卤虫卵化学成分的分离和分析

本试验对幼虾、鱼苗的饵料卤虫卵进行了化学成分的分离和分析.卤虫卵含油量为7.1%,油中不皂化物含量为4.9%,主要为胆甾醇.脂肪酸中含有较大量的油酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、花生四烯酸和EPA.卤虫卵含蛋白质为20.9%,还舍有多种氨基酸.     

卤虫卵壳营养成分分析

采用一般营养物质测定方法及液相色谱和气相色谱方法测定了卤虫卵壳营养成分。结果表明:蛋白质58.91％,脂肪5.63％,灰分8.92％;17种氨基酸总量为干物质的57.73％,必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的36.60％;卤虫卵壳含有多种不饱和脂肪酸,其中EPA占8.54％;卤虫卵壳含有多种无机元素,其中钙为13865.23μg/g,铁为9928.17μg/g。卤虫卵壳含有丰富的营养成分,因此可将其开发为营养强化剂或其它动物饲料。     

卤虫卵孵化强化剂的初步研究

对不同品系的低孵化率卤虫卵进行了孵化对比试验，分为试验组和对照组，其中试验组添加孵化强化剂与对照组进行同等条件的试验，2组对照组的孵化率分别是66．8％、64．9％，试验组的孵化率分别是84．3％、81．5％增幅超过15个百分点，说明这种针对低孵化率卤虫卵研制的强化剂有效可行，可做进一步推广试验。     

淡水型及海水型卤虫卵的脂类

海水型卤虫卵每单位干重的类总量约为淡水型卤虫卵的两倍。同海水型卤虫卵相比，淡水型卤虫卵的脂类总量中含有较高的色素、胆固醇和游离脂肪酸及较低含量的三酰甘油酯。两类卤虫卵的磷脂占脂类总量的百分比相同。海水型卵的磷脂和三酰甘油酯中含有较多的２０：５ｎ－３和２０：４ｎ－６；而淡水型卵中缺乏这些酸，但１８：３ｎ－３的含量较高。     

世界卤虫卵产量急剧下降

世界卤虫卵产量急剧下降目前，全世界对卤虫卵的需要量估计每年约为１０００ｔ左右．其中大部分由亚洲各国消费。以北美产的卤虫卵为例，９０％的量流通于亚洲地区。用量最多者为泰国（５０％）、印尼（２５％）、日本（５％）、菲律宾（５％）、韩国（３％）等。而全世界...     

三品系中国卤虫卵的激活和提高孵化率的研究

在室温，４℃或－２５℃，用温度－ＣＯ２系列激活河北乐亭，青海尕海和山东羊口卤虫卵，并以空气和饱和ＮａＣｌ溶液系列处理作对照。其结果为：（１）乐亭卤虫卵经４℃－１００％ＣＯ２处理９０天，孵化率可达９３．３％；尕海卤虫卵经－２５℃－２０％ＣＯ２处理６０天，孵化率可达９０．２％等，而羊口卤虫卵孵化率提高幅度不大。（２）用ＯＣ２处理乐亭卤虫卵时，无论在室温或４℃－１００％ＣＯ２时，其孵化率上升趋势都比空气     

不同品系卤虫卵孵化质量的比较

对新疆艾比湖、青海格尔木、青海尕海、河北乐亭、河北沧州、河北南堡六个品系卤虫卵的孵化质量做了一些初步研究。南堡、艾比湖、沧州、乐亭、格尔木、尕海卤虫卵的孵化率分别为82．7％，80．2％，75．3％，66．O％，62．2％，10.1％；孵化的同步性分别为4．8，11．2，17．0，11．2，11．5，23．2h。孵化质量最好的是河北南堡的卤虫卵。     

几个因子对内蒙古自治区卤虫卵孵化率的影响

采用常温、冷冻和盐水浸泡的方法.用3％双氧水、3％甲醛和3％高锰酸钾处理卤虫卵,研究诸因子对卤虫卵孵化率的影响。试验结果表明:产于内蒙古自治区的卤虫卵最佳孵化盐度为35;用3％双氧水和3％甲醛处理卤虫卵均能提高其孵化率;用粗盐饱和溶液处理是保存卤虫卵的好办法。     

