冻融条件下土壤抗冲性的变化特征

为揭示冻融作用对风沙土抗冲性的影响,以季节性冻融区风沙土为研究对象,通过室内放水冲刷试验对冻融条件下土壤抗冲系数的变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:坡度、放水流量、土壤含水量、冻融循环次数和土层深度对土壤抗冲系数均具有显著影响(P0.05),土壤抗冲系数对各因素敏感程度大小为坡度放水流量土壤含水量土层深度冻融循环次数;土壤抗冲系数随坡度、放水流量、冻融循环次数增加而减小,随土壤含水量的增加先增大后减小,随土层深度的增加先减小后增大。     

冻融条件下藻结皮对土壤分离能力的影响

为探明生物结皮存在时,冻融条件下结皮盖度、坡度和流量对土壤分离能力的影响,以黄土高原北部东柳沟小流域的藻结皮为研究对象,采用室内模拟冻融和放水冲刷相结合的试验方法,利用正交设计和田口方法分析藻结皮盖度、坡度、流量和冻融对土壤分离能力的影响。结果表明：土壤分离能力最大时盖度、坡度和流量分别为10%、20 7)和24 L/min,而冻融次数正交设计和田口方法中分别为10,1次。冻融条件下,随藻结皮盖度的增大土壤分离能力逐渐减小;随坡度和流量的增加土壤分离能力增大;正交设计中土壤分离能力随冻融次数的增减呈先减小后增大的趋势,而田口方法中则在试验条件下无明显变化规律。正交设计中坡度是影响土壤分离能力的主要因子,各因子对土壤分离能力的贡献率为坡度(15.08%)>盖度(14.38%)>流量(13.69%)>冻融(-13.23%);田口方法中藻结皮盖度是土壤分离能力的主要影响因子,且各因子对土壤分离能力的贡献率为盖度(30.41%)>坡度(25.32%)>流量(1.59%)>冻融(0.85%)。田口方法预测的土壤分离能力相对误差变化幅度小(CV=0.49),决定...     

冻融循环和土壤性质对东北黑土抗剪强度的影响

为了揭示东北黑土区季节性冻融循环作用和土壤性质对土壤可蚀性的影响,采集黑龙江省宾县典型薄层黑土区(BX)和克山县典型厚层黑土区(KS)0—20cm的耕层土壤,通过室内冻融循环模拟和土壤直剪试验,分析了冻融作用和土壤性质对土壤抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:(1)经历1次冻融作用后BX和KS 2种供试土壤抗剪强度分别减小3.9%和9.2%,二者黏聚力分别减小15.2%和29.4%,内摩擦角分别减小1.4%和3.6%。经历7次冻融作用后,BX和KS2种供试土壤抗剪强度分别减小9.1%和15.1%,土壤黏聚力分别减小40.7%和74.5%,土壤容重分别减小6.7%和9.2%。受土壤有机质、水稳性团聚体、黏粒含量等的影响,KS土壤抗剪强度、黏聚力、内摩擦角和土壤容重的减小幅度皆大于BX供试土壤。(2)2种供试土壤抗剪强度皆随冻融循环次数的增加呈先逐渐减小后趋于稳定的变化趋势;第1次冻融循环对土壤抗剪强度破坏最大,经历1次冻融循环后2种土壤抗剪强度和黏聚力的减小量分别占7次冻融循环土壤抗剪强度和黏聚力总减小量的43.4%和61.0%,37.3%和39.4%。(3)土壤抗剪强度与土壤容重和团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)呈极显著的正相关,而与冻融循环次数呈极显著的负相关。     

