柠檬酸对蒙山茶园土壤微团聚体吸附-解吸Cu2+的影响

以蒙山茶园土为对象,运用平衡液吸附法以及NaNO3溶液解吸法探讨了柠檬酸对原土及各粒径土壤微团聚体吸附-解吸Cu2+的特性,以期明确柠檬酸对土壤吸附解吸铜的过程中产生的影响。结果表明,加入柠檬酸后,随着Cu2+浓度的增加,原土和各粒径土壤微团聚体对Cu2+的吸附有所增加,吸附量大小顺序为:(0.002mm)(0.053~0.002)mm原土(2~0.25)mm(0.25~0.053)mm,与土壤微团聚体中游离氧化铁、阳离子交换量以及有机质含量大小顺序一致;柠檬酸对Cu2+的吸附既有促进作用又有抑制作用,低浓度(0~1mmol/L)的柠檬酸促进土壤微团聚体对Cu2+的吸附,而高浓度(1mmol/L)的柠檬酸则降低其吸附,吸附量在柠檬酸浓度为0.5mmol/L时达到最大;Langmuir、Freundlich、Temkin 3种方程对其等温吸附过程的拟合均达到了极显著水平(p0.01),其中以Langmuir方程的拟合效果最佳,说明加入柠檬酸后的原土及各粒径土壤微团聚体对Cu2+的吸附以单层吸附为主;随着铜浓度的上升,土壤微团聚体对Cu2+的易解吸率不断增加,柠檬酸的进一步加入使得土壤微团聚体对Cu2+的解吸率上升,而解吸大小顺序与吸附顺序相反。     

不同土地利用方式土壤对铜、镉离子的吸附解吸特征

采用一次平衡法对Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺在城市及城郊农田、林地、草地3种土地利用方式土壤中的吸附解吸过程进行比较研究, 结果表明: Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺在3种土地利用方式土壤中的吸附量均随平衡液浓度的增加而增大, Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺在农田土壤上的吸附量均高于林地和草地土壤。分别用Langmuir和Freunlich两种等温吸附方程对吸附过程进行拟合, 3种土壤对Cu²⁺的吸附过程运用Langmuir方程拟合效果好, 而对Cd²⁺的吸附过程运用Freunlich方程拟合效果更好。Cu²⁺在3种土壤的解吸量大小顺序为农田>林地>草地, Cd²⁺在3种土壤的解吸量大小顺序为农田>草地>林地。两种离子在3种土壤中的动态吸附是个快速反应的过程, 随时间延长, 吸附反应趋于平衡。运用双常数函数方程和Elovich方程能较好地拟合重金属在土壤上的吸附动力学过程。Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺的吸附与土壤黏粒含量、有机质含量、CEC和pH均有关。     

氧化还原条件下红壤磷吸附与解吸特性及需磷量探讨

研究了5个酸性红壤由氧化条件转为还原条件的P吸附和解吸特性,以及确定供试红壤作为水田或旱地相应的施P量。结果表明:5个土样P吸附量随P液浓度的增加而增加,土壤对P的吸附曲线均可用Langmuir方程拟合,氧化条件下P最大吸附量变化范围为794.22～956.75mg/kg,还原条件下P最大吸附量变化范围为867.31～1195.62mg/kg。P解吸量随P吸附量的增加而增加,P解吸率的结果表明,淹水不同程度地降低土壤P解吸量。以Langmuir方程计算土壤溶液中P浓度在0.2mg/kg时的土壤需P量作为施P量的依据,淹水后土壤标准需P量增加。     

