干旱区绿洲土壤Cd/Pb复合污染下重金属形态转化与生物有效性

采用盆栽试验及连续浸提形态分级方法,研究了Cd和Pb在土壤中的形态分布规律及其对油菜的生物有效性的影响。结果表明,当土壤受外源Cd/Pb污染后,重金属的形态分布特征发生了变化,以可交换态(EXC)响应最大,Cd、Pb的赋存形态分别以碳酸盐结合态(CAB)、铁锰氧化态(FMO)和碳酸盐结合态(CAB)为主;一定浓度范围内的Cd/Pb复合胁迫能促进油菜的生长,油菜根系和茎叶的Cd、Pb含量均随着Cd/Pb复合胁迫水平的升高而持续增加。茎叶中的Cd含量远远高于根系,Pb含量反之。油菜可将更多的Cd从根系转移至茎叶,而将更多的Pb滞留在根系中;对油菜根系吸收Cd最重要的形态为可交换态(EXC)和碳酸盐结合态(CAB),而对茎叶吸收Cd以及油菜吸收Pb贡献最大的则为碳酸盐结合态(CAB)。     

酸性耕作土壤中Zn、Cd、Cu、Co、Ni和Pb的形态

采用连续提取法研究了福建省酸性耕作土壤中Zn、Cd、Cu、Co、Ni和Pb的形态分布及其影响因素.结果表明,各元素水溶态和交换态所占比例均很小,Zn、Co、Ni和Pb均以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主,Cu以残渣态和有机结合态为主,Cd以碳酸盐结合态与专性吸附态、铁锰氧化物结合态和交换态为主.相关分析表明,土壤理化性质对重金属形态有较大影响,但影响程度因元素而异.Zn、Ni和Co的形态受游离氧化铁、阳离子交换量和粘粒含量的影响较大;Cd和Pb的形态受土壤pH、游离氧化铁和粘粒含量的影响较大;Cu的形态与土壤粘粒含量呈较显著相关.     

大坦沙污水厂污泥重金属形态及其生物有效性的研究

采用Tessier连续提取法对大坦沙污水厂污泥中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni进行形态及总量分析,同时采用盆栽试验,研究了污泥中重金属的生物有效性.结果表明,污泥中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni的含量均低于污泥农用控制标准值;Pb、Cd主要以残渣态和可交换态存在,Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni主要存在形式为有机结合态和残渣态;Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr的不可利用态所占比例均在50%以上,这对污泥农用是非常有利的.盆栽植物的根部对重金属的富集作用大于茎叶,其吸收的重金属不仅包括可交换态和碳酸盐结合态,还包括了在一定条件下释放出来的铁锰氧化态和有机结合态.     

广西某铅锌矿区农田土壤重金属形态分布特征

[目的]研究广西某铅锌矿区农田土壤中重金属的形态分布特征。[方法]采用Tessier连续萃取法研究广西某铅锌矿区农田土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn、Hg的存在形态分布,分析各存在形态的相关性与重金属的生物可利用性。[结果]研究区土壤Cd主要以可交换态为主,Pb以碳酸盐态和铁锰氧化态为主,Zn以残渣态、有机结合态和铁锰氧化态为主,Hg以残渣态和有机结合态为主。重金属Cd、Pb、Zn的可交换态均与相应的总量呈极显著或显著相关,而Hg的可交换态与其总量不相关;Cd的可交换态与碳酸盐态存在极显著相关,Pb的可交换态、铁锰氧化态和残渣态之间相关性较好,Zn的铁锰氧化态、有机结合态和残渣态之间显著相关;Hg的各存在形态之间的相关性较差。研究区土壤中重金属的生物有效性大小依次为Cd、Pb、Zn、Hg。[结论]该研究为今后开展矿区土壤修复工作提供理论支持。     

两种污染土壤中重金属Pb Cd Zn的EDTA萃取及形态变化

用Tessier连续提取法研究了EDTA萃取前后受污染覆盖土和灌溉土土壤中重金属Pb、Cd、Zn的形态变化。结果表明,2种污染土壤中的重金属Pb、Cd、Zn的形态分布各有差异,均以残渣态为主。在5.0mmol·L-1浓度条件下,EDTA对Pb和Cd的萃取能力较其对Zn的萃取能力强;经EDTA萃取后的土壤中Pb、Cd、Zn残渣态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、交换态含量分别有所下降,Pb和Cd减少顺序为残渣态>碳酸盐结合态>铁锰氧化物结合态>交换态,Zn减少顺序为残渣态>交换态>铁锰氧化物结合态>碳酸盐结合态;而有机物结合态Pb、Cd、Zn的含量却有所增加,其增加幅度为Zn>Pb>Cd。     

