温润泡对不同茶类有效成分浸出的影响

茶叶的风味品质是茶叶中化学成分通过冲泡而在茶叶的色、香、味上体现出来的。迄今为止,已有较多文献报道冲泡时间对茶叶化学成分浸出的影响,研究表明随着冲泡时间的延长,茶汤中的水浸出物、茶多酚、咖啡碱、游离氨基酸的浸出率亦随之增加。温润泡是指在冲泡第一道茶之前,先将茶叶用沸水淋湿后即将水倒干,温润泡对茶叶感官品质产生影响。本试验以茉莉毛峰、茉莉春螺、白牡丹、铁观音、肉桂、政和工夫红茶等不同茶类为试验材料,探讨温润泡(短时冲泡)对不同茶类主要品质成分浸出的影响,以期为不同茶类的泡饮方式提供参考。     

水质与茶汤内含物溶释及风味的研究进展

古人云:"茶性必发于水",对于茶叶冲泡及品饮中水质的关注持续至今。目前,泡茶用水的研究和选择已从水的来源(如江水、井水)、水的理化性质(如酸碱度、硬度)拓展到水的处理(如纯净水、专用水),水质对于茶叶冲泡的影响也从茶汤的基本品质拓展到冲泡过程中内含物的溶释规律。本文就水的总硬度、酸碱度、电导率、矿物离子及不同水源、不同水处理方法对茶汤风味及内含物溶释、稳定性(如沉淀、转化、变色)的影响进行了文献分析和总结,认为(1)较之于永久性硬水,软水或暂时性硬水更适宜泡茶;(2)高Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)水会损害茶汤色泽、滋味;(3)水的硬度、酸碱度、电导率、矿物离子是相互关联的因子,其结果还可致水体本身呈现不同的味觉、气味,对茶汤品质产生直接影响;(4)泉水,尤其是经过水源选择且适口的瓶装矿泉水总体上适宜泡茶,纯净水则为相对安全的泡茶用水,但不足以释放和发挥某些类型茶叶的特征风味。     

影响龙井茶汤品质的主要水质因素分析

不同水质对冲泡茶汤的品质存在明显的影响,但其中的主要原因并不清晰,对泡茶用水的选择仍存在一定的争议。本文在总结前人研究的基础上,结合对19种典型饮用水样冲泡西湖龙井茶的系统研究,对影响冲泡茶汤品质的可能水质因素进行系统分析和研究,明确影响茶汤风味品质的主要饮用水质因素,对茶叶品质形成理论和泡茶用水的选择等都具有重要意义。     

水中离子对茶汤风味影响的研究进展

水中离子对冲泡过程中茶汤风味的形成具有重要影响。采用系统分析法研究了水中的离子总量、离子类型对茶汤香气及滋味品质的影响，并进一步分析总结了水中离子影响茶汤风味的潜在机制，以期为茶汤品质的调控及泡茶用水的选择提供理论依据。     

不同冲泡条件对茶叶内含物浸出率影响的研究进展

茶叶是世界三大饮料之一,茶汤风味是评价其感官品质好坏的重要指标之一。茶多酚、氨基酸、可溶性糖和生物碱类物质等主要内含物以不同浓度复合形成了茶汤的独特风味。不同的冲泡方式对茶叶内含物质浸出的量和比例均有一定的影响,本文从水温、冲泡时间、冲泡次数等方面综述了冲泡方式对茶叶内含物浸出率的影响,以期为后续研究提供基础。     

浅析高级绿茶的冲泡水温

茶叶是用水冲泡饮用的,水质对茶叶品质有重大的影响已为广大饮茶者所熟悉。然而,关于茶叶的冲泡水温,尤其是高级绿茶的冲泡水温,究竟是100℃好,还是90℃或80℃好,则有不同的看法。为此,笔者选用一级龙井茶作了不同水温(70℃、80℃、90℃、100℃)的冲泡试验,进行茶汤品质的感官审评比较,此外还测定了茶汤中主要品质成分的浸出率,以探析高级绿茶适宜的冲泡水温。     

