日本乳业公司开发冬虫夏草精汁

日本明治乳业公司从冬虫夏草培养中分离出最优良菌株８８１９株，将该株菌丝体进行罐中培养后，用热水提取再浓缩成冬虫夏草菌丝体精汁７０００，并成功地进行工业生产，为开发冬虫夏草饮料及食品提供原料。冬虫夏草精汁７０００（液体），外观黄褐色，ｐＨ５－５～６－０，含固形物５０～５５ｍｇ／ｇ（干），蛋白质２４－０±４－０ｍｇ／ｍＬ，糖８－４±１－２ｍｇ／ｍＬ，砷１ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，重金属１０ｍｇ／Ｌ以下。据试验，冬虫夏草精有提高游泳耐力，提高心脏功能，抑制应激反应产生的胃溃疡、防治阳痿、扩张气管、抑制喘息引起的咳…     

金针菇富碘栽培研究

本文对金针菇的富碘能力作了初步研究。金针菇液体培养菌丝体和栽培子实体均有较好的富碘性能。在添加Ｉ￣－浓度５０～１５００ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内，菌丝体富碘量为０．３６～２０．９ｍｇ／ｇ，碘富集率为１．８９～１０．９７％。喷洒施碘培养金针菇子实体的富碘效果较拌科施碘好。在５０～１０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ喷施Ｉ￣－范围内，子实体富碘量为０．０９４～０．３３ｍｇ／ｇ，碘富集率为２．１～２０．２％。碘对金针菇菌丝体和子实体的生长、生物量的合成有一定的抑制作用。     

姬松茸菌丝深层培养及氨基酸分析研究

姬松茸（ＡｇａｒｉｃｕｓｂｌａｚｅｉＭｕｒｉｌ）是一种美味的食用兼保健的食用菌。本文探讨姬松茸深层培养的条件并对菌丝体氨基酸组成进行分析。试验结果表明：选用３％玉米淀粉、２％蔗糖、０．５％酵母粉、０．３％ＨＫ２ＰＯ４、０．３％ＭｇＳＯ４·７Ｈ２Ｏ、１０ｍｇ／１００ｍｌＶＢ１的发酵培养基，在ｐＨ５～６的条件下发酵７天，菌丝体生长最佳。经测定菌丝体氨基酸含量丰富，且种类具全     

灰树花富硒培养研究

灰树花（Ｇｒｉｆｏｌａ ｆｒｏｎｄｏｓａ）的耐硒和富硒能力较强。在含硒１０￣３００ｍｇ／ｋｇ的固体培养基上，菌丝均能生长，当硒含量超过２５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ时，菌丝生长受到抑制。液体深层培养条件下，添加１０￣２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ硒，菌丝体富集硒的浓度范围为６．１４￣８８２．１ｍｇ／ｋｇ，但以添加５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ硒时菌丝体硒吸收率最高，为４．９％。     

灵芝口服液中的营养及功能性成分：I多糖,矿质元素磷和牛磺酸分析简报

本文采用高效液相色谱法和分光光度法分析了灵芝口服液的有关营养功能成分,结果表明其中多糖,矿质元素磷和牛磺酸的平均含量为７１９μｇ／ｍＬ,６６．４μｇ／ｍＬ和７．８７ｍｇ／１００ｍＬ游离态氨基酸含量为９４．３４～１０４．６２ｍｇ／１００ｍＬ。     

茶新菇深层培养及其营养成分分析

采用４种不同的液体培养基，深层培养茶薪菇菌丝体，证实于ｐＨ６．５，２５℃，摇瓶车速１０ｒ／ｍｉｎ条件下，玉米浆培养基适合该菌生长，增养１０－１２ｄ，菌丝干重可达１８．４ｇ／Ｌ。营养成分分析表明，茶薪菇子实体与液体菌丝体的粗蛋白，粗纤维，粗多糖，粗脂肪，可溶性蛋白，氨基酸含量以及超氧化物歧化酶活力相差不大。     

金针菇深层培养条件研究

应用模式研究发酵研究了种子菌龄，接种量、通气量对金针菇（Ｆｌａｍｍｕｌｉｎａ ｖｅｌｕｔｉｐｅｓ）液体发酵菌丝体产量的影响。最佳发酵条件为：摇瓶种子菌龄４￣７ｄ，种子罐菌４８ｈ，接种量１５％，通气量前４８ｈ为１：１Ｖ／ｍｉｎ，后４８ｈ为１：１．５Ｖ／Ｖ／ｍｉｎ，发酵时间９６ｈ。干菌丝体产量可高达４８．３８ｇ／Ｌ。     

