扁穗冰草rDNA-ITS序列测定及分析

提取青藏高原环湖地区扁穗冰草35个样品的DNA,采用PCR产物直接测序的方法,对扁穗冰草rDNA的ITS区(包括ITS-4和ITS-5)进行序列测定.结果表明:扁穗冰草ITS序列总长度为649bp,其中有17个变异位点,扁穗冰草物种水平的Hd、Pi分别为0.916和0.00320,表明扁穗冰草物种水平上的遗传多样性相对较高.AMOVA分析表明,扁穗冰草大部分的遗传变异发生在居群内(77.62％),在系统发育树中,虽然4个地区样品聚为3支,但是每一支中不同地区的个体混杂在一起.     

吉林省球孢白僵菌遗传多样性与亚洲玉米螟化性相关性分析

利用ITS序列分析和ISSR分子标记对吉林省玉米主产区的49株寄生亚洲玉米螟的球孢白僵菌进行了遗传多样性分析。ITS序列分析表明,各菌株间的亲缘关系与其地理来源无关。分别根据9个采集地,以及寄主化性类型划分供试菌株类群,利用ISSR分子标记技术进一步分析表明,不同地理类群中榆树地区的遗传多样性最高,双辽地区最低;双辽和通化地区间的遗传分化系数最高,梨树和通化地区间的遗传距离最大。根据寄主化性类型划分类群得出一代玉米螟分离菌株遗传多样性指数最高,一代兼二代区最低;一代兼二代区菌株遗传分化系数最高,而一代区和二代区的遗传距离最大。由此可见,吉林省球孢白僵菌遗传多样性水平较高,种群的异质性较强,遗传多样性同地理位置无关,与寄主化性类型存在相关性。     

南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒湖南分离物S9片段ORF序列分析

本文克隆了湖南省2011-2013年水稻的15个SRBSDV分离物S9两个基因,并测定了其核苷酸序列,序列分析与比较表明,S9两个ORF序列同源性均大于99.5%。突变位点分析表明,S9编码的两个ORF有3~9个突变位点,但大部分的核酸突变为无义突变。系统发育分析表明,S9编码的两个ORF高度同源,处于相同的的系统发育分支。     

四纹豆象及其近缘种基于COI基因的分子检测技术研究

四纹豆象是口岸检疫中经常截获的种类,本文以四纹豆象及其近缘种为研究对象,测定分析了COI基因516 bp碱基序列。序列分析结果表明:保守位点为353个,变异位点为163个,简约信息位点为134个,自裔位点为29个。基于Kimura 2-parameter模型分析遗传距离,结果显示:种内遗传距离介于0.001~0.013之间,平均遗传距离为0.008,种间遗传距离介于0.114~0.193,平均遗传距离为0.161。采用邻接法构建的COI基因序列系统发育树显示,同一物种聚为同一小支,且分支自展值均为100%。结果表明应用COI基因片段对四纹豆象及其近缘种进行分子鉴定具有可行性。     

基于全基因序列的中国北方3省(区)马铃薯Y病毒遗传多样性分析

本研究以马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)全基因组为基础,分析吉林、黑龙江和内蒙古3省(区)PVY群体遗传多样性和群体分化,并评估突变、重组、选择等遗传力所起的作用。根据已报道的PVY全基因序列保守区设计4对引物,采用片段重叠法对来自内蒙古和吉林的24个PVY分离物全基因序列进行测定,并联合NCBI中已登录的9个黑龙江分离物全基因组序列进行遗传多样性参数评估、群体分化检验和分子变异等分析。结果显示,我国北方3省(区)PVY群体遗传多样性高,其中内蒙古和黑龙江PVY群体遗传多样性高于吉林群体,并且3个群体之间呈现一定程度的遗传分化。分子变异分析发现在PVY基因组中存在1 786个变异位点,表明我国北方3省(区)PVY群体变异程度较高,并且这种高变异度有85.54%来自各个马铃薯种植区内PVY个体的遗传变异。重组分析和系统发育分析发现,我国北方3省(区)PVY群体中重组株系占比高达90.3%,并具有明显的株系多样性,表明PVY重组株系已成为我国北方3省(区)马铃薯种植区的流行株系。选择压力分析显示,使用FEL和IFEL法分别检测出501个和315个净化压力选择位点,这表明3省(区)PVY群体受净化选择压力为主。以上结果表明,中国北方3省(区)PVY群体遗传多样性高,突变、重组和自然选择都对遗传多样性和群体分化存在一定影响。     