微藻种卤虫卵经人体生物场能辐射的生物学效应初探

利用人体生物场能辐射的近，远距离作用，探讨对异胶藻，卤虫卵的生物学效应试验，经概率分析具显著差异性，又经百分比率分析，表明剑指与掌心，对微藻种繁殖分别增加２１％和１７．３％（平均１９．２％），而采用远距离辐射，对卤虫卵孵化比率，增加１１．６％。     

卤虫卵的简单淘洗法

卤虫作为鱼、虾和蟹类幼体的良好饵料,近年来随着养鱼、养虾和养蟹业的发展,生产需要量和出口量越来越大。但由于过度捕捞,导致卤虫卵的产量逐年下降,而获取的卤虫卵又含有大量的淤泥和沙石,给卤虫卵的孵化带来一定的困难。为了清除卤虫卵中的泥沙,生产单位常采用筛绢布来筛取卤虫卵,用这     

Effects of nutritional enhancement of live food organisms on growth and survival of barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), larvae

Abstract Larval and juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), were reared intensively on test diets comprising nutritionally supplemented and unsupplemented rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis Muller, and brine shrimp, Artemia salina L. Both growth and survival of barramundi larvae fed on nutritionally supplemented brine shrimp were superior to those of larvae fed on untreated brine shrimp. Barramundi larvae fed diets incorporating untreated brine shrimp exhibited a mortality syndrome which commenced from 20 to 30 days after hatching and resulted in almost total mortality within the next 10 days. Analyses of the proximate, fatty acid and amino acid composition of the live food organisms used in the test diets, and reference samples comprising barramundi egg yolk and extensively reared juvenile barramundi, suggest that this mortality syndrome was primarily associated with the fatty acid composition of the food organisms, particularly the relative amount of 20:5n-3 in the brine shrimp fed to the larvae. These results, and the work of other authors, indicate that there are two mortality syndromes which affect intensively cultured L. calcarifer larvae.     

Ration of 20:3 (n-9) to 20:5 (n-3) in Phospholipids as an Indicators of Dietary Essential Fatty Acid Sufficiency in Striped Bass,Morone saxarilis,and Palmetto Bass,M. saxatilis x M. chrysops

The effects of feeding different sources of brine shrimp nauplii with different fatty acid compositions on growth, survival, and fatty acid composition of striped bass, Morone saxarilis and palmetto bass (M. saxatilis x M. chrysops) were determined. The sources of brine shrimp were Chinese (CH), with a high percentage of 20:5(n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and Colombian (COL), San Francisco Bay (SFB), and Great Salt Lake (GSL), with low percentages of EPA but high percentages of 18:3(n-3), linoienic acid. None of the brine shrimp sources contained a measurable amount of 22:6(n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). After enrichment with menhaden oil to increase the content of EPA and DHA, the GSL brine shrimp nauplii were also fed to hybrid striped bass.Growth and survival of fish larvae fed brine shrimp nauplii with high percentages of EPA and DHA (CH and GSLE) were higher (P < 0.05) than those of fish fed brine shrimp with a low percentage of EPA (COL, SFB, and GSL). The ratio of 20:3(n-9) eicosatrienoic acid (ETA), to DHA in polar lipids (phospholipids) of fish, traditionally used as an indicator of essential fatty acid (EFA) sufficiency of the diet, was not a reliable indicator of essential fatty acid sufficiency of diets for larval striped bass and hybrid striped bass. However, the ratio of ETA to EPA appears to be an appropriate indicator. An ETA-to-EPA ratio in phospholipids of less than 0.10 is consistent with an EFA sufficient diet.     

