白僵菌和肿腿蜂对松墨天牛幼虫的作用

在不同温度、不同剂量下用白僵菌侵染松墨天牛越冬4龄幼虫,结果表明:20～25 ℃是白僵菌作用松墨天牛的最适温度范围.20 ℃时3种浓度剂量的白僵菌孢悬液在松墨天牛体内有效继代校正宿存率均达最高,分别为58%、95%、100%.通过白僵菌、管氏肿腿蜂及携带白僵菌的管氏肿腿蜂分别对松墨天牛4龄幼虫的作用比较发现:第7天时,单独接种白僵菌的最高死亡率在25 ℃条件下是26.3%;单独接肿腿蜂的最高死亡率是55.0%;携菌肿腿蜂的最高致死率为94.4%.林间防治试验表明:肿腿蜂携带白僵菌使松墨天牛幼虫死亡率达到61.1%,而肿腿蜂使松墨天牛幼虫的林间致死率是40.8%,白僵菌的为0.肿腿蜂携带白僵菌可对松墨天牛幼虫起到更好的防治效果.     

管氏肿腿蜂在两种试验条件下对松墨天牛入木幼虫的寄生

在野外自然条件和室内限制管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guaniXiao et Wu逃逸条件下,研究了肿腿蜂对松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope入木幼虫的寄生。研究发现松墨天牛幼虫蛀道内存在1种捕食性天敌;肿腿蜂在限制逃逸条件下对松墨天牛入木幼虫的寄生率为63.92%;在野外自然条件下肿腿蜂与捕食性天敌共同作用,试验结果显示松墨天牛幼虫死亡率与对照组存在显著差异,说明肿腿蜂在野外对松墨天牛入木幼虫的寄生作用是显著的。     

引诱剂诱捕松墨天牛成虫试验

利用FJ-MA-03松墨天牛引诱剂诱捕松墨天牛成虫的试验结果表明:松墨天牛成虫在江川县发生期为4月中旬至8月中旬,其间诱捕到松墨天牛成虫498头.6月诱捕到327头成虫,占诱捕总数的65.66%,是诱捕松墨天牛成虫的最佳时期.     

16%虫线清乳油不同浓度防治松墨天牛试验

松墨天牛是松树上的重要蛀干性害虫,又是松材线虫病主要传播媒介。于4~5月间通过使用16%虫线清乳油,以不同浓度的荮液防治松树枯死木中的松墨天牛效果显著。经林间对122株马尾松枯死木喷药试验结果表明,对松墨天牛幼虫、蛹及成虫的杀伤力极强,施药后第15天检查,杀虫率达100%。用此种农药防治松墨天牛,可以降低虫口密度,以便控制松墨天牛危害,达到防治目的。     

松墨天牛成虫行为与化学生态学研究进展

[目的]通过对松材线虫的媒介松墨天牛的防控以达到控制松材线虫病的目的。[方法]通过查阅国内外相关文献,对松墨天牛成虫行为与化学生态学进行归纳总结。[结果]松墨天牛成虫活动范围较小,当食物短缺时会远距离迁飞。大部分成虫补充营养10 d后才开始交配,交配分为三个阶段:雌雄成虫共同受寄主植物挥发物吸引,雄虫通过短距离信息素吸引雌虫,再通过接触信息素识别雌虫。植物挥发物如α-蒎烯和乙醇等可以引起松墨天牛成虫的反应,樟子松墨天牛雄虫分泌的聚集信息素2-undecyloxy-1-ethanol能同时引诱雄虫和雌虫,使用植物挥发物与聚集信息素复配研制出的引诱剂如APF-I型引诱剂引诱松墨天牛时,效果比单独使用更加显著,是一种灵敏高效、环境友好、不易产生抗性的防治方法。视觉在松墨天牛活动中具备一定的指导作用,使其对褐色有较大的选择偏向性,当复眼被涂黑后交配成功率也相对下降。进行取食选择时,选择健康木优先于衰弱木,进行产卵选择时则相反。未交配松墨天牛对健康松枝挥发物的触角电位反应值比被害松枝挥发物的反应值大,交配后的松墨天牛触角电位反应与交配前相反。产卵后雌虫会在产卵孔分泌包含产卵忌避信息素的胶状物,防止其他雌虫在此处产卵。[结论]可以使用引诱剂防治松墨天牛,也可以应用天敌生物花绒寄甲、白僵菌和管氏肿腿蜂等防控松墨天牛。     