外源镉铅铜锌在土壤中形态分布特性及改性剂的影响

采用盆栽、田间试验及连续浸提分组方法，研究了外源Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn在土壤中的形态分布规律及石灰 钙镁磷肥施用对重金属形态分布的影响。研究结果表明，原状土中Cd主要以有机结合态为主，外源Cd污染土主要以残渣态和交换态为主。原状土中Pb、Cu、Zn主要以残渣态为主，而外源重金属Pb、Cu、Zn在土壤中主要以铁锰氧化物结合态为主。外源重金属土 石灰和钙镁磷肥后使土壤中的交换态Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn下降，而碳酸盐结合态Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn含量增加。pH提高，使土壤重金属的有效态含量下降，pH降低使重金属有效态含量增加。     

安徽沿淮粮产区小麦与根系土重金属含量特征及影响因素

【目的】为地方耕地质量保护、小麦安全生产及农业种植结构调整提供依据。【方法】通过系统采集小麦籽实与根系土样品,分析根系土中重金属含量特征、赋存形态与小麦籽实重金属富集特征。【结果】小麦籽实与根系土中重金属含量低于食品与土壤中污染物含量的安全限值。根系土中As、Pb以残渣态为主,Hg以腐殖酸态、残渣态及强有机结合态为主。土壤中铁锰氧化态与残渣态Pb、腐殖酸态与残渣态Hg、残渣态As及铁锰氧化态Cd均与其全量呈正相关。离子交换态Pb、强有机结合态Hg及腐殖酸态As均与土壤pH值呈负相关。离子交换态As、碳酸盐结合态Cd均与土壤pH值呈正相关。全量Pb、Cd及Hg、腐殖酸态As与Hg均与土壤有机质呈正相关。小麦籽实对不同重金属的富集能力差异显著,其中以富集Zn的能力最强。小麦籽实中Zn含量受土壤Zn全量制约明显,Cd含量明显受土壤pH值与有效态Cd控制,Hg、Cr受土壤有机质是影响显著。【结论】研究区土壤和小麦籽实中重金属含量低于土壤与食品中污染物含量的安全限值。土壤中As、Pb以残渣态为主,Hg以腐殖酸态、残渣态及强有机态为主。土壤中各形态重金属含量明显受土壤pH值、有机质及其全量制约。小麦籽实从土壤中吸收富集不同重金属的能力差异显著,其中以富集Zn的能力最强,Zn的吸收富集强度明显受土壤Zn全量控制。     

种植模式对南方旱地重金属含量及其迁移规律的影响

以玉米和大豆为试验材料, 研究了单种、套种对土壤重金属含量及迁移转化规律的影响。试验结果表明, 试验区土壤中Pb、Cd和Zn含量均超过土壤环境质量二级标准(GB 1518-2008).套种时, 非根系和根系土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Fe和Mn含量呈下降趋势, 但与单种无显着性差异, 种植模式对土壤重金属形态影响显着不同, 且根系土壤与非根系土壤差异显着。根系土壤和非根系土壤中Zn、Cu、Fe和Mn以残渣态为主, 占50%以上, 而Pb以铁锰结合态为主, 非根系土壤中铁锰结合态Pb的比例约为40%,而根系土壤约为50%.根系土壤中可交换态和碳酸盐结合态Cd的比例分别占土壤中Cd总量的14.01%~15.82%和9.56%~9.90%,与根系土壤相比, 非根系土壤中可交换态Cd和碳酸盐结合态Cd的比例分别高0.63~0.85倍和1.38~1.48倍。研究还发现, 大豆和玉米对Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Fe和Mn吸收富集能力显着不同, 且种植模式对植物吸收富集重金属能力也有显着性影响。在试验区土壤中种植大豆和玉米, 重金属在土壤-植物系统中的迁移率都比较高, 从而使作物可食部分重金属含量较高, 大豆中Pb和Cd含量分别超标48.0~53.5倍和24.8~30.8倍, 玉米中Pb和Cd含量分别超标47.2~51.8倍和9.7~15.8.所有试验结果显示, 在试验区种植粮食作物存在较大的健康风险, 且水改旱不能实现试验区土壤重金属污染治理的目的。     