酸性条件下粉砂质壤土对Cd~(2+)的吸附解吸特性研究

为了解酸性条件下粉砂质壤土对Cd2+的吸附-解吸机制,采用一次平衡法进行了不同pH值条件下壤土对Cd2+的吸附-解吸实验。结果表明:壤土对Cd2+的吸附量和吸附率均随着pH值升高而增加,不同初始浓度下达到的最大吸附率为0.69~0.95,酸性条件下壤土对Cd2+的等温吸附Freundlich方程拟合效果最好,通过拟合的Langmuir方程计算出壤土对Cd2+的饱和吸附量为2 500 mg/kg。Cd2+的解吸量和解吸前的吸附量呈显著正相关线性关系,解吸率随着pH值升高而减小,pH值从2以等间隔1变化到6,平均解吸率依次为1.11、0.33、0.07、0.06、0.06;表明在酸性污水灌溉条件下污灌壤土中的镉易向下迁移,污染深层土壤和地下水。     

改性沸石对Cu~(2+)的吸附、解吸特性研究

通过室内分析的方法研究了天然沸石及3种改性沸石对Cu2+的吸附及解吸特性。研究结果表明:沸石、改性沸石对Cu2+的等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir方程、Freundlich方程、Temkin方程,其中Freundlich方程的拟合性最好,相关系数在0.991～0.999之间。沸石及改性沸石对Cu2+吸附量大小顺序为NH4-Z>K-Z>Mg-Z>Z。该规律与改性阳离子水合半径、离子价数密切相关。沸石及改性沸石对Cu2+离子的解吸量和解吸率大小顺序为Z>Mg-Z>K-Z>NH4-Z。该规律与沸石的孔道居留效应有关。改性沸石一方面增加了Cu2+的吸附,同时又降低了Cu2+的解吸率,因此改性沸石在农业生产实践中,特别是土壤重金属污染的治理方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

不同类型土壤对汞和砷的吸附解吸特征研究

为了探明不同类型土壤对重金属汞和砷吸附、解吸的影响,以性质差异显著的红壤、黑土和潮土为供试土壤,采用批量平衡法,研究了Hg(Ⅱ)和As(Ⅴ)在不同土壤中的吸附-解吸行为。结果表明:(1)Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程均能较好地拟合这3种土壤对Hg(Ⅱ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附,其中Hg(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量分别为451.33、1699.46和1635.21mg/kg,大小顺序为黑土>潮土>红壤,相关系数(R2)在0.8533～0.9911之间;As(Ⅴ)的最大吸附量分别为818.44、561.87和112.77mg/kg,大小顺序为:红壤>黑土>潮土,相关系数(R2)在0.9223～0.9949之间;而线性方程则不能较好地拟合这3种土壤对Hg(Ⅱ)和As(Ⅴ)的等温吸附。(2)Hg(Ⅱ)和As(Ⅴ)的解吸量随Hg(Ⅱ)和As(Ⅴ)吸附量的增加而增加,两者之间呈显著或极显著的线性正相关,Hg(Ⅱ)的相关系数(R2)分别为0.8668**、0.8971**、0.9969**,As(Ⅴ)的相关系数(R2)分别为0.9987**、0.9964**、0.9858**。研究结果对于探明土壤中汞和砷的环境行为具有重要意义。     

冻融作用对棕壤磷素吸附-解吸特性的影响

以棕壤为研究对象,采用室内模拟冻融环境的方法,研究土壤磷素吸附-解吸行为,采用Langumuir、Freundlich和Temkin方程对吸附过程进行拟合分析,定量研究冻融作用对土壤磷素吸附机制的影响,同时建立土壤磷素解吸量与吸附量关系方程,进一步探讨冻融土壤磷吸附-解吸特性。结果表明,冻融条件下棕壤对磷的吸附规律一致,吸附量均随着平衡溶液中磷浓度增加而逐渐增大,与未冻融土壤相比,冻融后土壤磷等温吸附曲线变得平缓。冻融条件下磷等温吸附曲线用Langmuir方程拟合相关性最好。土壤磷素解吸量与相应最大吸附量符合线性相关。冻融后土壤磷固定吸附量低于未冻融土壤,即冻融过程促进土壤磷素释放,增加了土壤磷流失风险。多次冻融循环对土壤磷吸附-解吸行为影响更为强烈。     

