乳酸粪肠球菌的筛选及富硒效果的试验研究

采用厌氧罐培养,对乳酸粪肠球菌进行筛选、富硒效果及富硒条件的研究,结果乳酸粪肠球菌具有较强的耐受硒和富集硒的能力,其富集硒的效果受培养发酵液中的硒添加量、接种量和发酵时间的影响.获得乳酸粪肠球菌最佳发酵产量和富硒量的条件,考虑到试验中的菌体红色因素,确定硒添加量35 mg/L、接种量10%、发酵时间28 h、pH4.5~6.3,是比较理想的乳酸粪肠球菌富硒发酵增殖培养条件.其发酵产量和最佳富硒量为:菌体产量404.10 mg/100ml,干物质产量683.14 mg/100 ml,菌体富硒量248.56 μg/100 ml,干物质富硒量393.21 μg/100 ml,发酵液环境硒量31.07 mg/L,干物质非有机硒量147.65 μg/100 ml.     

啤酒酵母作为富硒菌株的评价

通过单因子试验和正交试验,在优化发酵条件的基础上,以啤酒酵母的生物量和有机硒含量为指标评价啤酒酵母的耐硒能力和富硒效果。结果表明,啤酒酵母的最佳富硒条件为:250mL三角瓶中,装液量80mL,5%接种量,10μg/mL Se4+浓度,34℃,培养24h。在此发酵条件下,啤酒酵母的有机硒含量达(1024±121)μg/g,有机硒转化率为(94.03±6.14)%,生物量为(5.02±1.18)×1011cfu/g。因此,啤酒酵母是较好的富硒菌株。     

饲用硒酵母制备工艺条件的优化

以啤酒酵母为菌种、添加亚硒酸钠的麦芽汁为培养基。从发酵液中硒浓度、发酵培养时间和接种量等方面研究了硒酵母发酵制备的效果。通过正交试验确定的最优工艺条件是:①发酵温度28℃;②接种量10%;③发酵培养基中的硒浓度25μg/ml;④发酵培养时间30h。经测定成品酵母的硒含量可达650mg/kg左右。     

发酵性接合酵母的富硒能力分析与发酵条件优化

本试验以实验室保存的发酵性接合酵母为出发菌株,采用3,3’-二氨基联苯胺盐酸盐法测定不同发酵条件下酵母菌的硒含量,并通过单因素试验和正交试验研究了发酵时间、装液量、硒浓度、接种量对酵母菌富硒能力的影响。结果表明:酵母发酵的最佳条件为发酵时间36 h,装液量60 m L/250 m L,接种量12%(V/V),加硒时间8 h。此条件下富硒酵母的生物量可达5.96 g/L,总硒含量达10.10 mg/L。     

液相色谱-原子荧光光谱联用(HPLC-HG-AFS)技术对饲料及富硒酵母中硒形态的分析

实验采用液相色谱-原子荧光联用技术对饲料及富硒酵母中硒形态进行了分析。优化了色谱分离条件及原子荧光光谱检测参数。在实验条件下,有机硒的色谱分离条件:以C18色谱柱为分离柱,0.1%乙酸溶液和甲醇作为流动相。硒代半胱氨酸和硒代蛋氨酸的最佳分离梯度洗脱条件:在时间梯度为0、3、5、15 min时,甲醇洗脱液的浓度梯度为5%、0.5%、15%、5%;原子荧光光谱检测条件:负高压300 V;灯电流80 mA;原子化器高度8 mm;载气流量400 ml/min;屏蔽气流量900 ml/min;读数时间12.0 s;延迟时间1.0 s。以此条件对收集的肉鸡饲料样品及富硒酵母进行检测,结果表明在肉鸡饲料中所含的硒均以无机硒形态存在,且90%以上都是以亚硒酸盐的形式存在;富硒酵母中Se(Ⅳ)、Se(Ⅵ)、Se-Cys以及Se-Met含量分别占样品总硒含量的2.6%、14.6%、31.1%和51.7%,方法平均回收率为70%~86.5%。     

发酵性结合酵母菌的富硒能力的研究

以试验室保存的发酵性结合酵母菌为出发菌株,初步对该酵母菌进行耐硒范围的测定,并采用3,3'—二氨基联苯胺盐酸盐法测定不同发酵条件下酵母菌的硒含量。通过单因素试验和正交试验研究发酵时间、装液量、不同硒质量浓度及不同接种量对酵母菌富硒能力的影响。结果表明:酵母发酵的最佳条件是发酵时间48 h,装液量80 m L/250 m L,接种量12%(体积/体积),加硒时间8 h,富硒酵母的生物量可达6.04 g/L,总硒含量达10.2 mg/L。     

