音乐对猪福利的影响

音乐本是人们休闲、娱乐或其在他特定场合活动时表达内心情感的一种艺术形式。现代科学研究表明,动物同人类一样,具有复杂的神经系统,对音乐具有一定的感知能力。音乐能够影响动物的情绪、影响动物的免疫功能等等。随着人们对农场动物福利的关注,越来越多的研究把音乐作为提高动物福利的一种手段。在此背景下,音乐对猪福利影响方面的研究近年也开始受到关注。该文简述了动物福利相关概念、与人的关系,音乐的作用机制及对猪的影响方面的研究概况,以期引起更多从事动物福利方面、音乐方面及养猪方面的专业人士或研究人员对此问题做更深入和详细的研究。     

音乐调控动物情绪和生产性能的作用及机制研究进展

在集约化生产体系中，音乐作为一种良好的环境富集手段，对于改善动物福利有着重要的潜在价值。而由于现阶段对音乐调控动物情绪的研究不够系统和深入，难以建立统一的标准，一定程度上限制了实际畜牧生产中音乐调控技术的应用。本文从动物情绪和行为、生理指标、生产性能3个方面分析了音乐的不同参数（如音色、音高、音速、节奏）和播放方式对动物的影响，同时，从共振频率、下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴的间接调控、丘脑组织的关键基因表达3个角度探索了音乐调控动物情绪的潜在机制，为明确音乐调控过程中的关键参数提供理论基础，以便更好地提升现代集约化养殖生产体系中动物的福利水平和生产性能，为进一步确立音乐调控的技术标准提供参考。     

抵抗素与动物肌内脂肪沉积研究进展

抵抗素是一种脂肪组织特异分泌的多肽类激素,对啮齿动物和人类有多效性作用。抵抗素分泌来源和抵抗素功能的多样性有很大差异。随着人们对抵抗素功能的不断深入了解,其在调控动物糖脂代谢与肌内脂肪沉积等方面的作用逐渐成为研究热点。文章综述抵抗素的作用机制及其对脂肪代谢的调控和肌内脂肪沉积等方面的影响。     

干细胞分化调控与动物生产的关系

干细胞是具有自我更新和多向分化功能的细胞群。目前,干细胞已广泛应用于发育生物学、再生医学等研究领域,并在心血管疾病等人类重大疾病的治疗中具有较大应用价值。干细胞作为动物生长发育的重要参与者,其分化方向和程度与动物生产息息相关。一些重要的转录因子相互协同,共同调控干细胞定向分化过程。然而,它们在这一过程中的确切作用及其互作目前尚不清楚。此外,营养作为机体组织构成的物质基础还通过调控干细胞的增殖分化影响动物组织的生长发育。本文将对干细胞分化及其调控与动物生产的关系作一简要综述。     

动物脂肪沉积的基因调控

动物脂肪的过度沉积是影响胴体品质和人类健康的重要问题之一。近年来，减少动物脂肪的过度沉积，阐明其调控的分子机制及建立相应的调控技术．已成为动物营养学研究的热点．并已取得许多重要的研究成果。文中主要论述了动物脂肪沉积的调节机制和脂肪细胞分化的调控．以及分子生物学技术对动物脂肪沉积调控的研究进展。     

家畜脂肪发育相关基因的研究进展

脂肪是动物体内重要的供能和储能物质,是含能量最高的营养素。动物的脂肪发育受遗传和环境两方面的影响,而遗传方面的影响是最本质的,在遗传上的调控最重要的是基因的调控。了解基因调控对动物脂肪生长发育的调控机制,对畜牧生产具有重要的指导意义。本文通过研究家养动物脂肪代谢关键基因,了解它们的生物学功能,从而对家养动物的脂肪形成、肌肉生长进行调控,生产出符合市场需求的肉产品。     