含硅熔渣对磷的吸附与解吸特征研究

采用平衡法研究了含硅熔渣对磷的吸附与解吸特性。结果表明,熔渣对磷的吸附量随着加入液磷浓度的增加而增加,但增加速率逐渐减缓。然而,随着磷吸附量的增加,吸附态磷解吸率逐渐减小,且不同类型熔渣由于化学组成不同吸附与解吸能力也不同。与水溶液相比,尿素、氯化钾和尿素+氯化钾处理能明显降低熔渣对磷的吸附,同时增加吸附态磷解吸率,其中以尿素影响作用更大。熔渣粒径越小,对磷的吸附越强,而对吸附态磷的解吸越弱。Langmuir和Freundlich方程能很好地拟合吸附曲线,其r值都达到了极显著水平;方程参数K、MBC、a、b值都能很好地反映吸附特征。因此,利用含硅熔渣作为硅肥改良土壤或者生产含硅多元复肥,应考虑熔渣对磷的固定作用及其影响因素。     

不同生物质灰渣对磷的吸附解吸动力学特征

以锯木灰、谷壳灰、玉米灰、水稻灰4种灰渣为研究对象,采用平衡法研究生物质灰渣对磷的吸附与解析特性。结果表明,灰渣对磷的吸附量随着加入液磷浓度的增加而增加,但增加速率逐渐减缓。与其他生物质灰渣相比,锯木灰在不同浓度下对磷的吸附量和吸附率均较高,吸附量在0.98~11.21g/kg范围内,吸附率均在55%以上,最高可达97.72%。然而,随着加入液磷浓度的增加,吸附态磷解吸率逐渐减小,解吸量逐渐增加,在加入的磷浓度为2 000mg/L时,4种灰渣的解吸量都达到最大值,为最小解吸量的3.5~6.4倍。不同种类的灰渣由于化学组成不同吸附与解吸能力也不同,不同磷浓度对水稻灰、谷壳灰、玉米灰的解吸率影响最大,最高解吸率和最低解吸率差值分别为56.53%,53.67%,44.53%;对锯木灰的影响相对较小,差值仅有12.53%。用Langmuir方程拟合4种灰渣的等温吸附曲线和等温解吸曲线,得到的相关系数都达到显著水平。灰渣对磷的吸附和解吸的动力学特征存在一定的相似性,一般吸附量大的灰渣对磷的解吸量也大;吸附能力强的灰渣对磷的解吸能力也强。锯木灰对磷的吸附解吸能力强于其他3种灰渣。由于灰渣对磷的吸附和解吸能力对土壤中磷的生物有效性有重要影响,因此在选择灰渣种类时需适时适量。     

玉米秸秆在土壤中腐解的动态变化及其对Cu(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)吸附-解吸的影响

通过室内培养和吸附-解吸试验,研究玉米秸秆腐解后石灰性褐土对Cu2+、Cd2+吸附-解吸的影响。结果表明,玉米秸秆腐解量随培养时间的延长而增加,到第7周时,腐解总量可达45%,添加常规量秸秆处理(S1)与加倍量处理(S2)的腐解量差别不明显;常规量秸秆处理(S1)的腐解速率大于加倍量处理(S2),但均随培养时间的延长而减少。土壤对Cu2+的吸附量随秸秆培养时间的延长表现为先升高后降低,吸附量在第21天时达到最大值;Cu2+浓度为1 000mg/L时土壤对Cu2+吸附量显著高于Cu2+浓度为600mg/L处理;而Cu2+的解吸量在秸秆腐解前期变化不明显,到培养第21天后迅速降低。在相同的Cu2+浓度下,Cu2+的吸附量和解吸量受Cd2+浓度影响均不明显。Cd2+浓度为1mg/L时,土壤对Cd2+的吸附量随秸秆培养时间的延长变化不明显,但随Cu2+浓度的增加而减小;而Cd2+浓度为10mg/L时,在Cu0处理和Cu1000处理时,不同培养时间土壤对Cd2+吸附量影响不明显,但Cu600处理下,在培养的第21天后,土壤对Cd2+的吸附量显著增加。土壤Cd2+的解吸量均随秸秆培养时间的延长表现为先升高后降低,在第21天时达最小值,而Cd2+的解吸量随共存Cu2+浓度的增加而先增加后降低。     