不同酵母菌种富硒能力比较与发酵条件优化

将啤酒酵母、产朊假丝酵母、克鲁斯假丝酵母和葡萄汁酵母4种酵母菌株分别接种到不同硒浓度的YEPD琼脂培养基中,观察不同酵母菌株的耐硒能力;比较4株酵母菌株在相同硒浓度下的生长情况以及有机硒的转化率,选出1株富硒能力强的酵母,并对发酵条件进行优化,确定最佳的硒添加量和添加方式。结果表明:啤酒酵母的耐硒能力和富硒能力均为最强,当硒添加量为20μg/mL时,在发酵12,18和24 h分3次添加,啤酒酵母的综合富硒效果最好,活菌数为2.74×108cfu/mL,有机硒转化率为85.5%。     

酵母菌发酵有机米糠富锗的条件优化

试验以有机米糠为发酵底物,研究酵母菌对锗的生物富集作用,通过对富锗酵母生物量以及锗含量的测定,对此发酵试验的条件进行优化。试验结果显示:令初始p H值自然,米糠添加量32 g/250 ml、装液量80 ml/250 ml、接种量10%、时间60 h、温度30℃、GeO_2添加量为100 mg/l时,优化培养条件所得的富锗酵母菌发酵的有机米糠的有机锗生产水平为11.83 mg/kg。     

富硒酵母液体深层发酵条件的研究

试验对经含硒麦芽汁平板驯化得到的AS15菌株在含硒(Se4+)麦芽汁培养基中液体发酵条件进行研究,试验结果表明,AS15菌株在含Se4+的液体培养基中生物量和硒转化率均高于出发菌株;在AS15菌株对数生长期添加亚硒酸钠,AS15菌株生物量及硒转化率优于其它添加方式;AS15菌株发酵罐培养采用恒定pH值发酵,生物量有了明显的提高,达32.5g/l;在AS15菌株发酵罐培养22h后进行定时加入Se4+,所得到的AS15酵母细胞内的硒含量较摇瓶发酵有所提高,达2081μg/g,硒的转化率达84.5%。     

富硒酵母发酵条件的初步研究

该试验就一株生产用啤酒酵母的发酵条件进行了初步研究.用紫外分光光度法测定4种不同发酵条件下回收酵母茵的有机硒含量.结果表明,最佳发酵条件为:使用PDA培养基,在500ml三角瓶中装液量为100ml,发酵20h加硒,培养48h收获茵体.在此条件下.酵母发酵液中有机硒含量可高达753μg/L茵液.     

聚焦硒元素第三部分发展趋势

2000年重新修订的欧盟食品与饲料法正促使食物生产链发生重要的变化,该法律要求生产商提高产品质量,同时要求他们能够证明所生产产品的安全性和功效,否则必须退出欧盟市场。一个利用特殊酵母菌株生产的硒酵母产品成为欧盟新食品与饲料法颁布后首个获准生产的饲料添加剂之一,由此反映了社会对资源和创新的需求。     

Thyroid hormone concentrations in selenium deficient and selenium sufficient cattle

Selenium deficient calves when compared to selenium supplemented calves had increased plasma thyroxine concentrations and decreased plasma tri-iodothyronine concentrations. These changes in the selenium deficient calves were accompanied by significant increases in plasma urea and creatinine concentrations and decreased plasma alkaline phosphatase activity. The demonstration that low selenium status can cause imbalances in thyroid hormone metabolism may provide an explanation for some of the effects of the deficiency.     

Brain selenium accumulation in rat pups of selenium supplemented mothers

Selenium is essential for normal mammalian development. Being a component of antioxidant enzyme, glutathione peroxidase, it plays a major role in protecting the cells from free radical damage. The level of glutathione peroxidase was directly related to the amount of selenium present in various tissues and organs. A decrease in selenium leads to various pathological changes in humans as well as in various laboratory animals. The aim of the present study was to understand whether there is an increase in the level of selenium in different brain regions of rat pups whose mothers were supplemented with selenium, either 2 or 4 mg/l of their drinking water throughout the period of their pregnancy. There was a significant increase in the level of selenium in the cerebellum, cortex and hypothalamic and hippocampal tissues of selenium supplemented mothers as compared with those of non-supplemented mothers. The brain stem of these animals did not show any significant difference in the level of selenium. Furthermore, the differences in the level of selenium between the rat pups of 2 mg/l selenium supplemented mothers and 4 mg/l selenium supplemented mothers were not statistically significant. These studies suggest that supplementation of selenium to mothers during the period of their pregnancy can selectively increase the level of this trace element in different brain regions. Further studies are necessary to understand the significance of selective accumulation of selenium in specific brain regions on brain development and function.     