甜樱桃流胶病原菌的分子鉴定和致病性检测

 为明确甜樱桃流胶病的病原菌,采用普通细菌学方法从15个病样中分离获得10个代表性菌株,对病原菌的形态学特征、生理生化特性以及致病性进行了研究。利用PCR对菌株的16S-23S rDNA转录间隔区(ITS)序列进行扩增,扩增产物克隆测序,结果显示该菌株属于丁香假单胞菌(Pseudomonas syringae)。用MegAlign构建系统发育树,结果显示该菌株与丁香假单胞菌丁香致病变种(P. syringae pv. syringae)亲缘关系最近,两者最先聚在一起。分离菌株中均可检测到syrB基因。研究结果表明P. syringae pv. syringae为甜樱桃流胶病的病原菌。     

福建省烟粉虱不同地理种群遗传结构特征

为明确福建省烟粉虱种群遗传结构特征,基于福建省烟粉虱不同地理种群中40个代表性的线粒体COI基因序列,分析了种群遗传多样性、遗传分化及分子变异情况,并构建了单倍型系统发育树与网络图。结果显示:在590 bp长度的mt COI基因序列中有效位点558个,其中187个核苷酸位点存在变异;序列核苷酸中A、T、C、G含量分别为42.32%、24.36%、20.25%、13.06%,其中A+T的含量为66.68%,表现出明显的A+T偏向性;共检测出11个单倍型,其中Hap3、4、7、9、11为特殊单倍型;种群多样性指数为0.838,核苷酸多样性指数为0.093,表明遗传多样性水平较高;AMOVA分析表明种群遗传变异主要来自种群内,总种群遗传分化系数仅为0.027,种群遗传分化较低。表明福建烟粉虱种群基因交流未受地理距离明显影响,种群遗传分化不显著。     

小尺度空间果生刺盘孢遗传多样性分析

 本研究将来自16个油茶品种的247个Colletotrichum fructicola的多基因序列进行遗传多样性分析,结果表明,247个C. fructicola多基因序列有21个单倍型,其中Hap2占总数的54.7%,Hap4占总数的34%,为两个主要的单倍型,来自所有16个油茶品种。基本上每一个油茶品种都存在C. fructicola独特的单倍型。遗传分化系数(Fst)表明不同品种来源菌株种群间存在一定的遗传分化。对所有品种种群进行中性检测及核苷酸不配对分析,发现小尺度空间的果生次盘孢菌经历大规模的种群扩张,群体间存在有效基因流。系统发育分析表明,来自不同品种的菌株散乱地分布在系统发育树中。     

玫烟色棒束孢菌株间的rDNA多态性

本文基于ITS-5.8S rDNA序列对来自国内外的玫烟色棒束孢不同菌株进行了系统发育及DNA多态性研究。系统发育分析表明,玫烟色棒束孢全部被试序列都分离为两个完全独立的支系,分别为聚在分支CladeⅠ-1中且支持率为94%的菌株和聚在分支CladeⅡ-1内且支持率为90%的菌株;为了确定上述2支系的真正分类地位,对所试玫烟色棒束孢与爪哇棒束孢菌株进行了多态性研究,获得8个单倍型,单倍型多样性Hd=0.65,核苷酸多样性Pi=0.04,以及2个不同的DNA序列保守区等。通过系统发育及多态性研究结果表明所试玫烟色棒束孢无论在种的水平上或假定的种群水平上,其遗传多样性都较大、分化明显,它们的差异已超出了种的边界,分支CladeⅠ-1中的菌株是典型的玫烟色棒束孢,而CladeⅡ-1中的玫烟色棒束孢菌株可能是爪哇棒束孢。     