拟沼螺(Assiminea sp.)营养成分分析与评价

采用凯氏定氮法及索氏抽提法对拟沼螺(Assiminea sp.)的基本营养成分以及氨基酸、脂肪酸的组成进行了测定和分析,并与蓝蛤、淡水钩虾、沙蚕、卤虫、轮虫等饵料生物进行了比较。结果显示,拟沼螺的粗蛋白含量为67.76%,高于比较组的饵料生物,水分含量最低为42.57%,粗脂肪含量为10.4%,高于蓝蛤、淡水钩虾和沙蚕;拟沼螺氨基酸组成全面,富含鱼虾生长所必需的各种氨基酸,总量达58.51%,必需氨基酸相对含量为46.62%,与蓝蛤(46.17%)、卤虫(47.31%)、轮虫(45.69%)、沙蚕(49.48%)的值接近,远大于WHO/FAO推荐模式(35.38%),但略低于鸡蛋蛋白模式(48.08%)。另外,拟沼螺的呈味氨基酸总量较高,是淡水钩虾的2.5倍。根据氨基酸评分或化学评分,拟沼螺的第一限制氨基酸均为缬氨酸。分析比较必需氨基酸指数,拟沼螺的必需氨基酸组成更接近中国对虾和斑节对虾的必需氨基酸组成。拟沼螺体内脂肪酸种类齐全,不饱和脂肪酸含量为54.64%,多不饱和脂肪酸含量为27.45%,EPA(二十二碳五烯酸)含量为9.56%,DHA(二十二碳六烯酸)含量为4.46%。营养成分分析结果表明,拟沼螺氨基酸组成全面,必需氨基酸含量高,脂肪酸种类齐全,含有较多多不饱和脂肪酸,能够满足对虾生长对氨基酸、脂肪酸等各种营养物质的利用需求,在促进对虾生长、提高免疫力等方面具有许多潜在功效,是一种优质的生物饵料。     

高效液相色谱法测定卤虫无节幼体中精胺含量

本研究建立了高效液相色谱法测定卤虫无节幼体中精胺含量的方法。样品经5％三氯乙酸溶液提取,提取液采用丹璜酰氯柱前衍生,以甲醇一水为流动相,经C18反相色谱柱分离后用紫外检测器检测。精胺的线性范围为0．1～1000μg/ml,线性相关系数为0．9999,检出限为0．06μg/ml。3个添加浓度（0。1、1．0和5.0μg/m1）的平均回收率为86．3％～96.39/6,相对标准偏差皆小于59/6。采用此方法对卤虫中精胺进行检测,其精胺含量为0．077mg/g。本方法具有分析时间短、线性范围宽、灵敏度和精密度高等优点,适合于卤虫中精胺的检测．     

The use of HUFA-rich algal meals in diets for Litopenaeus vannamei

A 15‐week growth trial was conducted with juvenile, Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to study the efficacy of using algal meals as a source of highly unsaturated fatty acids in practical diets that are designed to contain no marine protein or oil sources. Based on previous study, a practical diet was designed containing co‐extruded soybean poultry by‐product meal with egg supplement and soybean meal as the primary protein sources for formulations containing 350 g kg^?1 crude protein and 100 g kg^?1 lipid. To further refine the diets, the fish oil in two of the diets was completely substituted with plant oils and oil originating from microbial fermentation products rich in docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ArA). A commercial shrimp feed was also included in the trial for comparison. The mean values for shrimp final weight (17.8 g), yield (537.7 g m^?2 or 703.2 g m^?3), survival (98.5%) and feed conversion ratio (1.4 : 1) showed no statistically significant differences between diets. The results suggest that co‐extruded soybean poultry by‐product meal and oil from heterotrophic microalgal fermentation sources can be potential candidates for fish meal and marine oil replacement in shrimp diets.     

Quality Evaluation of Four Sources of Brine Shrimp Artemia spp.1

A study was conducted to compare fatty acid composition, hatching quality, and size of nauplii from four commercial sources of brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) cyse: China (CH), Colombia (COL), Great Salt Lake (GSL), and San Francisco Bay (SFB). The CH brine shrimp had a comparatively high percentage of 20:5(n-3) fatty acid (eicosapentaenoic acid or EPA), an essential fatty acid for most Iarval fishes, which was 10.4% of the total lipids. The COL, GSL, and SFB sources of cysts contained comparatively low percentages of EPA, 2.9, 1.2, and 1.6%. respectively. Hatching quality was determined by hatching cysts in salt (NaCl) water with a specific gravity of 1.02 at 27 C for 42 h. The COL cysts had the fastest hatching rate, with 50% of the cysts hatching in 13.4 h, while CH cysts hatched at the slowest rate, requiring 25.6 h for 50% of the cysts to hatch. Total percentage hatch was not significantly different among the SFB, COL, and GSL sources, with an average hatching percentage of 84.5, while CH cysts had a significantly lower total percentage hatch of 67.5. The SFB source produced the greatest number of nauplii (1.6 ± 10⁵ per g of cysts) with the smallest length (382 μm), while CH produced the smallest number (8.7 ± 10⁴) with the greatest length (500 μm). These results indicate that there is great variation in nutritional quality, hatching quality, and size of nauplii among commercial sources of brine shrimp cysts, and each of these criteria should be considered in selecting brine shrimp in a development of a feeding strategy for larval culture of a particular species.     