几种诱杀松墨天牛方法的效果比较及评价

利用３种方法诱杀松墨天牛成虫的试验结果表明,松饵木能引诱到补充营养的松墨天牛成虫,且雌成虫能在松饵木上产卵,引诱剂对引诱怀卵的松墨天牛成虫的效果较好。引诱剂和松饵木使用方便、安全,成本较低,大面积应用可降低松墨天牛种群密度,减少松材线虫传播机会。但单独使用达不到防治松材线虫病的目标。灯光诱杀远不如引诱剂和松饵木,且其成本高,安全性差,用于松墨天牛防治不宜提倡。利用引诱剂和松饵木在监测松墨天牛及松材     

管氏肿腿蜂及其带菌室内防治松墨天牛幼虫试验

利用管氏肿腿蜂及其携带球孢白僵菌进行室内防治松墨天牛幼虫试验,结果表明:管氏肿腿蜂对松墨天牛幼虫的寄生死亡率随着接蜂量的增加而提高。在一定的接蜂量(虫蜂比1∶2~1∶5)下,松墨天牛龄期越大,被寄生效果越低,对3龄幼虫的平均寄生死亡率为90%,4龄虫平均为77.5%,5龄虫平均为52.5%。每只管氏肿腿蜂携带球孢白僵菌约1×107个孢子时,对4~5龄松墨天牛幼虫按虫蜂比1∶1、1∶2和1∶3接蜂,寄生感染死亡率分别为55%、75%和100%;管氏肿腿蜂携带球孢白僵菌防治木段内的松墨天牛幼虫寄生感染死亡率为87.13%。     

山西沁水县松墨天牛发生危害规律

[目的 ]本研究旨在明确山西省沁水县松墨天牛发生规律及危害特征,为有效防控松墨天牛在山西省内进一步扩散蔓延并阻断松材线虫入侵山西省提供理论科学依据。[方法 ]于2019—2022年,采用“动态监测法”连续4 a悬挂松墨天牛诱捕器监测松墨天牛成虫种群发生动态并分析成虫形态特征;结合“总有效积温定律”和气象数据,推算山西省沁水县松墨天牛发生世代数;建立24块标准样地,采用“每木检尺法”调查样地内的乔木树种遭受松墨天牛危害情况,同时选取36株危害致死的白皮松进行立木解剖,以明确松墨天牛在寄主树种白皮松上的发生危害规律。[结果 ]山西省沁水县松墨天牛雌雄成虫的鞘翅长、触角长、触角长/体长、胫节长、股节长这5个指标在雌雄之间的差异达到显著水平,可使用松墨天牛成虫“触角长/体长”作为松墨天牛性别判定的形态指标;松墨天牛在山西省沁水县约为1年1代,松墨天牛成虫的发生期约为5月下旬至10月上旬,其中始见期为5月下旬,始盛期为6月中旬,羽化高峰期为6月中旬至7月中下旬,盛末期为7月中下旬,终见期为10月上旬;在山西省沁水县,松墨天牛主要危害径级为2.50～17.50 cm白皮松树,其中幼虫主要分布于树干...     

不同引诱剂和诱捕器对松墨天牛的林间引诱效果

2006年和2007年,采用不同的诱捕器和引诱剂,对泸县和富顺的马尾松林中松墨天牛成虫进行了诱捕.结果表明自制SC-1型松墨天牛引诱剂和A-3型松墨天牛引诱剂对松墨天牛成虫的引诱效果基本相同.替代型塑料质诱捕器对松墨天牛成虫的引诱效果只有YB-50型铁质松墨天牛诱捕器的63.70%～81.11%,但塑料质诱捕器成本低、安装简便、不易丢失.在林间虫口数量较大的林区,在同一地点连续进行诱捕,可有效减少林间松墨天牛虫口数量,可用于对松墨天牛的防治.而在林间虫口数量较小的林区,采用诱捕的方法对松墨天牛进行防治,则效果较差甚至没有效果.在四川泸县和富顺诱捕的天牛成虫中,尚未发现松材线虫.     

