水产品加工副产物的综合利用

我国是世界上水产品的生产和消费大国,每年产生大量的水产品加工副产物,如何提高这些副产物的利用效率,对于减少环境污染、提高加工企业经济效益和水产资源的综合利用率均具有重要意义。文中就近年来,水产品加工副产物和低值水产品的综合利用现状做一简单介绍。     

水产品副产物蛋白回收和高值化利用研究进展

水产品由于其丰富的营养价值,在世界范围内的需求量持续增加。然而,水产品消费与加工过程中产生的大量副产物,带来了严重的资源浪费和环境污染等问题。鉴于此,水产品加工副产物依据其不同特性已经被开发应用到诸多领域。其中,水产品副产物蛋白因其独特的功能特性与较高的经济附加值,在实际生产中得到了广泛的回收和利用。因此,本文综述了现阶段广泛用于回收水产品副产物蛋白的物理学、化学和生物学方法,同时,介绍了鱼类、甲壳类和贝类副产物蛋白高值化利用的研究进展,并对水产品副产物蛋白未来的发展趋势进行展望,旨在进一步提升水产品副产物资源的综合利用潜力,促进我国水产品加工业高质量发展。     

响应面法优化鲅鱼抗氧化肽发酵条件

为减少加工废弃物蛋白所造成的环境污染,提高水产品的利用率,探索了回收利用鲅鱼(Spanish mackerel)加工后富含蛋白质的废弃物,以寻找制备鲅鱼抗氧化肽的最佳生产条件。借助Design-Expert数据处理软件对苏云金芽孢杆菌Hy-4发酵产抗氧化肽的条件进行优化;在单因素试验的基础上,利用PlackettBurman试验设计法对影响发酵制备鲅鱼抗氧化肽的培养条件进行筛选。确定了影响发酵液总抗氧化活性的3个主要影响因素(P0.5)为发酵温度、培养基初始p H和料液比;在此基础上,利用最陡爬坡实验逼近3个关键因素的最大响应区域,再利用Box-Behnken试验设计及响应面分析法进行回归分析,通过求解回归方程得到产抗氧化肽的最优条件为:发酵时间48 h,发酵温度30℃,培养基初始p H 6.8,接种量2%,料液比1.45 g/50 m L,菌龄24 h。经过验证,发酵液总抗氧化活性达到537.73 U,较优化前提高了57.2%,与回归方程的预测值570.11 U相比,相对误差为5.7%,说明模型能够较好地预测菌株Hy-4发酵产抗氧化肽发酵液的总抗氧化性。     

一株产蛋白酶芽孢杆菌紫外诱变育种的初步研究

水产品加工废弃物容易造成环境污染,但其富含蛋白质,如果加以充分利用可以减少环境污染和提高经济效益。目前,抗氧化肽已经得到了广泛的应用,已经筛选了1株解淀粉芽孢杆菌Hy-7,以其发酵水产加工废弃物得到了较高的抗氧化肽产率。以此为出发菌,采用紫外线诱变的方法筛选出1株蛋白酶活力较高的菌株Hy-743,以鲅鱼加工后的废弃物为原料,接种该菌株进行发酵。该突变株较未经紫外线诱变的出发菌蛋白酶活力提高了40.1%,酶解物总抗氧化活性提高了10.2%。经遗传稳定性测定,该突变株在传代8次之后其遗传稳定性仍然良好。对菌株Hy-743进行响应面法优化发酵条件,得到最佳发酵条件为发酵温度30℃、发酵时间48 h、培养基初始p H6.6、菌龄26 h,接种量2%、料液比1.7 g/50 m L。筛选出的菌株酶活力较强、遗传稳定性好,可以用于发酵水产品及其加工废弃物制取抗氧化肽。     

水产资源低碳高效利用技术

我国是水产品生产大国,水产品产量连续多年居世界第一位,但加工利用率不高、资源浪费严重、污染较大。提高这些水产资源的利用效率,对减少环境污染、提高加工企业经济效益、提高全民消费水平、实现高效低碳的水产加工业均具有重要意义。对虾加工产生大量的虾头、虾壳废弃物,采用自溶技术高效回收蛋白质等内含物,低碱体系高效回收虾头壳中的甲壳素,污染低,产品附加值高,可实现对虾的低碳高效利用。对虾加工低碳高效利用技术已在多家企业实现产业化,经济效益显著,对其它水产品的低碳加工提供了很好的借鉴作用。论文在此基础上展望了水产品低碳加工技术的发展趋势。     

我国水产品加工综合利用的研究现状与发展趋势

本文主要综述了水产品加工和加工副产物综合利用的意义,我国水产品加工和加工副产物综合利用的研究现状和发展趋势。     

鱿鱼加工副产物高值化综合利用综述

近年来,国内鱿鱼加工产业快速发展,其副产物占据着很大的比重,对这些副产物的加工和利用越来越引起关注。鱿鱼加工副产物包括鱿鱼皮、内脏、鱼眼、墨汁、精巢、软骨等,对鱿鱼加工过程中副产物进行回收利用,不仅提高鱿鱼的经济价值,还可以减少副产物引起的环境污染。本文分别介绍了鱿鱼皮、墨汁、精巢和软骨的组成特性、提取以及利用情况,总结了近年来国内外利用鱿鱼副产物为原料开发胶原蛋白、鱼精蛋白、软骨素等一系列生化制品的研发状况,并提出了以复合蛋白酶酶解鱿鱼皮制备小分子胶原寡肽和以酶水解-膜分离组合工艺生产软骨素、骨胶原蛋白的综合利用新工艺的技术特点,最后展望了鱿鱼加工副产物的高值化综合利用前景和发展趋势。     

