Tunguska meteor fall of 1908: effects on stratospheric ozone

In 1908, when the giant Tunguska meteor disintegrated in the earth's atmosphere over Siberia, it may have generated as much as 30 million metric tons of nitric oxide (NO) in the stratosphere and mesosphere. The photochemical aftereffects of the event have been simulated using a comprehensive model of atmospheric trace composition. Calculations indicate that up to 45 percent of the ozone in the Northern Hemisphere may have been depleted by Tunguska's nitric oxide cloud early in 1909 and large ozone reductions may have persisted until 1912. Measurements of atmospheric transparentiy by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for the years 1909 to 1911 show evidence of a steady ozone recovery from unusually low levels in early 1909, implying a total ozone deficit of 30 +/- 15 percent. The coincidence in time between the observed ozone recovery and the Tunguska meteor fall indicates that the event may provide a test of current ozone depletion theories.     

Ozone formation related to power plant emissions

A curious and unambiguous event of excess ozone formation downwind of a power plant has been analyzed. A kinetic model used to simulate the event indicates that the excess ozone can be reconciled entirely on the basis of excess nitrogen oxides in the polluted air.     

Volcanic sunset-glow stratum: origin

Reexamination of the phenomenon of volcanic-dust sunsets, as typified by the Krakatoa event, supports a theory that the scattering layer is produced by the interaction of ozone and sulfur dioxide in much the same manner as is the normal "Junge"aerosol layer at 20 kilometers.     

Impact of ozone on quality of strawberry during cold storage

The postharvest physiology of strawberry was investigated to study the effects of ozone on weight loss rate, ascorbic acid, respiration rate, peroxdase (POD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content during cold storage. The strawberries were treated with ozone of 0 ppm (control), 2 ppm, 4 ppm, and 8 ppm, respectively. The results indicated that the treatment of 4 ppm ozone could inhibited the decrease of ascorbic acid, POD activity, and CAT activity, and reduced weight loss rate and MDA content. The treatment delayed the senescence of strawberry, with a significantly lower respiration rate. Thus, the best concentration of ozone was 4 ppm, and ozone treatment could be a good candidate for maintaining postharvest quality of strawberry and provide a longer storage life.     

A Reevaluation of the Ozone Budget with HALOE UARS Data: No Evidence for the Ozone Deficit

Recently, additional ozone production mechanisms have been proposed to resolve the ozone deficit problem, which arises from greater ozone destruction than production in several photochemical models of the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere. A detailed ozone model budget analysis was performed with simultaneous observations of O(3), HCl, H(2)O, CH(4), NO, and NO(2) from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) under conditions with the strongest photochemical control of ozone. The results indicate that an ozone deficit may not exist. On the contrary, the use of currently recommended photochemical parameters leads to insufficient ozone destruction in the model.     

近几年拉萨上空大气臭氧变化特征（英文）

利用Brewer分光光谱仪观测资料分析青藏高原拉萨站近几年大气臭氧的变化特征,结果表明,拉萨上空臭氧主要分布在15~35 km,反演结果的峰值出现在21~25 km。对比拉萨四季臭氧垂直分布发现,它们在平流层中上层的差异不大,且在36 km以上的分布大致相同,差异主要表现在从地面到21 km,冬春季的臭氧数密度大于夏秋季,近4年来拉萨的年平均臭氧总量的变化不大,臭氧总量的极值出现在冬春季节,臭氧总量的月平均值在8和9月较低,2008年6~9月臭氧低值的持续时间是近几年中最长的,达23 d。     

臭氧配合复合光合细菌对虹鳟鱼病的防治研究

应用臭氧配合复合光合细菌处理高密度虹鳟鱼养殖水体,防治鱼病.结果表明,时隔4 d用臭氧处理1次水体,次日投放5%复合光合细菌可有效治疗水霉病和烂鳃病;时隔1周用臭氧处理1次水体,次日投放1%复合光合细菌可有效预防水霉病和烂鳃病的发生.     