川硬皮肿腿蜂携带白僵菌主动传染松墨天牛探索试验

进行了川硬皮肿腿蜂携带白僵菌主动传染松墨天牛的室内探索试验,结果表明,松墨天牛个体大小对川蜂能否成功寄生影响很大,在4龄天牛幼虫上,川蜂不能寄生;3龄幼虫中,以每头10蜂处理的寄生率达到70%,以每头5蜂处理的寄生率为40%,寄生成功后川蜂能在寄主上完成生活史。Bxs菌株对川蜂的毒力不强,可以忽略白僵菌对川蜂的毒力影响。     

不同脱袋栽植方式对白蜡容器苗生长的影响

通过未脱袋去除容器底部、脱袋保留土球、脱袋抖落土球和未脱袋4种栽植方式进行容器苗造林,研究白蜡在晋北地区脱袋造林的效果。结果表明,在晋北地区,脱袋与不脱袋造林对白蜡株高与生物量的影响不显著。但脱袋后白蜡地上部分与地下部分生物量显著提高,根系生长更好。容器袋限制侧根生长,脱袋面积越大,侧根发育越好;保留土球(基质)能够提升地上部分与地下部分联系,促进根系发育,提高苗木抗逆性。因此,在晋北地区种植白蜡宜采用脱袋保留土球的造林方法。     

基于热封合参数的食品包装袋封口热封合强度测试试验研究

为了测量食品包装袋封口热封合强度,提出基于热封合电压和热封合时间参数的包装袋封口热封合强度测试试验方法。通过设定热封合电压、热封合时间参数,在确定热封合电压参数条件下改变热封合时间参数并制备出包装袋封口试样,分别测试出不同热封合电压和热封合时间参数条件下包装袋封口试样的热封合强度,分析测试结果并得出不同热封合电压和热封合时间参数条件下包装袋封口热封合强度变化特点。测试结果表明：1改变热封合电压参数和热封合时间参数,食品包装袋试样拉伸时会出现撕裂、封口处拉断和封口外侧拉断三种情形;2合理设置热封合电压参数和热封合时间参数,能够保证食品包装袋封口试样具有较高的热封合强度。     

纱网袋颜色对红雉凤仙花传粉者不同时间段访花行为的影响

盗蜜对植物生殖成功的影响仍存在争议,通过用纱网袋套蜜距隔离盗蜜者创设无盗蜜者的对照可有效研究盗蜜的生态学后果和机制,但因为传粉昆虫会偏爱某一色系的花朵,纱网袋颜色可能会干扰传粉者行为。为了筛选对传粉者干扰最小的纱网袋颜色,设计了4种颜色(黑、白、红、绿)纱网袋套蜜距,以不套蜜距作为对照,在一天中6个时间段观测红雉凤仙花传粉者的访花频率和单花停留时间。结果表明:(1)不同颜色纱网袋套蜜距的花朵被传粉者访问的频率差异显著,对照组访问频率最高,白色纱网袋处理组与之接近,套黑色纱网袋处理访问频率最低且与其他4个处理差异均显著;纱网袋颜色对传粉者单花停留时间无显著影响。(2)观测时间段对目标花朵被传粉者访问的频率和单花停留时间影响均显著。下午14:30—15:00访问次数最多,而上午9:30—9:50单花停留时间最长。实验结果显示在隔离盗蜜者时,用白色纱网袋套蜜距对传粉者访花行为干扰较小,黑色干扰最大,这为隔离盗蜜者研究盗蜜对植物与传粉互利共生关系的影响提供了重要的方法参考。     

不同套袋处理对甜柿果实品质的影响

为探讨套袋对甜柿果实品质的影响,采用9种果袋,于7月10日统一对'富有'甜柿果实进行套袋试验,10月7日去袋,至11月7日果实成熟时统一采摘。研究结果表明:采前30 d去袋的套袋处理利于甜柿果实着色,双层袋处理5使果实呈典型的橙黄色。果皮中色素与色泽呈显著相关性。单层袋处理7极显著降低了果面锈斑率及病褐斑发生率。套袋降低了甜柿果实内可溶性固形物和还原糖含量,以双层袋的降低效应较为明显。单层袋及双层袋处理6显著提高了果实内可溶性总糖和维生素C含量。各果袋均利于提高甜柿果实内游离氨基酸和蛋白质含量,单层袋处理7使果实内蛋白质的含量达到6.1×10^-3 mg·g^-1,达到显著差异水平。双层袋处理6除对Zn的含量有降低外, 均明显提高其它各类矿质元素的含量。综合考虑各项指标得出,白色复合纸单层袋最适于提高甜柿果实的内外品质,外黄内白双层袋次之。     