The effect of soybean oil containing stearidonic acid on growth performance,n‐3 fatty acid deposition and sensory characteristics of pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The ability of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to utilize soy oil (SO) modified to contain stearidonic acid (SDA) in replacement of fish oil (FO) by converting SDA to highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) was examined. Six diets with either supplemental modified SO or FO and three levels of fishmeal (FM) replacement (0%, 50% and 100%) by soybean meal (SBM) were fed to shrimp (1.7 g) for 12 weeks. The effect of oil source at the three SBM levels on growth and fatty acid profiles was examined by contrast analysis and sensory attributes by t‐tests (5% error rate). At 0% SBM inclusion, there was no effect of dietary oil source, while at the highest SBM inclusion level, shrimp fed the FO diet outperformed those fed the corresponding SO diet. Oil source had no effect on sensory attributes. The fatty acid profiles of the shrimp reflected that of the diets. SDA SO can replace supplemental FO in diets for shrimp with no reduction in growth when there is sufficient oil present from FM. At low FM, however, replacing FO with SDA SO reduces shrimp performance and tissue n‐3 HUFA levels. It is concluded that SDA is unable to meet the essential fatty acid needs of shrimp.     

Spontaneous Spawning of Captive Red Snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, and Dietary Lipid Effect on Reproductive Performance

Two experiments addressed the spontaneous spawning of red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus , under controlled temperatures and photoperiods and the effect of broodstock diets supplemented with oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. In Experiment 1, broodfish were fed a standard diet (ST1) and one enriched with menhaden oil (ER1) over a 355-d period. ER1-influenced egg fatty acid profile, however, did not positively influence egg production. Both diets produced highly viable eggs and larvae but results varied within treatments. In Experiment 2, broodfish were fed either a standard diet (ST2) or one supplemented with oils (ER2) rich in docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid using a 203-d cycle. Both treatments produced eggs but fertilization rates ranged 0–10%. There was no clear influence of the diets on egg fatty acid profiles. These results indicate that red snapper can spawn spontaneously in tanks under controlled environmental conditions and produce viable eggs and larvae when fed diets based on squid, shrimp, and fish. The fatty acid composition of the diets was reflected in the eggs to some degree, but the oil enrichments did not further enhance the reproductive performance and egg quality under the conditions of this study.     

用丰年虫卵壳制备甲壳素和壳聚糖

介绍了用丰年虫卵壳制备甲壳素及壳聚糖的方法及过程,通过傅立叶变换红外光谱仪的检测并与美国标准谱图库检索出的用蟹壳制备的壳聚糖光谱图对照,证实丰年虫卵壳制备的壳聚糖。     

Fatty acid analysis of fish eggs without solvent extraction

Two techniques for preparing samples of Coryphaena hippurus fish eggs for fatty acid analysis were compared. The first technique involved direct methylation of samples containing either 50 or 100 fresh eggs. The second involved methylation of the solvent-extracted fat from samples containing 1000 eggs each that had either been freeze dried or oven dried. The fatty acid profiles of small samples of fresh eggs were similar to profiles obtained from the solvent-extracted fat of much larger samples of dried eggs. In addition, the fatty acid profiles of 100 fresh egg samples were higher in both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids than the profiles obtained from 100 freeze-dried or oven-dried eggs. The technique of using direct methylation of fresh egg samples without solvent extraction has three main advantages: it requires less preparatory and analytical work, it can be used with much smaller samples, and it is less destructive to the material being analyzed. Direct methylation can also be used to prepare samples of small organisms such as algae, rotifers (Brachionus sp.), and brine shrimp (Artemia sp.) for fatty acid analysis.