臭氧对鲜切莲藕酶促褐变的影响

以鲜切莲藕为原料,通过测定褐变度、失重率、总酚含量、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,研究了臭氧处理对鲜切莲藕贮存过程中酶促褐变的影响。结果表明,随着贮存时间延长,鲜切莲藕褐变度和失重率呈增加趋势,臭氧处理可以极显著降低鲜切莲藕褐变度和失重率(P0.01),且0.3 mg/L臭氧比0.6 mg/L效果好。当贮存时间由8 d延长为12 d时,样品总酚含量和PPO、POD活性开始降低,但总酚含量变化不大,PPO和POD活性下降较快。Pearson相关性分析表明,臭氧浓度与褐变度呈负相关(P=0.024);贮存时间与失重率、褐变度、总酚含量呈极显著正相关,与PPO活性呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。鲜切莲藕用0.3 mg/L臭氧水处理12 min后,可以在0~4℃冰箱贮存8 d。     

近几年拉萨上空大气臭氧变化特征

利用Brewer分光光谱仪观测资料分析青藏高原拉萨站近几年大气臭氧的变化特征,结果表明,拉萨上空臭氧主要分布在15～35km,反演结果的峰值出现在21～25 km。对比拉萨四季臭氧垂直分布发现,它们在平流层中上层的差异不大,且在36 km以上的分布大致相同,差异主要表现在从地面到21 km,冬春季的臭氧数密度大于夏秋季,近4年来拉萨的年平均臭氧总量的变化不大,臭氧总量的极值出现在冬春季节,臭氧总量的月平均值在8和9月较低,2008年6～9月臭氧低值的持续时间是近几年中最长的,达23 d。     

Stratospheric response to trace gas perturbations: changes in ozone and temperature distributions

The stratospheric concentration of trace gases released in the atmosphere as a result of human activities is increasing at a rate of 5 to 8 percent per year in the case of the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 1 percent per year in the case of methane (CH(4)), and 0.25 percent per year in the case of nitrous oxide (N(2)O). The amount of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) is expected to double before the end of the 21st century. Even if the production of the CFCs remains limited according to the protocol for the protection of the ozone layer signed in September 1987 in Montreal, the abundance of active chlorine (2 parts per billion by volume in the early 1980s) is expected to reach 6 to7 parts per billion by volume by 2050. The impact of these increases on stratospheric temperature and ozone was investigated with a two-dimensional numerical model. The model includes interactive radiation, wave and mean flow dynamics, and 40 trace species. An increase in CFCs caused ozone depletion in the model, with the largest losses near the stratopause and, in the vertical mean, at high latitudes. Increased CO(2) caused ozone amounts to increase through cooling, with the largest increases again near 45 kilometers and at high latitudes. This CO(2)-induced poleward increase reduced the CFC-induced poleward decrease. Poleward and downward ozone transport played a major role in determining the latitudinal variation in column ozone changes.     

臭氧浓度升高和叶面施锌对小麦籽粒产量、锌浓度及有效性的影响

研究臭氧浓度升高和叶面施锌对小麦产量和籽粒不同组分锌营养的影响,为气候变化背景下小麦的锌生物强化提供理论依据和技术参考。利用自然光气体熏蒸平台,以富锌小麦品种青紫1号为供试材料,臭氧处理设清洁空气和臭氧浓度升高(100nL·L-1,拔节至收获),锌处理设对照(喷清水)和叶面施锌(开花期及花后1周叶面喷施0.1%Zn2+),成熟期测定小麦产量及其构成因素、籽粒各组分的锌浓度、锌含量、植酸浓度以及植酸与锌的摩尔比。叶面施锌处理对小麦籽粒产量没有影响,但臭氧浓度升高使产量平均下降66%。臭氧胁迫导致的产量损失主要与粒重明显减轻(53%)有关,其次亦与每穗粒数减少(27%)有关,而穗数没有变化。麦粒各组分锌浓度、植酸浓度以及植酸与锌摩尔比均表现为麸皮次粉面粉。与清洁空气相比,臭氧浓度升高使籽粒各组分的锌浓度和植酸浓度均明显增加,分别增加15%～41%和8%～45%,各组分植酸与锌摩尔比无显著变化;臭氧浓度升高使小麦面粉锌累积量占籽粒总锌的百分比显著减少。与对照相比,叶面施锌使小麦各组分锌浓度平均增加22%～24%,使植酸与锌摩尔比平均减少15%～19%,但籽粒各组分植酸浓度以及锌在各组分的分配比例均无显著影响。臭氧与锌处理对所有测定参数均无交互作用,但这两个处理与籽粒组分之间多存在不同程度的互作效应。臭氧胁迫环境下青紫1号籽粒产量和锌累积量大幅下降,籽粒各组分锌浓度显著增加,但生物有效性没有变化;花后叶面施锌对小麦产量没有影响,但使籽粒不同组分锌的营养水平均明显增加,且增幅不受臭氧浓度升高的影响。     