润茶对绿茶冲泡时主要品质成分溶出影响研究

以五凤香茗(烘青类)和苍南翠龙(扁型茶类)为研究对象,设定适宜的润茶条件,比较润茶过程对这两种不同加工而成的茶叶主要品质成分溶出的影响。结果表明,润茶有利于茶叶中氨基酸、茶多酚和咖啡碱等品质成分的溶出。不同润茶时间,物质溶出量不同,氨基酸溶出速度快,茶多酚和咖啡碱溶出较缓。润茶时表现为烘青类的"五凤香茗"中物质溶出比扁型茶类的"苍南翠龙"快速,润茶70 s~80 s时,物质溶出量处较高水平。润茶用水量20 m L、35 m L、50 m L时,物质溶出量差异大,两种类型茶润茶用水量由20 m L增加至35 m L时,三种主要品质成分溶出量增幅大于50%;润茶用水量从35 m L增加至50 m L时,物质溶出量的增幅差距缩小。以物质最大幅度溶出量考虑,冲泡3 g干茶,茶水比1∶50时,选择35 m L润茶用水量为合适。茶水冲泡后的3 min~5 min内,茶汤中的主要品质成分物质溶出量随时间延长,溶出量增加,但不同时间段增加速率不同,咖啡碱随时间延长,溶出速率增加,氨基酸和茶多酚则是在冲泡4分钟时,溶出速率最快。经润茶后的茶叶再续水冲泡,茶汤上、下层的均匀程度优于直接冲泡;不同冲泡方式均表现为上、下层茶汤中茶多酚、咖啡碱差异大,氨基酸差异小。     

响应面法优化白茶冲泡工艺的研究

以传统白茶中的白牡丹为原料,采用响应面法研究了不同冲泡要素对茶汤主要滋味成分浸出率的影响,优化并建立了白茶茶汤感官评价与冲泡温度、冲泡时间和茶叶用量的回归方程。结果表明,白茶茶汤中茶多酚、游离氨基酸和咖啡碱的浸出率随着茶叶用量、冲泡温度、冲泡时间的增加而增大,各冲泡要素对茶多酚、游离氨基酸的影响均达到显著水平,而对咖啡碱浸出率的影响不显著,茶叶用量对游离氨基酸浸出率影响最大,温度对茶多酚浸出率影响最大。以茶汤感官品质为评价,优化冲泡白牡丹的最优条件为茶叶用量3.05 g(茶水比约1∶50)、冲泡温度100℃、冲泡时间5.03 min,该条件下冲泡的白茶感官评分为92.40分,其茶汤香气清纯、滋味醇爽、汤色橙黄,回归方程模型验证值与预测值接近,拟合度好。     

茶汤缓冲力的研究

茶汤中含有大量具有缓冲能力的弱电异质（主要是茶多酚和氨基酸类物质）。研究茶汤缓冲力的大小及缓冲动态，对了解对泡菜品质的影响以及对茶叶饮料的调配、生产等，具有重要意义。本研究结果如下：1．用不同PH值的水冲泡绿茶，由于茶叶中可溶性物质的缓冲作用，茶汤PH值发生变化，其变化动态可用回归模型y—4．326X“””预测，回归关系达极显著水平。该方程表明，茶汤对碱性的缓冲力更强。2．不同PH植水冲泡茶叶．对泡茶品质的汤色有影响，酸性水使汤色变谈，碱性水使汤色变深。其茶汤（绿茶）的消光值（240urn）与泡茶用水PH值呈正相…     

不同类型饮用水对西湖龙井茶风味及主要品质成分的影响

古代泡茶经验和现代科学研究已证实,水对冲泡茶汤的品质存在明显影响。但不同水质对茶汤的影响程度一直是困惑人们日常泡茶用水的问题。本文在总结前人研究基础上,结合对19种典型水样冲泡西湖龙井茶的系统研究,进一步了解和明确不同类型饮用水对茶汤感官品质及其主要成分的影响,对开展水质影响茶汤品质的基础研究,以及日常用水的选择和应用等都具有重要的指导作用。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.