外源镉铅铜锌在土壤中形态分布特性及改性剂的影响

采用盆栽、田间试验及连续浸提分组方法，研究了外源Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn在土壤中的形态分布规律及石灰 钙镁磷肥施用对重金属形态分布的影响。研究结果表明，原状土中Cd主要以有机结合态为主，外源Cd污染土主要以残渣态和交换态为主。原状土中Pb、Cu、Zn主要以残渣态为主，而外源重金属Pb、Cu、Zn在土壤中主要以铁锰氧化物结合态为主。外源重金属土 石灰和钙镁磷肥后使土壤中的交换态Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn下降，而碳酸盐结合态Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn含量增加。pH提高，使土壤重金属的有效态含量下降，pH降低使重金属有效态含量增加。     

绿洲土Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni复合污染下重金属的形态特征和生物有效性

通过模拟基于干旱区绿洲土壤Cd-Pb-Zn-Ni复合污染下的油菜盆栽试验,采用Tessier五步连续浸提法探究了重金属复合污染对油菜生长的影响及其各形态的转化归趋和生物有效性.结果显示,随着Cd-Pb-Zn-Ni复合胁迫水平的升高,油菜的干重先增加后减小,根系的生长由促进作用转变为抑制作用;对照土壤中4种重金属元素均以残渣态为主要赋存形态,可交换态的含量均很小;随着外源重金属的添加,油菜种植土壤中4种重金属元素的各形态含量随之增加,Cd、Pb、Zn的可交换态和Ni的碳酸盐结合态对外界胁迫响应强度最大,Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni的活性增加,且Cd、Pb的主要赋存形态迅速转变为碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态,Zn的主要赋存形态由残渣态和碳酸盐结合态过渡到碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态,Ni的主要赋存形态为碳酸盐结合态;Cd、Zn在茎叶中的含量大于根系,Pb、Ni反之,油菜能将Cd、Zn更多的运输至茎叶,Pb、Ni则主要积累在根系;油菜茎叶吸收Cd和油菜各部位吸收Zn的主要贡献形态为可交换态,根吸收Cd的主要贡献形态由可交换态转变为有机结合态,根吸收Pb和油菜各部位吸收Ni的主要贡献形态为碳酸盐结合态.     

添加化学改良剂对海南岛砖红壤中铅的化学形态与转化的影响

采用土培试验和连续提取-原子吸收分光光度法,研究了海南岛花岗岩砖红壤中重金属Pb的6种形态(水溶态Pb、交换态Pb、碳酸盐结合态Pb、铁锰氧化物结合态Pb、有机质结合态Pb和残余态Pb)、外源Pb污染对土壤Pb形态的影响以及化学修复剂磷、钙、硫对土壤Pb形态的影响.结果表明,在供试原土壤中,重金属Pb的化学形态以结合态和残余态为主,土壤有效态Pb含量较低,其中:残余态Pb有机质结合态Pb铁锰氧化物结合态Pb碳酸盐结合态Pb交换态Pb水溶态Pb,说明土壤Pb的环境风险较低.当外源Pb以离子态污染土壤时,土壤中6种形态Pb的含量均有明显上升,且随时间推移,外源Pb污染土壤中Pb的化学形态发生了连续变化,有:水溶态Pb和交换态Pb的比例持续下降,碳酸盐结合态Pb和铁锰氧化物结合态Pb的比例持续上升,有机质结合态Pb和残余态Pb的比例则有先升后略有下降再趋于稳定的趋势;土壤中Pb主要以铁锰氧化结合态累积,并有:铁锰结合态Pb残余态Pb有机态Pb碳酸盐结合态Pb交换态Pb水溶态Pb的趋势.向污染土壤施加化学改良剂过磷酸钙、硫化钠和石灰,能显著降低水溶态Pb和交换态Pb的含量,可使有机结合态Pb、碳酸盐结合态Pb和铁锰氧化物结合态Pb含量下降,而残余态Pb有增加的趋势.化学改良剂的加入可使土壤Pb的有效态含量降低、活性下降,从而可抑制重金属Pb由土壤向植物体系的迁移,有利于植物安全生产.     