臭氧气体处理对甜瓜和雪花梨果实贮藏品质及效果的影响

【目的】观察臭氧气体处理后甜瓜和雪花梨果实的贮藏品质变化,减少贮藏损失。【方法】以甜瓜和雪花梨为试材,经不同质量浓度臭氧气体处理后于4℃贮藏,定期分析果实品质变化。【结果】与对照相比,臭氧气体处理后甜瓜腐烂率降低50%,抗坏血酸含量下降10%、可滴定酸减少16%;有效维持雪花梨的硬度,延缓可溶性固形物变化,叶绿素含量下降47%;提高了两种果实可溶性蛋白质的含量,抑制丙二醛含量的上升。不同质量浓度的臭氧气体处理对甜瓜和雪花梨的腐烂率和品质的影响有所不同。甜瓜贮藏28d后,20mg/m3臭氧气体显著降低腐烂率,60mg/m3和100mg/m3次之;雪花梨贮藏40d后,100mg/m3臭氧处理的品质显著好于对照,而200mg/m3臭氧与对照的变化趋势相近。【结论】适当质量浓度的臭氧气体处理对甜瓜和雪花梨有一定的保鲜效果。     

臭氧对土壤中百菌清降解的影响

以杀菌剂百菌清为研究对象,向供试土壤中通入臭氧,通过改变臭氧通入量和臭氧通入的频次,进行百菌清降解试验.结果表明,臭氧通入量达到400 mg时百菌清降解效果最好,对百菌清初始质量分数分别为10、20、50 mg/kg的土壤总降解率分别为67.3％、67.7％和68.8％;在臭氧通入的初期,通入频次由1次/d增加到4次/...     

医用臭氧对腹水中大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌作用

目的观察医用臭氧对腹水中细菌的杀菌作用。方法抽取4例肝硬化患者的无菌腹水,加入大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌培养24 h后,通入浓度为80 mg/L医用臭氧作用不同时间,采用悬液定量法、活菌计数观察杀菌效果。结果医用臭氧对不同腹水中大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌杀菌效果的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,且杀菌效果随作用时间延长而增加（P〈0.01）。结论 80 mg/L医用臭氧的杀菌效果随腹水中总蛋白含量降低及作用时间延长而增加。     

应用臭氧·液体菌种生产无公害金针菇技术研究

[目的]为了改变金针菇生产周期长、常规消毒药剂残留量大、对人体的刺激严重等缺点。[方法]试验设置臭氧消毒+液体菌种、甲醛消毒+液体菌种、臭氧消毒+固体菌种、甲醛消毒+固体菌种4个组合处理,以甲醛消毒+固体菌种为对照研究比较了臭氧和液体菌种的应用技术。[结果]臭氧+液体菌种组合比对照菌丝长满培养袋时间短10 d左右,产量和产品质量明显提高,污染率下降。[结论]液体菌种和臭氧消毒在金针菇生产上是值得推广的技术。     

臭氧对温室土壤化学性质和甜瓜产量的影响

研究了臭氧处理对温室土壤化学性质和甜瓜单瓜质量的影响.结果表明,随着臭氧处理剂量的升高,土壤有机质下降,其中高剂量臭氧处理后10~15 cm土层有机质含量显著低于对照;各土层氨态氮显著下降,土壤pH值、EC值、硝态氮上升,全氮、全磷、有效磷呈下降趋势,但处理与对照间均未达到显著水平;臭氧处理对土壤全钾、速效钾无明显影响,但可促进大棚甜瓜单果质量增加,其中低剂量处理单瓜质量显著高于对照.     