湿地土壤NH4+吸附解吸对冻融循环的响应

Nitrogen (N) cycling in boreal peatland ecosystems may be influenced in important ways by freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs).Adsorption and desorption of ammonium ions (NH + 4) were examined in a controlled laboratory experiment for soils sampled from palustrine wetland,riverine wetland,and farmland reclaimed from natural wetland in response to the number of FTCs.The results indicate that freeze-thaw significantly increased the adsorption capacity of NH + 4 and reduced the desorption potential of NH + 4 in the wetland soils.There were significant differences in the NH + 4 adsorption amount between the soils with and without freeze-thaw treatment.The adsorption amount of NH + 4 increased with increasing FTCs.The palustrine wetland soil had a greater adsorption capacity and a weaker desorption potential of NH + 4 than the riverine wetland soil because of the significantly higher clay content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the riverine wetland soil.Because of the altered soil physical and chemical properties and hydroperiods,the adsorption capacity of NH + 4 was smaller in the farmland soil than in the wetland soils,while the desorption potential of the farmland soil was higher than that of the wetland soils.Thus,wetland reclamation would decrease adsorption capacity and increase desorption potential of NH + 4,which could result in N loss from the farmland soil.FTCs might mitigate N loss from soils and reduce the risk of water pollution in downstream ecosystems.     

Effect of the particle-size distribution on the adsorption of copper, lead, and zinc by Chernozemic soils of Rostov oblast

The parameters of adsorption of Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Zn²⁺ cations by soils and their particle-size fractions were studied. The adsorption of metals by soils and the strength of their fixation on the surface of soil particles under both mono- and polyelement contamination decreased with the decreasing proportion of fine fractions in the soil. The adsorption capacity of the Lower Don chernozems for Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Zn²⁺ depending on the particle-size distribution decreased in the following sequence: clay loamy ordinary chernozem ∼ clay loamy southern chernozem > loamy southern chernozem > loamy sandy southern chernozem. According to the parameters of the adsorption by the different particle-size fractions (C _max and k), the heavy metal cations form a sequence analogous to that obtained for the entire soils: Cu²⁺ ≥ Pb²⁺ > Zn²⁺. The parameters of the heavy metal adsorption by similar particle-size fractions separated from different soils decreased in the following order: clay loamy chernozem > loamy chernozem > loamy sandy chernozem. The analysis of the changes in the parameters of the Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Zn²⁺ adsorption by soils and their particlesize fractions showed that the extensive adsorption characteristic, namely, the maximum adsorption (C _max), was a less sensitive parameter characterizing the soil than the intensive characteristic of the process—the adsorption equilibrium constant (k).     

添加生物质炭对红壤性水稻土Cd2+吸附解吸特性的影响

为探讨生物质炭对红壤性水稻土中镉(Cd)元素吸附解吸特性的影响,采用一次平衡法研究添加生物质炭后Cd2+在红壤性水稻土中的吸附动力学、等温吸附和解吸过程。结果表明:施用CK(0t/hm^2)、A10(10t/hm^2)、A20(20t/hm^2)、A30(30t/hm^2)和A40(40t/hm^2)生物质炭后,红壤性水稻土对Cd2+的吸附过程是以化学吸附为主、非均匀的多表面吸附。施用CK(0t/hm^2)、A10(10t/h2)、A20(20t/hm^2)、A30(30t/hm^2)和A40(40t/hm^2)生物质炭处理的最大吸附量和最大解吸量分别为2933~3346mg/kg和171~192mg/kg。添加生物质炭可以提高红壤性水稻土对Cd2+的吸附固持能力,同时增强土壤对外源Cd2+的缓冲能力。生物质炭添加量对红壤性水稻土的吸附解吸能力的改良效果具体表现为:A30>A40>A20>A10。高剂量的生物质炭处理使土壤吸附点位饱和,生物质炭吸附能力相对降低。因此,添加30t/hm^2生物质炭是一种有效预防和治理红壤性水稻土镉污染的措施。     