长期施肥对砂姜黑土重金属形态特征的影响

在31年的长期定位试验研究基础上,分析了5个不同施肥处理下土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb的含量变化及其分级特征。施肥处理包括CK、NP、M、MNP (等N) 及HMNP（高氮)。结果表明,不同施肥处理Cu、Zn含量差异显著,尤其NP处理大幅度提高了土壤中锌的含量。而不同处理对Cd、Pb含量影响不大。5个不同施肥处理下的Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb均以残留态的含量为主,平均占总量为44.4%、45.6%、35.4%以及80.3%。不同施肥处理影响了重金属在各个形态间的分配比例和顺序。Cu、Zn的各个形态的含量表现为残留态>碳酸盐结合态>铁锰氧化态>有机态含量>可交换态,Pb的各形态分配顺序与Cu、Zn完全不同,依次为残留态＞有机态＞可交换态＞酸盐结合态＞铁锰氧化态,不同施肥处理影响到各个形态分配的量。不同施肥处理对Cd的形态分配影响较大。在长期NP、MNP施肥下,Cd的含量高低依次为残留态＞有机态＞铁锰氧化态＞碳酸盐结合态＞可交换态,而在其它施肥处理下,Cd的含量高低依次为残留态＞碳酸盐结合态＞有机态＞铁锰氧化态＞可交换态。     

酸性耕作土壤中Zn、Cd、Cu、Co、Ni和Pb的形态

采用连续提取法研究了福建省酸性耕作土壤中Zn、Cd、Cu、Co、Ni和Pb的形态分布及其影响因素.结果表明,各元素水溶态和交换态所占比例均很小,Zn、Co、Ni和Pb均以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主,Cu以残渣态和有机结合态为主,Cd以碳酸盐结合态与专性吸附态、铁锰氧化物结合态和交换态为主.相关分析表明,土壤理化性质对重金属形态有较大影响,但影响程度因元素而异.Zn、Ni和Co的形态受游离氧化铁、阳离子交换量和粘粒含量的影响较大;Cd和Pb的形态受土壤pH、游离氧化铁和粘粒含量的影响较大;Cu的形态与土壤粘粒含量呈较显著相关.     

安徽沿淮粮产区小麦与根系土重金属含量特征及影响因素

【目的】为地方耕地质量保护、小麦安全生产及农业种植结构调整提供依据。【方法】通过系统采集小麦籽实与根系土样品,分析根系土中重金属含量特征、赋存形态与小麦籽实重金属富集特征。【结果】小麦籽实与根系土中重金属含量低于食品与土壤中污染物含量的安全限值。根系土中As、Pb以残渣态为主,Hg以腐殖酸态、残渣态及强有机结合态为主。土壤中铁锰氧化态与残渣态Pb、腐殖酸态与残渣态Hg、残渣态As及铁锰氧化态Cd均与其全量呈正相关。离子交换态Pb、强有机结合态Hg及腐殖酸态As均与土壤pH值呈负相关。离子交换态As、碳酸盐结合态Cd均与土壤pH值呈正相关。全量Pb、Cd及Hg、腐殖酸态As与Hg均与土壤有机质呈正相关。小麦籽实对不同重金属的富集能力差异显著,其中以富集Zn的能力最强。小麦籽实中Zn含量受土壤Zn全量制约明显,Cd含量明显受土壤pH值与有效态Cd控制,Hg、Cr受土壤有机质是影响显著。【结论】研究区土壤和小麦籽实中重金属含量低于土壤与食品中污染物含量的安全限值。土壤中As、Pb以残渣态为主,Hg以腐殖酸态、残渣态及强有机态为主。土壤中各形态重金属含量明显受土壤pH值、有机质及其全量制约。小麦籽实从土壤中吸收富集不同重金属的能力差异显著,其中以富集Zn的能力最强,Zn的吸收富集强度明显受土壤Zn全量控制。     