低碳经济引领水产品加工业发展新方向

阐述了目前水产品加工业的现状和存在问题,分别从加工科技含量,生产设备;高附加值产品开发,精深加工能力;产业结构、产品质量标准体系和法律法规等方面展开论述,探讨了制约我国水产品加工业低碳经济发展的因素,提出了水产品加工业向低碳经济发展的思路和相关措施。水产品加工业的低碳经济发展道路需要依靠技术创新,提高水产品副产物的综合应用,发展水产品精深加工。另外,国家政策引导和产业结构调整等措施对水产品加工业低碳经济可持续发展也至关重要。     

厦门市水产品加工业发展现状及建议

本文从企业规模、技术创新、对台合作等方面综合评价了厦门市水产品加工业的发展现状,分析了目前面临的问题及存在的不足,在此基础上提出相应的对策.建议提高加工技术及科技含量、拓展新产品和新工艺、实施品牌战略、提高资源利用率、发展来进料加工、提高水产品安全质量等,为促进厦门市水产品加工业整体水平的提高建言献策.     

水产品加工中的发酵技术的应用(上)

由于鱼类制品中含有丰富的营养物质,使得鱼产品的需求量不断上升。但是,由于环境恶化和过量捕捞,使渔业资源不断衰退,因而利用一些低值水产品进行生产高附加值的水产品显得越来越重要。而发酵技术在水产品加工业中的应用,利用一些鱼废料或低值鱼类,开发一些符合人们口味和营养需求的水产品,是现在水产品加工企业所要探索的。本文对发酵技术在水产品加工中的应用作综合介绍,力求有助于改进国内现在的加工方法,加快水产品加工企业的发展。     

Purification and Identification of Antioxidant Peptides from Fermented Fish Sauce (Budu)

This study aimed to isolate antioxidant peptides from Budu extract and identify novel antioxidant peptides using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF MS/MS). An amino acid analyzer was used to analyze the amino acid composition of peptides. Two novel peptides, Lue-Asp-Asp-Pro-Val-Phe-Ile-His (LDDPVFIH) and Val-Ala-Ala-Gly-Arg-Thr-Asp-Ala-Gly-Val-His (VAAGRTDAGVH), were identified. The synthesized peptide of LDDPVFIH showed higher antioxidant activity. The presence of hydrophobic amino acids (Ile and Leu), acidic (Asp) and basic (His) amino acids in the peptide sequences is believed to contribute to the high antioxidant activity of the fermented anchovy fish (Budu) extract. Thus, the two peptides may have potential application as functional foods and could also be used as nutraceutical compounds.     

Toxicity of a synthetic phenolic antioxidant,butyl hydroxytoluene (BHT), in vertebrate model zebrafish embryo (Danio rerio)

The synthetic antioxidant 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxytoluene (BHT) is widely used as an additive in the food, cosmetic and plastic industries to increase the tenability of food and plastic for the past 70 years. BHT is degraded to 3,5‐di‐test‐butyl‐4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde (BHT‐CHO) in mammals, as well as in the natural environment such as in river and water. The average daily intake of BHT for human being is estimated to be 0.3 mg/kg body weight. Even though it is considered safe for human at authorized level, but its ubiquitous presence in the aquatic environment and the controversial toxicological data are of great concern for human as well as aquatic life. The experimental findings of zebrafish embryo toxicity test (ZFET) showed that the acute toxicity of 96‐hr (LC₅₀) exposure during the embryogenic stage was found to be 4.388 mg/L and the effective concentration (EC₅₀) was 1.375 mg/L. The reduce heart rate from the sublethal concentrations indicates the chemical to be cardiotoxic but a further review is to be needed. The Teratogenic Index (TI) calculated to be 3.19, which implies the compound may be a potential teratogen in aquatic life. The findings obtained in this study will stretch more evidence regarding developmental toxicity of BHT, which will be of much importance in further risk assessment of ecotoxicological studies.     

水产动物基因工程抗菌肽研究及其应用前景的研究

抗菌肽是水产动物体内非特异性免疫系统的第一道防线,在抵御外来病原微生物的过程中发挥着重要作用.来源于鱼、虾、蟹等水产动物的抗菌肽杀菌作用更强,溶血效应小,种类多样化,显示出比其它种类更具优势的应用前景.介绍了一些水产动物抗菌肽的研究近况、基因工程研究进展以及转抗菌肽基因在水产动物中的研究进展,并展望了其在水产领域的应用前景.     