瘿蚊科3种昆虫核糖体DNA的克隆及序列分析

瘿蚊科是双翅目昆虫中的重要类群?本研究对瘿蚊科3种昆虫—麦红吸浆虫?菊花瘿蚊和食蚜瘿蚊的核糖体DNA进行PCR扩增?克隆?测序及序列分析, 并对ITS-1在麦红吸浆虫4个地理种群中的遗传变异情况进行分析?结果表明, 从3种昆虫中获得的核糖体DNA序列包括:部分的18S rDNA(44 bp)?28S rDNA(37 bp), 全部的ITS-1(487~535 bp), 5.8S rDNA(121 bp)及ITS-2(336~352 bp)序列?3种昆虫ITS序列的碱基差异百分比在17.21%~29.59%之间, 共含有206个变异位点?ITS-1序列在麦红吸浆虫4个地理种群中比较保守, 只有4个变异位点, 单倍型多样性为0.311 7~0.796 5, 核苷酸多样性为0.000 6~0.002 2?本研究为今后瘿蚊科昆虫的分类鉴定?系统发育和遗传进化等相关研究提供了基础?     

引起油茶炭疽病胶孢炭疽菌种群遗传结构研究

 胶孢炭疽菌是引起油茶炭疽病的主要病原之一。目前对于该病原菌种群的遗传结构尚未见报道。研究病菌种群的遗传结构对制定科学的防治方法具有重要意义。本研究比较中国6个省12个不同地区的126个胶孢炭疽菌的ITS序列的差异,以期研究各不同群体的单倍体型多样性,不同地区群体之间的遗传关系,以及遗传距离与地理距离的线性关系。遗传分析发现,得到的126个胶孢炭疽菌样品ITS序列可定义为27种单倍体型。27种单倍体型中,一个主要的单倍体型(Haplotype12)含有78个样品,且基本上每个样品采集地都有分布。遗传分化指数(Fst)表明病菌不同地理种群间的遗传分化较大。AMOVA分析显示,种群间的遗传变异占总变异的6%,种群内部变异占总变异的94%。Mantel测试显示地理距离与遗传距离没有显著的线性关系。对所有地理种群病原菌ITS序列的核苷酸不配对进行分析,发现油茶炭疽病菌未经历过大规模的种群扩张过程。系统发育分析表明,来自不同地区的油茶炭疽病菌散乱的分布在系统树中。研究结果表明油茶炭疽病菌种群具有丰富的遗传多样性。     

Characterization of Ribosomal DNA from Venturia inaequalis and Its Phylogenetic Relationship to rDNA from Other Tree-Fruit Venturia Species

ABSTRACT A portion of the 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene, the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2), and the 5.8S rDNA gene were polymerase chain reaction-amplified from strains and field populations of Venturia inaequalis and assessed for genetic variation. A previously reported optional group I intron in the 18S rDNA gene of V. inaequalis was detected in 75.0% of 92 strains collected worldwide and in 61.1 and 71.2% of 54 and 59 strains from two Michigan orchards, respectively. Sequence and restriction analysis of rDNA revealed four intron alleles, three of which were present both in worldwide strains and in each field population. Two ITS1 alleles were detected and found to be linked to specific intron alleles. The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences from V. asperata V. carpophila, V. cerasi, V. inaequalis, V. nashicola, V. pyrina, and Cladosporium caryigenum were compared using phylogenetic analysis. Strains of the Venturia species were placed in three distinct monophyletic groups in a phylogenetic tree. The first group comprised V. inaequalis; the second, V. pyrina and V. nashicola; and the third, V. cerasi, V. carpophila, and V. asperata. The described intron and ITS1 alleles in V. inaequalis provide genetic markers for subdividing populations of V. inaequalis, and the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences are valuable in determining the relationship of the species from tree-fruit crops with other Venturia species.     