加镧液体培养灵芝菌丝富集有机硒的研究

研究了稀土元素镧（La）对灵芝菌丝体富集有机硒的影响。结果表明,镧能有效促进灵芝菌丝富集有机硒,当发酵培养基中镧的添加浓度为100mg／L时,菌丝产量和硒转化率最高。正交试验结果表明,各因素中对灵芝菌丝体富硒影响最大的是镧浓度,其次是硒浓度、培养时间和pH值,最佳发酵条件是镧浓度100mg／L,硒浓度100mg／L,pH值4．5,培养时间7d,在此条件下菌丝体产量47．3g／L,硒转化率88．1％。     

灵芝口服液中的营养及功能性成分——Ⅰ多糖、矿质元素磷和牛磺酸分析简报

本文采用高效液相色谱法和分光光度法分析了灵芝口服液的有关营养功能成分。结果表明其中多糖、矿质元素磷和牛磺酸的平均含量分别为７１９μｇ／ｍＬ、６６４μｇ／ｍＬ和７８７ｍｇ／１００ｍＬ，游离态氨基酸含量为９４３４～１０４６２ｍｇ／１００ｍＬ。     

金针菇WF菌株深层发酵工艺的研究

金针菇ＷＦ（Ｆｌａｍｍｎｌｉｎａｖｅｌｕｔｉｐｅｓ）菌株是我们从区内收集和分离的１０个菌株中，经筛选获得的一株适合深层发酵的高产优质菌株。本文报道了适宜发酵培养基，摇瓶发酵条件，结果表明，其适宜发酵培养液，玉米２％，蔗糖２％，ＫＨ２ＰＯ４０．３％，ＭｇＳＯ４·７Ｈ２Ｏ０．１５％，适宜的摇瓶发酵条件为：培养温度２０～２２℃，培养基起始ｐＨ６．０～６．２，摇瓶转速１４０～１６０ｒ／ｍｉｎ，菌丝体干收率３．０％（Ｗ／Ｖ）为工业化生产发酵菌丝体准备了良好的条件。     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Effect of puerarin on pulmonary arterioles wall collagen metabolism of chronic hypoxia hypercapnia rats

AIM:To investigate the effect of puerarin on pulmonary vessel collagen metabolism in pulmonary hypertension rats induced by chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia.METHODS:Collagen Ⅰ, Ⅲ and their mRNA were observed in pulmonary arterioles by the technique of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.RESULTS:① Light microscopy showed media thickness of pulmonary arterioles was much higher in HH(hypoxic-hypercapnia) group than that of NC(normal control) group, and, vessel cavity turned more straiter in HH group than that of NC group.However, the damage of pulmonary arterioles in HP(hypoxic-pueratin) group was much slighter than that of HH group. ② The levels of plasma ET-1 and lung homogenates Hyr were much higher in HH group than those of NC group(P＜0.01), and lower in HP group than HH groups(P＜0.01).Plasma NO content in group HH was lower than that of group NC(P＜0.01), it was higher in group HP than that of group HH(P＜0.01).③Expression of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅰ mRNA in pulmonary arterioles were significantly higher in HH groups than those of NC group (P＜0.01), and they were lower in HP group than those of HH group (P＜0.01).Expression of collagen Ⅲ and collagen Ⅲ mRNA showed no difference among three groups(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Puerarin inhibited the deposition of collagen and improved pulmonary vessel remodeling.     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Multi-scale landscape and seascape patterns associated with marbled murrelet nesting areas on the U.S. west coast

Habitat for wide-ranging species should be addressed at multiple scales to fully understand factors that limit populations. The marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), a threatened seabird, forages on the ocean and nests inland in large trees. We developed statistical relationships between murrelet use (occupancy and abundance) and habitat variables quantified across many spatial scales (statewide to local) and two time periods in California and southern Oregon, USA. We also addressed (1) if old-growth forest fragmentation was negatively associated with murrelet use, and (2) if some nesting areas are more important than others due to their proximity to high quality marine habitat. Most landscapes used for nesting were restricted to low elevation areas with frequent fog. Birds were most abundant in unfragmented old-growth forests located within a matrix of mature second-growth forest. Murrelets were less likely to occupy old-growth habitat if it was isolated (> 5 km) from other nesting murrelets. We found a time lag in response to fragmentation, where at least a few years were required before birds abandoned fragmented forests. Compared to landscapes with little tono murrelet use, landscapes with many murrelets were closer to the ocean's bays, river mouths, sandy shores, submarine canyons, and marine waters with consistently high primary productivity. Within local landscapes (≤ 800ha), inland factors limited bird abundance, but at the broadest landscape scale studied (3200 ha), proximity to marine habitat was most limiting. Management should focus on protecting or creating large, contiguous old-growth forest stands, especially in low-elevation areas near productive marine habitat. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。