2种生物炭对复合污染土壤中重金属形态的影响

采用五步连续提取法研究了2种生物炭对复合污染土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd的化学提取态的影响。结果表明,施加2种生物炭后,土壤中4种重金属生物有效态的含量均下降。对照处理中4种重金属主要以残渣态的形式存在,其中Zn、Pb、Cd和Cu所占的比例分别为79.0%、77.5%、75.0%和63.0%。施加猪粪生物炭后,Zn、Pb和Cd水溶态与交换态占总含量的比例下降,Pb、Cu和Cd的残渣态所占比例增加。施加稻壳生物炭后,Pb和Cd的残渣态所占比例增加,碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、水溶态与交换态比例均下降;Zn和Cu的碳酸盐结合态比例下降,残渣态比例增加。添加猪粪生物炭和稻壳生物炭后Pb、Cu的残渣态比例分别增加了8.4%、5.8%和7.9%、9.5%;表明添加2种生物炭可以降低Pb、Cu的有效性,但比例相差不大。     

大冶龙角山矿区农田土壤重金属形态分布及其来源

为研究大冶龙角山矿区某溪流段沿岸农田土壤基本理化性质和重金属分布情况,采用Tessier五步连续提取法提取并测定土壤中Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni和Cd 7种重金属的形态与含量,并分析了重金属含量与土壤Fe和S含量之间的相关性。结果表明:所有重金属在大部分取样点总含量均超出湖北省土壤背景值;Cu和Cd总含量超过土壤环境质量三级标准(GB 15618—1995)限值,Zn、Pb、Cr和Ni符合土壤环境质量二级标准;Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和Cd均以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主,Pb、Cr和Cd存在一定比例的可交换态。矿山矿石组分主要为黄铁矿和黄铜矿,且Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的铁锰氧化物结合态、残渣态以及总含量的分布均与土壤Fe和S含量分布表现出较好的正相关关系,表明硫化物矿物开采引发了重金属Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd在该矿区农田土壤中的累积与污染。     

Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception

Anatomical and physiological observations in monkeys indicate that the primate visual system consists of several separate and independent subdivisions that analyze different aspects of the same retinal image: cells in cortical visual areas 1 and 2 and higher visual areas are segregated into three interdigitating subdivisions that differ in their selectivity for color, stereopsis, movement, and orientation. The pathways selective for form and color seem to be derived mainly from the parvocellular geniculate subdivisions, the depth- and movement-selective components from the magnocellular. At lower levels, in the retina and in the geniculate, cells in these two subdivisions differ in their color selectivity, contrast sensitivity, temporal properties, and spatial resolution. These major differences in the properties of cells at lower levels in each of the subdivisions led to the prediction that different visual functions, such as color, depth, movement, and form perception, should exhibit corresponding differences. Human perceptual experiments are remarkably consistent with these predictions. Moreover, perceptual experiments can be designed to ask which subdivisions of the system are responsible for particular visual abilities, such as figure/ground discrimination or perception of depth from perspective or relative movement--functions that might be difficult to deduce from single-cell response properties.     

Values,technologies, and epistemology

The aim of this paper is to make possible dialogue between those who claim that technologies are coded with social, political, or ethical values and those who argue that they are value-neutral. To demonstrate the relevance of this bridge-building project, the controversy regarding agrifood biotechnology will be used as a case study. Drawing on work by L. H. Nelson about the nature of human knowledge-building enterprises and E. F. Kittay’s account of the relationally-constituted self, the argument will be made that all technologies embody the values of the communities that created them. Zahra Meghani is an assistant professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Rhode Island. Her research interests are philosophy of technology, feminist theory (especially feminist epistemology and feminist philosophy of science), normative ethics, practical ethics (especially health care ethics), disability issues, and political theory.     

Research and development, productivity, and inflation

R & D, through its effects on the rate of productivity increase, can significantly restrain the rate of inflation in the medium and long run. High rates of inflation damage the workings of the price system and impair the efficiency of practically all economic activities, including R & D. Findings suggest that the percentage increase between 1969 and 1979, in total real R & D expenditures, has been exaggerated due to the inadequacy of the gross national product deflator as applied to R & D.     

Mineralogy, petrology, and surface features of lunar samples 10062,35, 10067,9, 10069,30, and 10085,16

The primary rocks are a sequence of titanium-rich basic volcanics, composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and ilmenite with minor olivine, troilite, and native iron. The soil and microbreccias are respectively loose and compacted mixtures of fragments and aggregates of similar rocks, minerals, and glassy fragments and spheres. Impact events are reflected by the presence of shock metamorphosed rock fragments, breccias, and glasses and their resulting compaction to form complex breccias, glass-spattered surfaces, and numerous glass-lined craters. Chemistry of the glasses formed by the impact events is highly variable, and the high iron and nickel content of a few moundlike features suggests that at least some of the projectiles are iron and nickel-rich meteorites.