蔬菜种植年限对土壤磷素吸附解吸特性的影响

为揭示不同种植年限土壤磷的固定和释放机制,通过土壤磷的等温吸附、解吸试验研究种植年限分别为3～5年、15～20年、25～30年的黄棕壤0～5cm和5～20cm土层磷的吸附、解吸特性。结果表明:土壤磷的等温吸附曲线、吸附量-解吸量曲线分别与Langmuir方程(R2为0.8728～0.8436)、二次函数方程拟合良好(R2为0.9545～0.9970);随蔬菜种植年限延长,表层土壤磷最大吸附量(Qm)、磷最大缓冲容量(MBC)明显降低,而土壤磷吸附饱和度(DPS)和解吸率明显提高;种植年限15～20年、25～30年土壤磷的解吸率明显高于3～5年土壤。对表征土壤磷素吸附、解吸特性的主要因子如MBC及DPS等作相关分析发现,无定形铁铝含量的变化是影响土壤磷吸附解吸特性的主要因素。     

磷的吸附对老成土和淋溶土中Cu、Zn离子吸附-解吸及其有效性的影响

Surface charge,secondary adsorption-desorption and form distribution of Cu^2 and Zn^2 in Ultisols and Alfisols having adsorbed phosphate were studied by potentiometric titration,adsorption equilibrium and sequential extraction method,respectively,The soil surface negative charges increased whereas the amount sequential extraction method,respectively.The soil surface ngative charges increased whereas the amount of positive charges decreased with increase of P adsorbed,The soil secondary adsorption capacity for Cu^2 and Zn^2 was positively significantly correlated with the amount of P adsorbed by the soils,which could be described by the Langmuir equation.The amounts of Cu^2 and Zn^2 desorption from soils were decreased after P adsorption by the soils and the relationship between them was linear,After the soils adsorbed P,form distribution of Cu^2 and Zn^2 in soils changed remarkably.     

Carbendazim adsorption on montmorillonite, peat and soils

The adsorption of carbendazim by peat and montmorillonite was studied as a function of the exchangeable cations and temperature. The adsorption on soils was also studied. The kinetics of carbendazim adsorption on peat showed that adsorption equilibrium was reached within 1 h. The order of adsorption of carbendazim on peat was as follows: H⁺-peat > Cu²⁺-peat > Co²⁺-peat > Mg²⁺-peat > K⁺-peat, and the thermodynamic parameters appeared to suggest an adsorption mechanism involving hydrogen bonds, although in the H⁺, Cu²⁺ and Co²⁺ samples a protonation process and adsorption of the protonated species were also likely. The kinetics of carbendazim adsorption on montmorillonite (mont.) showed that equilibrium was reached within 1 h. The order of adsorption was: H⁺-mont. > Cu²⁺-mont. > Co²⁺-mont. > Ca²⁺-mont., the adsorption on the H⁺ and Cu²⁺ samples being much greater than that on the other samples. For the H⁺ and Cu²⁺ samples, the thermodynamic parameters appeared to suggest a double mechanism: physical adsorption, and protonation and adsorption by ion exchange. The most probable mechanism for the adsorption of carbendazim on the Co²⁺ and Ca²⁺ samples was physical bonding. The capacity for adsorption of this fungicide on soil was dependent on the organic matter, nitrogen and clay content, as well as on the cation exchange capacity. No significant correlation was found with pH, C/N ratio or free iron content.     