音乐在动物养殖中的积极作用

正音乐是随着节奏不断变化的各类音调,也是人类情感最自然的流露。音乐不仅能缓解人的焦虑、抑郁、急躁等负面情绪,也可改善人的疲劳感和疼痛感,从而提升人的语言及认知能力。音乐在动物养殖过程中是否可以产生相同的影响或功效有待于研究。近些年,很多学者针对音乐刺激下动物在生理、心理等方面的反应进行深入研究,取得了显著的研究成果,证实音乐能促进动物养殖的良性发展。音乐对动物养殖产生的影响主要表现在动物体外部,作用于动     

动物脂肪沉积的分子调控机制

脂肪组织一直被当作具有能量的储存功能,直到一系列的脂肪细胞因子被发现后,人们逐渐认识到脂肪组织还是一个复杂且高度活跃的分泌功能,其参与包括食欲、能量平衡、胰岛素敏感性、繁殖、骨形成、炎症反应和免疫等许多过程的调控。脂肪功能的紊乱多与人类的肥胖病、糖尿病以及代谢综合症相关联,因此动物脂肪沉积的分子调控机制也备受人们关注。本文综述了目前在模式动物上研究的相对较为透彻的一些调控通路以及调控因子,例如,PPARg,C/EBPs,Hedgehog,Wnt/beta-catenin,BMPs,KLFs,Insulin和IGF1等。在未来的研究中,除了要继续利用模式动物挖掘和细化脂肪细胞分化的调控机制外,研究家畜脂肪组织调控机制的异同,对于动物育种也具有重要的意义。     

精浆胞外囊泡对精子功能的作用研究进展

近年来,体液中的胞外囊泡受到特别关注,许多物种精浆中均含有胞外囊泡,这些精浆胞外囊泡可以影响精子功能,还可作为雄性动物繁殖力或人类不孕不育相关疾病的标志.本文综述了精浆胞外囊泡对精子功能作用的研究进展,以期更好地理解精子受精能力的调控机制,同时为畜牧生产中提高雄性动物繁殖力和男性生育相关疾病治疗提供一定的思路和参考.     

免疫球蛋白调控动物胃肠道健康及微生物功能的研究进展

动物胃肠道被视为抵御外界病原体的一道重要屏障,胃肠道健康与动物机体健康密不可分。动物胃肠道中栖息着大量多样性的微生物种群,微生物之间的相互作用复杂且多样,微生物的功能和种类组成影响着胃肠道的稳态平衡。微生物群通过定植在胃肠道黏膜,在黏膜免疫系统发育中起着至关重要的作用,同时也对胃肠道健康与功能起着重要作用。调控胃肠道健康的方式有很多种,目前主要通过添加益生元、益生素等非营养物质和营养调控剂来调控胃肠道功能和维护胃肠道健康。但相较于其他营养调控剂来说,免疫球蛋白调控胃肠道的研究报道较少,属于新的免疫调控技术,其具有特异专一性、易生产且成本低、效果显著等优点。免疫调节是一种高效且相对安全的调节方式。作者介绍了4种免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgA、IgY、纳米抗体)的主要理化性质,总结了现阶段免疫球蛋白对胃肠道功能调节的进展及展望,从而为应用免疫球蛋白调控动物胃肠道健康和促进营养代谢提供指导。     

Transcranial magnetic stimulation: review of the technique,basic principles and applications

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is rapidly developing as a powerful, non-invasive tool for studying the descending motor tracts in humans. The applications of the test in animals are for the moment restricted to small animals. However, this non-invasive, sensitive and painless technique appears promising as a test of motor tract function in horses where the neurological examination is mainly restricted to clinical evaluation and some ancillary tests, such as radiography, cerebrospinal fluid analysis and electromyography. In this review, we want to discuss the history, basic principles, technique and applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation in humans and small animals and indicate the possibilities for its use in horses. Since the great portion of this review is based on human studies, it is worthwhile to mention that the reports being described are from humans unless otherwise specified.     