宝鸡某冶炼厂周边土壤铅镉总量及形态空间分布特征

采用克里金插值法对宝鸡某冶炼厂周边农田土壤中铅镉含量及形态空间分布特征进行了研究,并分析了土壤中铅镉总量及各形态含量与小麦中铅镉含量的相关性,目的在于为冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染的表征提供依据。结果表明,土壤中Pb形态的高低顺序为：残渣态>有机硫结合态>铁锰氧化态>可交换态,Cd形态为：可交换态>残渣态>有机硫结合态>铁锰氧化态。土壤中Pb总量及Pb、Cd铁锰氧化态在距离冶炼厂500 m处含量均显著高于1 500 m和2 500 m处,后两者之间无差异;而Cd总量及Pb、Cd可交换态、有机硫结合态和残渣态在三个采样距离并没有表现出显著性差异。克里金插值分析表明,除Pb可交换态外,Pb和Cd其余形态在一定程度上均显示出与风向的一致性。相关分析表明,土壤中Pb、Cd可交换态、铁锰氧化态与小麦Pb和Cd含量均有显著的相关性,表明冶炼厂周边旱地土壤中,Pb、Cd可交换态和铁锰氧化态都可能作为土壤重金属污染空间分布和有效性表征的指标。     

鄱阳湖湿地土壤中Cu Zn Pb Cd的形态研究

针对乐安河上游铜矿开采带来的鄱阳湖湖体东部重金属污染的问题，采用Tessier法对鄱阳湖湿地土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的化学形态以及重金属形态与植物富集的相关关系进行了研究。结果表明。鄱阳湖土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn主要以有机结合态和残渣态为主，水溶态和交换态等生物有效性态含量很少。Cd的水溶态、交换态和铁锰氧化物态较其他元素高。相关分析和偏相关分析均显示植物中重金属含量与其生存环境中的重金属含量直接相关．植物对重金属的富集能力表现出Zn〉Cu〉Cd〉Pb的趋势。     

某市公路两侧土壤垂直剖面处重金属污染特征研究

以某市公路两侧土壤垂直剖面处重金属Cu、Cr、Zn和Pb为研究对象,探讨其垂直分布特征;运用内梅罗指数评价重金属的污染指数;并根据重金属的形态含量结果分析其对土壤的污染程度;利用SPSS对重金属形态和理化性质进行Pearson相关分析,研究理化性质对重金属形态含量变化的影响.结果表明,剖面重金属含量主要累积在土壤表层,重金属含量随土壤深度的增加呈减少趋势;对剖面土壤产生影响的Zn来自机动车轮胎磨损;Zn以残渣态为主,含量占总量的98.60％,活性态含量较低,占总量的1.40％,对生物有效性和潜在危害性较小;可交换态随土壤pH、阳离子交换量和有机质含量的增加而降低,铁-锰氧化物结合态随土壤pH和阳离子交换量升高而增加,有机物结合态随土壤pH和有机质含量上升而递增,碳酸盐结合态仅随土壤pH增加而增大.     

广西某铅锌矿区农田土壤重金属形态分布特征

[目的]研究广西某铅锌矿区农田土壤中重金属的形态分布特征。[方法]采用Tessier连续萃取法研究广西某铅锌矿区农田土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn、Hg的存在形态分布,分析各存在形态的相关性与重金属的生物可利用性。[结果]研究区土壤Cd主要以可交换态为主,Pb以碳酸盐态和铁锰氧化态为主,Zn以残渣态、有机结合态和铁锰氧化态为主,Hg以残渣态和有机结合态为主。重金属Cd、Pb、Zn的可交换态均与相应的总量呈极显著或显著相关,而Hg的可交换态与其总量不相关;Cd的可交换态与碳酸盐态存在极显著相关,Pb的可交换态、铁锰氧化态和残渣态之间相关性较好,Zn的铁锰氧化态、有机结合态和残渣态之间显著相关;Hg的各存在形态之间的相关性较差。研究区土壤中重金属的生物有效性大小依次为Cd、Pb、Zn、Hg。[结论]该研究为今后开展矿区土壤修复工作提供理论支持。     

Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception

Anatomical and physiological observations in monkeys indicate that the primate visual system consists of several separate and independent subdivisions that analyze different aspects of the same retinal image: cells in cortical visual areas 1 and 2 and higher visual areas are segregated into three interdigitating subdivisions that differ in their selectivity for color, stereopsis, movement, and orientation. The pathways selective for form and color seem to be derived mainly from the parvocellular geniculate subdivisions, the depth- and movement-selective components from the magnocellular. At lower levels, in the retina and in the geniculate, cells in these two subdivisions differ in their color selectivity, contrast sensitivity, temporal properties, and spatial resolution. These major differences in the properties of cells at lower levels in each of the subdivisions led to the prediction that different visual functions, such as color, depth, movement, and form perception, should exhibit corresponding differences. Human perceptual experiments are remarkably consistent with these predictions. Moreover, perceptual experiments can be designed to ask which subdivisions of the system are responsible for particular visual abilities, such as figure/ground discrimination or perception of depth from perspective or relative movement--functions that might be difficult to deduce from single-cell response properties.     