内蒙古糖甜菜叶斑病菌的多样性分析

采用ERIC-PCR,BOX-PCR和ITS的分析方法,对分离自我国内蒙古自治区5个市的21个糖甜菜叶斑病菌菌株进行多样性分析,并与其他12种病原细菌进行比较。ERIC-PCR揭示,在相似性80%上所有参试菌株分为26簇,而BOX-PCR只得到20个簇,暗示这两种短重复序列在基因组中的分布不同;将两者电泳图谱结合,得到介于上述两者间的结果,分为23个簇;在相似率达87%时,ITS分析将21个糖甜菜叶斑病菌菌株分成7簇。3种分析方法相互验证,均说明内蒙古糖甜菜叶斑病菌基因组存在显著多样性。ERIC和BOX聚类证明了糖甜菜叶斑病菌与短小杆菌属(Curtobacterium)亲缘关系较近,与其他属细菌亲缘关系较远。研究证明,ERIC和BOX扩增基因组DNA指纹比ITS图谱具有更强的多样性。     

大穗看麦娘与日本看麦娘的DNA条形码鉴定

大穗看麦娘是我国麦田新发生的恶性杂草,与日本看麦娘苗期形态相近,导致难以识别和有效监测。本研究利用4个DNA 条形码候选序列(rbcL、matK、trnH-psbA和ITS2)对13份大穗看麦娘和10份日本看麦娘叶片材料进行分子鉴定,采用Vector NTI分析扩增的DNA序列峰图质量并比对碱基差异,通过MEGA 6.0软件中的K2P模型计算样本种内和种间的双参数遗传距离,采用邻接法构建系统发育树。结果表明,4个DNA 条形码序列中仅matK扩增测序结果不理想。日本看麦娘在4种DNA条形码序列中不存在种内差异,大穗看麦娘在rbcL、matK和ITS2序列中无种内差异,仅在trnH-psbA序列中存在7个差异位点。大穗看麦娘和日本看麦娘种间各DNA条形码序列均有差异,trnH-psbA、rbcL、matK和ITS2序列存在的差异位点数分别为6、3、14和28。ITS2的种间平均遗传距离大于rbcL,且具有特异性,适宜用于大穗看麦娘和日本看麦娘的准确鉴定。     

Ribotyping of EntomopathogenicVerticittium lecanii in Japan

To estimate the genetic diversity in 30 isolates ofVerticillium lecanii from aphids, whiteflies, mite and black pine in Japan, including two commercialized strains (Mycotal and Vertalec), DNA polymorphisms in ribosomal DNA of those isolates were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and intergenic spacer (IGS) regions of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene of each isolate were analyzed by PCR-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism). The size of the PCR product from the ITS region was ~ 580 bp in 27 of the isolates. A 600 bp ITS product was detected in Mycotal and Vertalec. One Japanese isolate produced both the 580 bp and 600 bp products. Enzymatic digestion of the ITS region with Sau3A I,Msp I,Hae III andRsa I revealed RFLPs that consisted of eight haplotypes. Mycotal and Vertalec were specific haplotypes that differed from other isolates. The Japanese isolates had a complex relationship with the original host, but we identified several specific haplotypes common to an aphid origin. Ten distinct IGS haplotypes were detected in the IGS region, some of which were associated with aphid and whitefly origins. These results suggest that the haplotype of rDNA RFLP analysis can be used for studying genetic diversity inV. lecanii.     