外源木炭对苄嘧磺隆在土壤中吸附-解吸的影响

采用振荡平衡法研究了除草剂苄嘧磺隆在3个不同粒径木炭和2种不同类型土壤中的吸附-解吸特征,重点考察了外源木炭对苄嘧磺隆在土壤中吸附-解吸过程的影响。结果表明,苄嘧磺隆在土壤和木炭中的吸附-解吸符合Freundlich方程。木炭对苄嘧磺隆有很强的吸附能力,木炭粒径越小,吸附能力越强。添加木炭能显著提高土壤对苄嘧磺隆的吸附量,木炭添加量越多,苄嘧磺隆吸附量越大,相对的解吸量越少。苄嘧磺隆在土壤和木炭中的解吸过程呈明显的滞后效应,且滞后效应随着苄嘧磺隆初始浓度增大和土壤中木炭添加量增大而逐渐加强。该项研究表明,以木炭作为人工添加吸附剂可有效的减少苄嘧磺隆从土壤中的流失。     

Adsorption-desorption of atrazine on four soils of Hyderabad

The adsorption-desorption equilibrium of atrazine (2-chloro, 4-ethylamino, 6-isopropyl amino-1, 3, 5 triazine) was studied by the batch equilibration method at 27 ± 1 °C on four soils of Hyderabad. Adsorption isotherms conformed to the Freundlich equation (A = KC^1/n ). K increased in the same order as the organic C content of the soils. Desorption studies were conducted by repeated replacement of 5 mL of the supernatant equilibrium solutions after adsorption, with 0.01 M CaCl₂. Desorption isotherms showed considerable hysteresis which was more prominent when the desorption was carried out with higher adsorbed concentration of atrazine. Desorption from the lowest level of adsorbed atrazine (3 to 5 μg g^?1 soil) was close to the adsorption isotherm. The cumulative desorption after four desorption steps covering five days was significantly different at the 1% level, for different initial adsorbed concentrations of atrazine. Desorption was significantly higher at the lowest adsorbed level of atrazine. The soils differed significantly at 6% level for desorption and the amount desorbed decreased in the inverse order of organic C. Desorption isotherms also conformed to Freundlich equation but K andn values were both higher than that for adsorption and increased with increase in initially adsorbed concentration of atrazine. Desorption thus confirmed the irreversible nature of the adsorption of atrazine on these soils. The quantitative factors and reasons for desorption are discussed.     

KINETICS OF ION EXCHANGE IN SOIL ORGANIC MATTER. IV. ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION OF Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Zn2+ AND Ca2+ BY PEAT

The equilibria as well as the rates of adsorption and desorption of the ions Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Ca²⁺ by soil organic matter were determined in batch experiments as a function of the amount of metal ions added to an aqueous suspension of HCl-washed peat. Simultaneous determination of the metal ions and hydrogen ions in the solution by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and pH-measurements showed that the adsorption of one divalent metal ion by peat was coupled with the release of two hydrogen ions. Since this equivalent ion-exchange process causes a corresponding increase of the electric conductivity of the solution, the rates of the adsorption and desorption processes were determined by an immersed conductivity electrode. The distribution coefficients show that the selective order for the metal adsorption by peat is Pb²⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Cd²⁺≌ Zn²⁺ > Ca²⁺ in the pH range of 3·5 to 4·5. The slope of -2, as observed in a double logarithmic plot of the distribution coefficients versus the total solution concentration confirms the equivalence of the ion-exchange process of divalent metal ions for monovalent H₃O⁺ -ions in peat. The absolute rates of adsorption, as well as the rates for the fractional attainment of the equilibrium, increase with increasing amounts of metal ions added. This behaviour is also observed for the subsequent desorption of the metal ions by H₃O⁺-ions. At a given amount of metal ions added, the absolute rates of adsorption decrease in the order Pb²⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Cd²⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Ca²⁺, while the rates for the fractional attainment of the equilibrium decrease in the order Ca²⁺ > Zn²⁺≌ Cd²⁺ > Pb²⁺ > Cu²⁺. The half times for adsorption and desorption were in the range of 5 to 15 sec.