冻融循环对风沙土物理性质及抗冲性的影响试验

为揭示冻融循环对土壤物理性质及抗冲性的影响,以内蒙古坡耕地风沙土为研究对象,控制冻融循环次数(0~10次)和土壤质量含水量(6%,9%,12%)2个因素,在室内模拟野外冻融循环和径流冲刷过程,定量分析冻融循环对土壤含水量、容重、孔隙度及土壤抗冲性的影响规律。结果表明:(1)土壤含水量随冻融循环次数增加呈缓慢增加的趋势,增加幅度为0.51%~0.87%,且高含水量土壤增幅比低含水量土壤大;(2)随冻融循环次数的增加,土壤容重和孔隙度分别呈缓慢减小和增大趋势,且变化幅度逐渐降低,最后达到基本稳定的状态,达稳定状态后的土壤容重比未冻融土壤小(0.05±0.01)g/cm~3;(3)当冻融循环次数相同时,高含水量(12%)的土壤容重比低含水量(6%)小,而孔隙度和土壤抗冲性的降低幅度与之相反;(4)冻融循环次数对风沙土抗冲系数具有显著影响,试验土样抗冲性随冻融循环次数的增加呈显著降低趋势,但是第6次冻融循环后,试验土样的含水量、容重、孔隙度及抗冲性的变化均逐渐趋于稳定。研究结果可为季节性冻融区土壤侵蚀机理研究提供参考。     

冻融条件下黑土大孔隙结构特征研究

冻融作用会改变土壤微观结构,孔隙特征的变化是其结构性改变的重要体现。研究冻融作用对开展黑土区侵蚀机理研究及合理利用黑土资源具有重要意义。本研究旨在对冻融条件下原状土样的三维结构进行分析,获取孔隙特征的定量指标,进而分析冻融循环对土壤大孔隙的影响,为进一步揭示黑土区季节性冻融对黑土结构的影响提供证据。通过室内冻融循环试验结合CT扫描技术研究黑土原状土体大孔隙在7种冻融循环次数以及两组含水率下的变化规律,探讨在冻融循环作用下原状土体大于1.25 mm的孔隙变化特征。结果表明:在15次冻融循环内,随着冻融循环次数的增多,土壤孔隙度不断增大,在7次冻融循环后增长尤为显著;孔隙数量随冻融循环次数的增多而减小;规则孔隙度(RP)持续减小,不规则孔隙度(IRP)呈减小趋势而加长孔隙度(EP)呈增大趋势;孔径随冻融循环次数的增多而增大,孔径大于3 mm的孔隙孔隙度不断增大;冻融作用使孔隙出现大量分支,冻融循环次数越多分支占比越大。在冻融温差一定时,冻融循环后高含水率土壤比低含水率土壤的上述孔隙特征变化更为显著。研究成果为阐明冻融侵蚀机理、合理评价及利用寒区农田提供理论依据。     

含水量、坡度和流量对土壤分离能力的影响

土壤分离过程为侵蚀产沙提供了物质准备,对其发生、发展的过程进行准确模拟具有重要的实践和理论意义。选取棕壤为研究对象,设计6个土壤含水量(3%,6%,9%,12%,15%,18%)、3个坡度(5°,10°,15°)和3个流量(8,12,16L/min),分析含水量、坡度和流量对土壤分离能力的影响。结果表明:(1)土壤分离能力均随含水量的增大呈下降趋势,且土壤分离能力间的差异随含水量的增大而减小,当含水量18%时,土壤分离能力几乎为0。土壤分离能力与含水量呈现二次多项式关系,在含水量3%时,土壤分离能力最高。(2)土壤分离能力在含水量6%,9%,12%,18%时均随坡度的增大而增大,并且与坡度呈二次多项式关系,在坡度15°时,土壤分离能力达到最大。(3)土壤分离能力在含水量3%~12%均随流量的增大而增大,并且与流量呈二次多项式关系,流量为16L/min时,土壤分离能力最大。(4)仅考虑两者对土壤分离能力的影响,误差的贡献率均为最高。若考虑三者的影响,坡度对土壤分离能力变异的贡献率最大(29.64%),其次为含水量(22.29%)和流量(19.72%),土壤分离能力的模拟精度分别由0.550,0.638,0.498显著提高到0.995。     