Mineralogy, petrology, and surface features of lunar samples 10062,35, 10067,9, 10069,30, and 10085,16

The primary rocks are a sequence of titanium-rich basic volcanics, composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and ilmenite with minor olivine, troilite, and native iron. The soil and microbreccias are respectively loose and compacted mixtures of fragments and aggregates of similar rocks, minerals, and glassy fragments and spheres. Impact events are reflected by the presence of shock metamorphosed rock fragments, breccias, and glasses and their resulting compaction to form complex breccias, glass-spattered surfaces, and numerous glass-lined craters. Chemistry of the glasses formed by the impact events is highly variable, and the high iron and nickel content of a few moundlike features suggests that at least some of the projectiles are iron and nickel-rich meteorites.     

Values,technologies, and epistemology

The aim of this paper is to make possible dialogue between those who claim that technologies are coded with social, political, or ethical values and those who argue that they are value-neutral. To demonstrate the relevance of this bridge-building project, the controversy regarding agrifood biotechnology will be used as a case study. Drawing on work by L. H. Nelson about the nature of human knowledge-building enterprises and E. F. Kittay’s account of the relationally-constituted self, the argument will be made that all technologies embody the values of the communities that created them. Zahra Meghani is an assistant professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Rhode Island. Her research interests are philosophy of technology, feminist theory (especially feminist epistemology and feminist philosophy of science), normative ethics, practical ethics (especially health care ethics), disability issues, and political theory.     

Research and development, productivity, and inflation

R & D, through its effects on the rate of productivity increase, can significantly restrain the rate of inflation in the medium and long run. High rates of inflation damage the workings of the price system and impair the efficiency of practically all economic activities, including R & D. Findings suggest that the percentage increase between 1969 and 1979, in total real R & D expenditures, has been exaggerated due to the inadequacy of the gross national product deflator as applied to R & D.     

Space, stars, c60, and soot

Although carbon has been subjected to far more study than all other elements put together, the buckminsterfullerene hollow-cage structure, recently proposed to account for the exceptional stability of the C(60) cluster, has shed a totally new and revealing light on several important aspects of carbon's chemical and physical properties that were quite unsuspected and others that were not previously well understood. Most significant is the discovery that C(60) appears to form spontaneously, and this has particularly important implications for particle formation in combustion and in space as well as for the chemistry of polyaromatic compounds. The intriguing revelation that 12 pentagonal "defects" convert a planar hexagonal array of any size into a quasi-icosahedral cage explains why some intrinsically planar materials form quasi-crystalline particles, as appears to occur in the case of soot. Although the novel structural proposal has still to be unequivocally confirmed, this article pays particular attention to the way in which it provides convincing explanations of puzzling observations in several fields, so lending credence to the structure proposed for C(60).     

Strategic command, control, communications, and intelligence

Command, control, communications, and intelligence (C(3)l) for nuclear forces are essential elements in the deterrence of nuclear war. The present C(3)l) system has vulnerabilities associated with its reliability, survivability, and endurance under attack, thereby weakening deterrence by increasing the ambiguity in our capabilities. Development of a reliable and enduring C(3)l) system would reduce this ambiguity. Its reliable, positive control of nuclear forces would give the national leadership more time to assess situations, ensure discriminate retaliation, and improve our ability to manage crises in general. These capabilities could help to stop a war rapidly should one start. A reliable and enduring C(3)1) system will be needed for a long time to come, even if a freeze on strategic nuclear forces is accomplished or other arms control successes achieved. Indeed, C(3)l) may be the best source today of confidence-building measures to reduce tensions and the threat of nuclear catastrophe.