Energetic radiation belt electron precipitation: a natural depletion mechanism for stratospheric ozone

During geomagnetically disturbed periods the precipitational loss of energetic electrons from the outer radiation belt of the earth can readily provide the major ionization source for the mesosphere and upper stratosphere. One particularly intense manifestation of this interaction between the radiation belts and the lower atmosphere is the relativistic electron precipitation (REP) event which occurs at subauroral latitudes during magnetospheric substorm activity. At relativistic energies the precipitating electrons produce copious fluxes of energetic bremsstrahlung x-rays, the major portion of which penetrate deep into the stratosphere before undergoing excitation and ionization collisions with the neutral atmosphere. If such REP events occur more than a few percent of the time, they can, on an annual basis, provide a local source of upper stratospheric nitric oxide molecules (via the dissociation of molecular nitrogen) comparable to that from either galactic cosmic rays or energetic solar proton events. Since nitric oxide plays a major role in the removal of stratospheric ozone, it appears that the influence of REP events must also be considered in future photochemical modeling of the terrestrial ozone layer.     

几种贮藏方式对新疆厚皮甜瓜采后生理及贮藏品质的影响

为研究贮藏方式对新疆厚皮甜瓜采后生理及贮藏品质的影响,以期得出比较理想的贮藏方式.该实验以新疆厚皮甜瓜"金凤凰"为试材,分别进行了冷藏、冷藏结合臭氧间隙处理、024%-6%、C020.2%-4).5%气调3种贮藏方式的比较研究.结果表明,在6℃贮藏条件下,气调贮藏显著抑制了甜瓜的呼吸强度,延缓了果实的衰老,并有效抑制了果肉硬度、可溶性固形物、Vc和还原糖含量的下降,降低了果实的腐烂指数.保持了甜瓜较好的品质和风味;与气调贮藏的甜瓜相比,冷藏结合臭氧间隙处理的甜瓜的生理指标和贮藏品质不如气调贮藏的好,而冷藏的甜瓜的贮藏品质最差.试验同时得出采用冷藏结合臭氧间隙处理模式,效果好于冷藏,但不及气调贮藏的效果,气调贮藏保鲜甜瓜的效果最好.     

臭氧·负离子对影响鸡蛋安全的3种细菌的杀菌效果

[目的]研究臭氧及负离子对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌及沙门氏菌的杀菌效果。[方法]通过在鸡蛋表面涂抹一定浓度的菌液,研究臭氧及负离子对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌及沙门氏菌杀菌效果的影响。[结果]臭氧处理4min后,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌的杀菌率分别达54.17%、85.24%、89.16%,各组之间差异显著（P〈0.05）;负离子处理1、3、5、7 min后,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌的杀菌率分别达20.76%、25.24%、58.97%,各组之间差异显著（P〈0.05）。[结论]臭氧及负离子对于这3种细菌均有杀菌效果,臭氧对细菌的杀菌效果明显优于负离子。     

大气O_3浓度升高对城市油松光合作用的影响

为了揭示臭氧(O3)浓度升高对城市森林光合作用的影响机理,利用开顶式气室研究了高浓度O3对沈阳城内油松光合生理特性的影响。结果表明:与对照(自然O3浓度,约45 nmol/mol)相比,在O3浓度升高(80±8)nmol/mol条件下,油松针叶的叶绿素含量降低,而类胡萝卜素含量则呈现出先升高后降低的变化趋势;净光合速率和Hill反应活力明显下降,降幅分别为18.36%~45.95%和11.35%~20.84%;羧化效率降低,降幅为7.50%~26.59%;叶绿体ATP酶活性受到抑制,但Ca2+-ATP酶活性与Mg2+-ATP酶活性的变化趋势略有差异。同时O3浓度升高抑制了油松针叶可溶性糖和淀粉含量的积累,说明O3浓度升高对油松光合作用具有较强的抑制作用。