnaporthe poae and Leptosphaeria korrae. The primers also did not amplify DNA from G. graminis var. tritici, M. rhizophila or Phialophora graminicola. The PCR-based assay shows promise as a diagnostic tool for the take-all pathogen in turf-grass pathology.     

河南省一例西瓜果实腐烂病病原鉴定

西瓜营养丰富、甘味多汁、清爽解渴,堪称“夏季水果之王”.我国西瓜生产面积和产量均居世界第一,西瓜已成为我国重要的经济作物之一.近年来,由于连作重茬,导致西瓜病害日益加重,严重制约西瓜产业的发展[1].瓜类炭疽菌[Colletotrichum orbiculare( Berk.&Mont.)Arx]引起的西瓜腐烂病几乎在世界各瓜区均有发生,一旦发病就会造成严重的损失[2].以往对炭疽病病原的分类、鉴定,主要是基于形态学特性、致病性测定的传统方法.     

Duplex PCR 快速检测松材线虫

利用duplex PCR技术对松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)与拟松材线虫(B. mucronatus)的rDNA部分核苷酸序列扩增.根据松材线虫与拟松材线虫的ITS1序列区别,设计出特异性引物,检测松材线虫的存在;在5.8S,28S保守序列区设计通用引物,检测伞滑刃线虫的存在.     

六斑月瓢虫模板DNA的制备及16SrDNA序列扩增

本文对酒精浸泡的六斑月瓢虫Menochilus sexmaculata(Fabricius）标本进行基因组DNA的提取，用线粒体16SrDNA引物扩增出长度约为500bp的PCR产物，为进一步开展瓢虫的分子系统学研究打下基础。     

A new plant pathogenic sterile white basidiomycete from Australia

A sterile white fungus was isolated from the healthy looking roots of buffalo grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) grown on cleared bush land in Perth, Western Australia. The fungal strain was pathogenic on 12 plant species screened under the greenhouse conditions. The clamp connections and dolipore septa indicated that the isolate was a Basidiomycete. Mycelial features, growth rate at different temperatures, as well as pathogenicity patterns of this sterile white basidiomycete (SWB) were distinctly different from those of a strain with a similar morphology, ATCC 28344, previously described as a pathogen in Florida and Georgia (USA). All attempts to induce sporulation failed. The isolates were also compared using the nucleotide sequence analysis of the ribosomal DNA array. Approximately 1 kbp of the 5 end of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene, complete sequences of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene and the entire ITS region (including ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S gene) were sequenced for the purpose. The obtained sequences were compared with the homologous regions of other genera of Agaricales available in GenBank. Relatively low sequence similarities between the American and Australian strains, as well as the phylogenetic analysis of the studied regions has suggested that these two fungi belong to different genera. Interesting results were achieved in the case of the large subunit ribosomal DNA since this region has been widely studied for taxonomy of Basidiomycetes. The Australian strain 3034 appeared to be closely related to the genus Campanella and the American SWB was identified as belonging to the genus Marasmius, possibly to M. graminum. Our data suggest that the Australian strain is a novel pathogen, and is different from the American SWB isolates described to date.     

Comparison of the ribosomal RNA operon from Texas Phoenix decline and lethal yellowing phytoplasmas

A comparison was made of the two palm yellows phytoplasmas affecting palms to determine if the entire ribosomal RNA operon portion of the phytoplasma genome, or portions thereof, could account for the observed palm host differences. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a 5.0?kb DNA fragment consisting of the entire ribosomal RNA operon from a subgroup 16SrIV-D phytoplasma that causes Texas Phoenix palm decline (TPD) in cabbage (Sabal palmetto) palm in west central Florida and from a subgroup 16SrIV-A phytoplasma that causes lethal yellowing (LY) in coconut (Cocos nucifera) palm in Jamaica. Before the PCR reaction, we sequenced by 454 sequencing a draft genome of the coconut LY phytoplasma, strain LYFL, that infects C. nucifera in Florida, and obtained from this draft sequence both copies of the entire ribosomal operon. Sequence analysis of the ribosomal RNA operons from both the LY and TPD phytoplasmas revealed the gene composition and orientation for the operons to be 5′16S rRNA-tRNA^Ile-23S rRNA-5S rRNA3′ and a tRNA^Val3′ downstream of the 5S rRNA gene. Based on molecular comparisons using the sequences of the ribosomal RNA operon, the TPD (16SrIV-D) strain was 98?% similar to the LY (16SrIV-A) strains.     

甘薯茎线虫rDNA-ITS1区的PCR扩增与序列分析

 利用PCR技术获得了甘薯茎线虫rDNA-ITS1区序列。序列分析表明,采自我国河北、山东、安徽的甘薯茎线虫16个地理种群的ITS1区序列分化为短型(S)和长型(L)2种基因型。山东费县芍药山乡4个地理种群为L型,ITS1区长度为466 bp;河北、安徽和山东费县新庄乡的12个地理种群为S型,ITS1区长度为288 bp。甘薯茎线虫与鳞球茎茎线虫(Ditylenchus dipsaci)的rDNA-ITS1序列同源性为52.0%~52.5%,与腐烂茎线虫(D.destructor)序列同源性为82.0%~85.4%;我国甘薯茎线虫不同地理种群间的序列同源性为96.6%~100.0%。     

Detection and identification of the maize bushy stunt phytoplasma in corn plants in Brazil using PCR and RFLP

Plants of corn (Zea mays L.) exhibiting symptoms of stunting and leaf reddening were assayed for the presence of phytoplasma gene sequences through the use of phytoplasma rRNA and ribosomal protein gene and maize bushy stunt (MBS) phytoplasma-specific oligonucleotide primers in polymerase chain reactions (PCR). Polymorphisms in 16S rDNA amplified from diseased plants were those characteristic of phytoplasmas classified in the16S rRNA gene group 16SrI, subgroup IB, of which MBS phytoplasma is a member. Amplification of ribosomal protein (rp) gene sequences in PCR primed by phytoplasma-specific primers confirmed presence of a phytoplasma in the diseased plants. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of the amplified phytoplasma rp gene sequences were similar or identical to those observed for a known strain of MBS phytoplasma. In separate PCR, an MBS-specific oligonucleotide pair primed amplification of a MBS-characteristic DNA from templates derived from the diseased corn. Our data provide the first firm evidence for the presence of maize bushy stunt phytoplasma in corn in Brazil.