Genetic polymorphism as a background of animal behavior

Various studies have shown the associations between differences in human behavioral traits and genetic polymorphism of neurotransmitter-related proteins such as receptors, transporters and monoamine oxidase. To clarify the genetic background of animal behavior, corresponding regions in animals have been analyzed. The study has been especially focused on primates, as the evolutionally closest animal to humans, and on dogs, as the socially closest animal to humans. In primates, polymorphisms were discovered between or within species, and the functional effects on neural transmission were found to be different by alleles. Even in apes, the closest species to humans, function was different from that in humans. In dogs, allele distributions of several genes were different among breeds showing different behavioral traits, and genes associated with individual differences in aggressiveness and aptitude of working dogs were surveyed. The survey of behavior-related genes has also been carried out in other mammals such as horses and cetaceans. Genes controlling various behaviors in birds have also been reported. The marker genes for behavior will provide useful information for human evolution, welfare of zoo animals and effective selection of working dogs and industry animals.     

Serotonin: a review

5-Hydroxytryptamine, or serotonin, is a biogenic amine most noted for its role as a neurotransmitter. Manipulation of serotonin in animal models was used as a tool for studying its role in humans. Through such research serotonin has been shown to modulate gastrointestinal motility, peripheral vascular tone, cerebral vascular tone, and platelet function and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders, emesis, migraine, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and pulmonary and systemic hypertension. The knowledge gained is being directly applied back to animals in research on drugs that manipulate the serotonergic system in dogs and cats. Increasing use and availability of drugs that manipulate the serotonergic system has created a circumstance through which a novel toxicity was discovered in both humans and animals. Serotonin Syndrome describes the clinical picture seen in humans and animals with serotonin toxicity. This paper provides a review the physiology of serotonin and its involvement in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of various conditions, including the Serotonin Syndrome.     

Zoonotic poxviruses

Poxviruses compromise a group of long known important pathogens including some zoonotic members affecting lifestock animals and humans. While whole genome sequence analysis started to shed light into the molecular mechanisms underlying host cell infection, viral replication as well as virulence, our understanding of poxvirus maintenance in nature and their transmission to humans is still poor. During the last two decades, reports on emerging human monkeypox outbreaks in Africa and North America, the increasing number of cowpox virus infections in cats, exotic animals and humans and cases of vaccinia virus infections in humans in South America and India reminded us that – beside the eradicated smallpox virus – there are other poxviruses that can cause harm to men. We start to learn that the host range of some poxviruses is way broader than initially thought and that mainly rodents seem to function as virus reservoir. The following review is aiming to provide an up-to-date overview on the epidemiology of zoonotic poxviruses, emphasizing orthopoxviruses. By outlining the current knowledge of poxvirus transmission, we hope to raise the awareness about modes of acquisition of infections and their proper diagnosis.     

饲用抗生素细菌耐药性的研究进展

饲用抗生素的不当使用,尤其是抗生素促长剂的滥用,导致动物体内细菌耐药性的产生并不断增强。耐药性细菌及其耐药基因会在动物、环境、人体之间水平传播,从而对人类健康造成了严重威胁。为此一些发达国家纷纷采取措施限制饲用抗生素的使用。研究表明,抗生素促长剂停用后,畜禽体内及动物性食品中耐药菌显著减少,相应地人体内耐药菌携带率亦随之显著下降。     

Historical review of smallpox, the eradication of smallpox and the attenuated smallpox MVA vaccine]

After the WHO had declared smallpox to be eradicated in 1980, smallpox vaccination ceased to be carried out in humans all over the world. The cutaneous inoculations carried out with live vaccines based on the vaccinia virus from 1798 onwards protected both the global population and, indirectly, the animals living with humans against orthopox infections in general. A large percentage of humans and animals no longer enjoy this protection. Idiopathic orthopox in animals (reservoir possibly rats and mice) are thus experiencing a renaissance, posing a threat to humans and animals. The paper provides an historical retrospective of smallpox epidemics in humankind, their course of development and methods employed to combat this disease, commencing long before the birth of Christ with primitive attempts in China and India and from the end of the 18th century with increasingly enhanced methods, most recently with worldwide smallpox vaccination programmes using live vaccinia vaccines. Smallpox vaccination was always accompanied by a variety of complications, especially postvaccinal encephalitis. The MVA strain was developed to reduce or prevent such adverse effects. MVA has meanwhile proved its worth both as a parenteral vaccine against orthopox infections in humans and animals and as a vector for insertion of foreign genes. The history of smallpox, the fight against this disease and the development of MVA are documented with the help of figures and tables.     