Purification and Characterization of a New DPPH Radical Scavenging Peptide from Shrimp Processing By-products Hydrolysate

A peptide with high antioxidant activity was isolated and identified from shrimp processing by-products hydrolysate. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of fractions. The purified antioxidant peptide was identified as Ser-Val-Ala-Met-Leu-Phe-His (804.4 Da) by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The purified peptide at 50 μg/mL showed antioxidative activity of 65.7 ± 0.9%, which was 3.18-fold higher compared with the first step separation by ion-exchange chromatography. It is possible to produce natural antioxidative peptides from shrimp processing by-products hydrolysate. The high antioxidant activity may be due to the presence of Phe-His segment at the C-terminus of the peptide.     

Dietary astaxanthin modulated the performance,gastrointestinal histology,and antioxidant and immune responses and enhanced the resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei against Vibrio harveyi infection

Aquaculture International - Astaxanthin (AX) is one of the commonly used feed supplements to enhance the growth performance and provide antioxidant and immune functions of several aquatic animals....     

Purification and Antioxidant Property of Antioxidative Oligopeptide from Short-Necked Clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) Hydrolysate In Vitro

Short-necked clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) muscle was hydrolyzed with trypsin, and the antioxidant activities of isolated peptides were investigated. The hydrolysate was fractionated by chromatographic methods using Sephadex G-25 gel filtration and Hypersil BDS C18 reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The antioxidant activities of the hydrolysate were determined by measuring 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power assay, and the protective effect against hydroxyl-radical-induced DNA damage. The amino acid sequence of the purified antioxidant oligopeptide was found to be Gly-Asp-Gln-Gln-Lys.     

Recovery of Proteins from Squid By-Products with Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Increasing the Hydrolysate’s Bioactivity by Maillard Reaction

ABSTRACT

The Maillard reaction is an effective method for enhancing the activity of bioactive peptides. In this study, squid by-product hydrolytic peptides (SPHPs) were obtained. The effects of the Maillard reaction on the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the SPHPs were explored. The results showed most of the peptides in the < 500 Da fraction of SPHPs reacted with D-arabinose to form the 500–1000 Da fraction (89.60%). The Maillard reaction products (MRPs) possessed more potent antioxidant activities, including free radical scavenging activity, ferrous chelating capacity, and reducing power, than the SPHPs. Although both the SPHPs and MRPs had broad-spectrum antibiotic activities and could inhibit the growth of both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, the antibacterial activities of the MRPs were higher than those of the SPHPs. Furthermore, the efficacy of the MRPs lasted significantly longer than that of ampicillin and could last for more than 30 days. In addition, both the SPHPs and MRPs had good functional properties and many potential applications. The results suggested that the Maillard reaction has potential to be used to improve the activities and physicochemical properties of bioactive peptides.     

水环境中镉对鱼类的毒理效应研究进展

水环境中镉是公认毒性最大、蓄积性最强的重金属之一,易富集于水生生物体内,对其生理代谢产生毒性效应,并通过食物链传递,威胁人类健康。本文以鱼类为代表性水生生物,综述了镉对鱼类的毒理效应研究进展。鱼类食性和摄食途径的差异造成镉在其体内的积累和分布具有生物特异性与组织差异性。水体镉浓度超标可导致鱼类的鳃和肝脏等组织结构与功能完整性受到不同程度损害,并对鱼类的抗氧化防御系统、生殖调控、非特异性免疫系统与基因表达等产生毒性效应,其毒性效应随镉暴露浓度、暴露时间、鱼类种类、发育阶段和性别不同而异。同时,鱼类的抗氧化防御系统和免疫系统在镉诱导的氧化损伤中发挥了重要的保护作用。通过总结国内外研究进展,展望今后的研究方向,为更加深入研究镉的毒理效应及机制,进而更好地控制水环境中镉污染,保护水生态环境和水生生物,以及为人类提供安全的水产品提供科学依据。     

低溶氧胁迫对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)氧化应激指标的影响

为探明低氧胁迫对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)抗氧化能力的影响以及刺参的低氧逆境响应机制,给低氧环境条件下的刺参养殖提供指导,本研究通过设置低氧胁迫实验,将刺参在水体低氧[(2.0±0.2) mg/L]8 h 处理后恢复常氧[(7.0±0.2) mg/L]2.5 h,取低氧和常氧不同时间段的刺参肌肉、呼吸树和消化道组织,对各组织的乳酸(LD)、丙二醛(MDA)和抗氧化酶系等应激参数进行测定和变化趋势分析。结果显示,与对照组相比,在低氧胁迫8 h 内,随着低氧暴露时间的延长,刺参肌肉、呼吸树和消化道等组织中的 LD 含量、抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活力显著上升;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力显著下降;肌肉组织中的 MDA 含量显著降低,呼吸树和消化道中的 MDA 含量显著上升。在恢复常氧阶段,各氧化应激指标逐渐恢复到正常水平。低氧胁迫使刺参的有氧代谢减弱,无氧代谢增强,以维持机体能量需求。低氧胁迫造成刺参机体各种应激生化指标上升或下降,这是机体为适应低氧环境刺激而作出的一种抗氧化策略。