海南橡胶树暹罗刺盘孢菌群体遗传结构分析

暹罗刺盘孢菌Colletotrichum siamense是引起海南橡胶树炭疽病的重要病原之一,为了明确海南橡胶树暹罗刺盘孢菌群体的遗传结构,本研究对海南5个市(县)的橡胶树暹罗刺盘孢菌的ITS序列进行分析。结果表明,58个病菌样品可推导出11种单倍型,其中单倍型H11包含样品数最多且在5个市(县)均有分布,其次为单倍型H4,在4个市(县)有分布。遗传分化指数(Fst)表明保亭种群与其他种群的遗传分化较大。AMOVA分析显示,遗传变异主要发生在种群内,占总变异的93.9%。对所有地理种群病原菌ITS序列的核苷酸不配对进行分析,表明病菌未经历过大规模的种群扩张。系统发育分析表明,来自相同地区的病菌单倍型并没有聚在一起。研究结果表明海南橡胶树暹罗刺盘孢菌种群具有丰富的遗传多样性。     

Population structure and genetic diversity suggest recent introductions of Dothistroma pini in Slovakia

Dothistroma pini is one of two pathogens causing Dothistroma needle blight (DNB), a foliar disease of pines. The species was redefined in 2004 and subsequently recorded in several European countries. In Slovakia, the first report of the pathogen was in 2013. In this study, the population structure, genetic diversity, and reproductive mode of 105 isolates collected from 10 localities and seven hosts were determined in Slovakia. Species-specific mating type markers, ITS haplotype determination, and 16 microsatellite markers were used to characterize and genotype the isolates. Overall, 15 unique multilocus haplotypes (MLHs) based on microsatellite markers and three ITS haplotypes were identified. Three independent methods (DAPC, STRUCTURE, EDENetwork) separated the isolates into two distinct population clusters corresponding with ITS haplotypes. A high level of clonality was recorded suggesting that conidia are the primary source of pathogen dispersal. The low genetic diversity, predominantly asexual reproductive mode of the pathogen, and the fact that most isolates were collected from introduced tree species and native species in artificially planted urban greenery, supports the hypothesis that D. pini has been recently introduced into Slovakia.     

水稻品种构成对稻曲病菌遗传结构影响的初步研究

由稻曲病菌（Ustilaginoidea virens）引起的病害是当前限制我国水稻优质高产的重要病害之一。家畜食用被稻曲病菌厚垣孢子污染的谷物可导致中毒。近20年来，稻曲病防治主要以喷施化学农药为主。研究品种布局对稻曲病菌群体结构的影响，有助于了解病害的发生规律及提出有效的病害防治策略。本文初步分析了稻曲病菌群体结构与水稻品种构成的关系。     

Comparative molecular analysis of Bursaphelenchus vallesianus,a wood‐inhabiting nematode isolated from declining pine trees in the Czech Republic

The Bursaphelenchus genus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) comprises mostly wood‐inhabiting nematodes that feed on various tree‐colonizing fungi. One species of the genus, B. xylophilus, has been proven as an agent causing pine wilt disease (PWD). However, involvement of other Bursaphelenchus species in the PWD remains enigmatic. In the current paper, comparative molecular analysis is performed based on nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of B. vallesianus, a species that was recently isolated from pine trees (Pinus sylvestris) exhibiting wilting and declining symptoms in the Czech Republic. Sequencing of the nuclear‐encoded ITS1–5·8S–ITS2 rDNA region confirmed previous taxonomic conclusions based on morphology. Evolutionary reconstructions resulted in a phylogenetic tree, where the Czech isolate of B. vallesianus occupied a common clade together with other species belonging to the so‐called B. sexdentati group. Unexpectedly, comprehensive analysis of the sequence data revealed a genetic variation distinguishing the Czech isolate of B. vallesianus from all other species of the B. sexdentati group. This dissimilarity consists of the presence of a four nucleotide exchange found in the 5·8S rRNA‐coding gene. The newly identified genetic variation appears to affect the 5·8S rRNA folding, as deduced from secondary structure models. Additionally, it is shown that for the first time, to the authors’ knowledge, both bursaphelenchid internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) fold into the multibranched closed loops. While the ITS2 closed loop is formed with help of canonical 5·8S‐28S rRNA pairing, the ITS1 forms the thermodynamically stable closed loop with no support of flanking rRNA sequences. The current information on bursaphelenchid ITS rDNA sequence diversity and structure is further discussed.