环境内分泌干扰物对睾丸间质细胞功能的影响

近年来,环境内分泌干扰物(environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals,EDCs)对雄性动物的生殖毒性引起了广泛的关注。大量资料显示EDCs可引起雄性生殖发育障碍,如隐睾、尿道下裂、睾丸癌、精液品质不良等。作者就几种典型的EDCs对睾丸间质细胞分泌睾酮的影响机制作一综述。     

Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome in Humans and Animals

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), defined as the presence of altered organ function in an acutely ill patient such that homeostasis cannot be maintained without intervention, is a cause of high morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. Many advances have been made in understanding the pathophysiology and treatment of this syndrome in human medicine, but much still is unknown. This comparative review will provide information regarding the history and pathophysiology of MODS in humans and discuss how MODS affects each major organ system in animals.     

The management of risk arising from the use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine in EU/EEA countries – a review

Antimicrobials are essential medicines for the treatment of many microbial infections in humans and animals. Only a small number of antimicrobial agents with new mechanisms of action have been authorized in recent years for use in either humans or animals. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) arising from the use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine is a concern for public health due to the detection of increasing levels of resistance in foodborne zoonotic bacteria, particularly gram‐negative bacteria, and due to the detection of determinants of resistance such as Extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamases (ESBL) in bacteria from animals and in foodstuffs of animal origin. The importance and the extent of the emergence and spread of AMR from animals to humans has yet to be quantified. Likewise, the relative contribution that the use of antimicrobial agents in animals makes to the overall risk to human from AMR is currently a subject of debate that can only be resolved through further research. Nevertheless, risk managers have agreed that the impact on public health of the use of antimicrobials in animals should be minimized as far as possible and a variety of measures have been introduced by different authorities in the EU to achieve this objective. This article reviews a range of measures that have been implemented within European countries to reduce the occurrence and the risk of transmission of AMR to humans following the use of antimicrobial agents in animals and briefly describes some of the alternatives to the use of antimicrobial agents that are being developed.     

Stakeholder position paper: companion animal veterinarian

The total quantity of use in companion animals is generally believed to be relatively small in comparison with antimicrobial use in food animals. Use in companion animals is principally for treatment, whereas the greater proportion of use in food animals is for prophylaxis, metaphylaxis and growth promotion. Therefore, it is important to collect data on end use in companion animals so that overall estimates of use in companion animals can be generated and separated from estimates for food animals. However, data from antimicrobial use in companion animals are extremely limited and no serious attempts to collect such data have ever been made in the United States. The lack of usage data in is concomitant with the dearth of information on antimicrobial resistance in companion animals. Companion animals have been involved in the transmission to humans of, or become infected with, foodborne zoonotic bacteria such as Salmonella and Campylobacter. Companion animals are an integral part of the ecology of antimicrobial resistance through their contact with food animals and exposure to antimicrobials for disease treatment and through contact with humans and the environment. In the practice of companion animal medicine, antimicrobial use data are important for understanding the potential impact on companion animal heath posed by antimicrobial resistance transferred from food animals, humans and the environment, and the threat to humans and other companion animals posed by antimicrobial use in companion animals. Basic information on the patterns and quantities of antimicrobial use in combination with resistance surveillance data, could help companion animal veterinarians understand the potential for development, or evidence of, an antimicrobial resistance problem in their practices, the role of companion animals in the overall epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance, and for comparison with local, regional, or national data. The combination of data from either a sentinel site system of clinics or a use survey with national data from the pharmaceutical industry should provide sufficient data to credibly estimate the total volume and patterns of antimicrobial use in companion animal medicine. The time and effort for use monitoring or to complete a survey would likely become burdensome. Practice management software now utilized at most companion animal clinics could be used to generate antimicrobial use data as well as patient population data as surrogate for the true population at risk for patient encounters in a companion animal practice.