Effect of subcutaneous selenium injection and supplementary selenium source on blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase in feedlot heifers

This study measured the effect on glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and selenium (Se) in whole blood and plasma associated with subcutaneous Se injections in beef heifers fed organic or inorganic Se. Heifers (n = 120) were randomly divided into 2 groups, 1 of which received subcutaneous Se injections. Both groups were given the same total mixed ration with 3 mg of organic or inorganic Se daily. Until week 2, heifers that had received Se injections showed higher concentrations of plasma Se and GSH-Px and whole blood Se (P < 0.001) than those having had no injections. Concentrations of plasma Se and GSH-Px were higher in the group receiving organic Se than the group receiving inorganic Se. Whole blood GSH-Px concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.001) throughout a 12-week period but were not affected by Se source. Combination of Se injections and supplementation could help maintain normal Se and GSH-Px blood status in beef heifers during the first few weeks in the feedlot.     

Effect of inorganic selenium supplementation on selenium retention in postweaning swine

A total of 64 weanling pigs was used in a randomized complete-block experiment to evaluate the efficacy of various inorganic Se levels on weekly Se balance measurements over a 5-wk post-weaning period. Four-week-old weaned pigs were fed a 20% protein, corn-soybean meal diet supplemented with 0, .3, .5 or 1.0 ppm Se from sodium selenite. Eight pigs were allotted by weight, litter and sex to each metabolism crate. A 2-d preliminary period followed by a 5-d collection period was conducted for five weekly periods. Feed intake was provided ad libitum but was similar between dietary Se levels. Fecal Se excretion increased each week and with increasing dietary Se level. Apparent digestibility of Se was relatively constant for each period when inorganic Se was fed, averaging approximately 70%, whereas it ranged between 30 to 40% for pigs fed the basal diet during wk 2 through 5. Urinary Se decreased during the postweaning periods for pigs fed the basal diet, but increased linearly as dietary Se increased during the initial 2-wk postweaning period and then quadratically during wk 3 through 5. There was a net loss of Se from the body when the Se-unsupplemented basal diet was fed during the initial 2 wk postweaning, whereupon, it became positive. Selenium retention in pigs supplemented with inorganic Se increased each week of the trial. When Se retention was expressed in relation to Se intake, the resulting regression was linear (R2 = .99), suggesting that Se retention in the postweaning pig increased in direct proportion to the amount consumed when diets contained up to 1.0 ppm Se.     

富硒饲料及富硒畜禽产品开发

由于硒对于畜禽具有促进生长和构成组织、调节机体的生理过程等基本功能,在动物营养中起着非常重要的作用。富硒畜禽产品是人体补硒的重要途径之一,因此开发富硒饲料及富硒畜禽产品有重要的经济和社会意义。     

The correlation between serum selenium and blood selenium in cattle.

The selenium (Se) concentration of paired blood and serum samples from cattle was determined by 2 methods: 1) atomic absorption spectroscopy using hydride generation (HG-AAS), and 2) inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy using hydride generation (ICP). Samples from 327 cattle were analyzed by HG-AAS, and samples from 344 cattle were analyzed by ICP. The data were examined by linear regression analysis, and the technique of inverse prediction was utilized to determine prediction intervals for estimating blood Se concentration from known serum Se concentration. The correlation coefficients, by simple linear regression of serum Se on blood Se, were 0.79 (r2 = 0.62) and 0.88 (r2 = 0.77) for the HG-AAS data and the ICP data, respectively. For the HG-AAS data, the inverse prediction formula for estimating blood Se when serum Se is known, at the 95% prediction interval, was [formula; see text]. For the ICP data, the inverse prediction formula for estimating blood Se when serum Se is known, at the 95% prediction interval, was [formula; see text]. The prediction intervals were quite wide, and the accuracy of estimating blood Se from a known serum Se was not useful for diagnostic purposes. The use of serum Se concentration to assess nutritional status of cattle with respect to Se does not appear to be appropriate.     

Blood selenium in naturally fed horses and the effect of selenium administration

Blood Se of adult horses was 26.1, 25.8, and 27.0 ng/ml (mean values at 3 farms), where the Se of food was about 20 ng/g dry substance. Experimental adult horses which received about 41 ng Se/g food showed 45.3 ng/ml blood.At low Se intake suckling foals show higher blood Se than mares, but with high Se intake, the opposite will occur. This is reflected in milk Se, which raises but slowly with rise of mare’s blood Se.Se in blood plasma and in blood corpuscles is on the same level. The effect of various dose levels of Se on blood Se was studied: From 1.5 to 6 mg Se/week, blood Se rose rather linearity; 18 and 30 rag Se/week gave but slightly more effect than 6 mg.