土壤物理特性对水力侵蚀的影响

水力侵蚀是世界上分布最广、危害也最为普遍的一种土壤侵蚀类型。土壤特性对水蚀的影响主要表现在土壤的抗蚀能力、土壤的入渗能力、土壤的抗冲———抗剪能力。这三种能力的协同效应又综合的表现为土壤抗侵蚀力。通过研究土壤因子影响水力侵蚀的过程和机理以及影响水力侵蚀的土壤物理因子,其结论是土壤颗粒组成、水稳性团聚体含量、前期土壤含水量、土壤孔隙度等是影响水蚀的重要因素。     

冻融循环对黑土容重和孔隙度影响的试验研究

反复的冻融循环会通过改变土壤容重、孔隙度等物理性质而使其侵蚀加剧,该文探讨了土壤容重及孔隙度在冻融循环作用下的变化.试从机理上分析冻融作用对土壤抗蚀性的影响规律.以东北黑土为研究对象,考虑冻融温差和土壤含水率两个影响因素.通过室内冻融试验研究了黑土容重及孔隙度的变化规律.结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的增大,土壤的容重和孔隙度分别呈现缓慢减小及增大趋势,且变化幅度越来越小,最后达到基本稳定的状态;冻融温差越大,冻结温度越低,同一含水率土壤的容重变得更低,而孔隙度相对较高,并且两者的变化量最大;在同一冻融温差下,高含水率土壤经过冻融循环后较低含水率土壤容重更低,而孔隙度更高,且数值的变化量最大.     

冻融作用对土壤微团聚体特征及分形维数的影响

为了研究冻融作用对土壤微团聚体特征和分形维数的影响,本试验以东北地区典型土壤-棕壤为研究对象,通过室内人工控温冻融培养,测定分析不同含水量条件下,不同冻融频次处理后土壤水稳性微团聚体组成、平均质量比表面积(MWSSA)、平均质量直径(MWD)和分形维数(D)等特征指标.结果表明:供试土壤经冻融循环处理后,不同粒级微团聚体含量的变化趋势不尽相同,除0.005 ～0.001 mm外,含水量对其他粒级微团聚体含量的影响均达到了显著或极显著影响,冻融次数对各级微团聚体含量均达到了显著或极显著影响;土壤平均质量比表面积随着冻融次数和土壤含水量的增加先减小后增加;土壤平均质量直径随冻融次数的增加先增加后减小,随土壤含水量的增加先减小后增加;分形维数随着冻融次数的增加先减小后增加,随土壤含水量的增加呈波动式变化.冻融处理使土壤微团聚体的稳定性先增强后减弱,适宜含水量可增加土壤微团聚体的稳定性.     

冻融对东北黑土风干团聚体与水稳性团聚体组成及稳定性的影响

为保护我国黑土资源,实现可持续利用,研究冻融作用对黑土团聚体稳定性的影响及冻-融作用机制具有重要的理论价值和实际意义。本文以黑龙江省克山、嫩江农田表层(0～20 cm)黑土为材料,通过室内冻融交替模拟试验,分别测定初始含水率和循环次数对黑土风干团聚体与水稳性团聚体组成及稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:风干团聚体与水稳性团聚体中较大粒径组( 2 mm)团聚体随着冻融循环次数的增加呈逐渐减小的趋势,而较小颗粒粒径组(0.5 mm)团聚体则呈增加趋势。冻融过程中土壤初始含水量显著影响风干团聚体和水稳性团聚体的稳定性。随着初始含水量的增加,冻融显著降低黑土风干团聚体的平均重量直径(MWD)。土壤含水率为50%田间持水量时,冻融明显增加黑土水稳性团聚体的MWD。随着冻融循环次数的增加,风干团聚体小团聚体含量(WSA 0.25)、团聚体破坏率(PAD0.25、PAD1.0)和MWD均明显降低。本研究结果显示:冻融过程中适宜的土壤含水量有助于增加黑土水稳性团聚体的稳定性。这些发现有助于深入了解冻融过程对黑土侵蚀过程的影响与作用机制。     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.