Pathogenicity of the pine wood nematode at different developmental stages

The ability of the pine wood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a pathogen that causes pine wilt disease, to kill cortical cells of Japanese black pine,Pinus thunbergii, during early development of the disease was conjectured to be a function of nematode developmental stage. A tangential segment of bark was removed from a 2-cm-long current-year stem. The cortex-exposed segments with cut cortical resin canals were designated as + RC-segments and those without them as − RC-segments. When a nematode population containing many older juveniles and adults (NL) was inoculated onto the cut surface, the − RC-segments were still alive 4 d after inoculation, as were non-inoculated control segments. When cortex-exposed segments were inoculated with either a nematode population containing many younger nematodes (NS) or with nematodes isolated from inoculated pine cuttings that also contained many younger juveniles, most tissue cells in − RC-segments died 4 d after inoculation, suggesting that younger juveniles killed pine cells directly, in contrast with older juveniles and adults. When nematodes were inoculated onto + RC-segments in which they could easily enter resin canals, both NL and NS killed the segment tissues. This suggests that NL is pathogenic to pine cells while living in resin canals. Such differences in the pathogenicity of NL and NS to pine parenchymatous cells were also demonstrated in a pathogenicity assay system using bark peelings, which allowed an estimate of direct attack on the cambial cells by nematodes. Based on these results, we hypothesize that younger juveniles are pathogenic to pine parenchymatous cells, while adults and older juveniles are not pathogenic. This work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No.01440012 and 06454088) and for Young Scientists (to K.I.) from Ministry of Education, Science, Culture, and Sports of Japan, and by a grant from PROBRAIN.     

丹东河口艳红桃可降解纸袋套袋对果实品质的影响

通过对比试验研究了丹东河口艳红桃可降解纸袋套袋对果实品质的影响,结果表明:艳红桃采用可降解纸袋套袋,能有效防治虫害和桃锈病对果实的危害并能防治裂果病。在果实快速生长期进行套袋和在着色期脱袋增加了果实色泽,提高了其商品性能。     

松毛虫种群生态控制可行性分析

通过分析松毛虫与松林、天敌、森林植物群落的相互关系，如森林生态系统的特点、松树的补偿和超补偿能力、天敌自然控制作用、生物多样性控制作用，以及生物技术的应用，讨论了松毛虫种群生态控制的可行性。     

Armillaria trapping in aPinus koraiensis plantation in northeast China

Trap bags were used to assess the presence of anArmillaria species in aPinus koraiensis plantation in Heilongjiang, China. 216 trap bags containing bark were placed in three plots at 2 × 2m spacing. After 10 weeks, the presence ofArmillaria was determined from the growth of rhizomorphs in the trap bags. The trap bag method proved successful in determining the presence of viableArmillaria rhizomorphs where only a few dead trees showed signs of the disease. The distribution of positive traps corresponded generally with the presence of rhizomorphs in the soil taken from the trap holes. However, the trap bags were superior to soil samples for evaluating the presence of viable rhizomorphs. The fresh, abundant rhizomorphs were easily identified by persons inexperienced in the assessmentof Armillaria root rot. Several practical problems need to be solved before the method is applicable in general forest management in China.     

In situ forcing of pollen maturation in Jack pine and Japanese larch male cones

Paper bags equipped with a polyethylene window were placed on branchlets 6 and 9 weeks before the time of pollen dispersal of Japanese larch and Jack pine, respectively. This technique produced a localized greenhouse effect around the branchlets, accelerating male cone development. For Jack pine trees, buds in bags with the window oriented upward had the shortest maturation time. In fact, it was possible to collect these pollen cones about 11 days before the unbagged control without decreasing the production of pollen. The mean germination rate of the pollen from the bags with the window pointed upward, however, was significantly lower than the control, by about 15%. Buds in bags with the window oriented downward had an accelerated development of about 9 days (compared to the control) but did not experience a decrease in pollen production or quality. This same technique caused the abortion of male cones of the Japanese larch trees. Thermal probes in the bags enabled us to follow the progression of temperature inside and outside the bags during the development of the male cone in each species. They revealed that the bags increased mean temperature, daily temperature range, and degree-day accumulation, and that this effect was most pronounced for Jack pine, when the polyethylene window was oriented upward.     

包装袋对核桃青果贮藏效果对比试验

为了探明不同包装袋对青皮核桃在冷藏期间贮藏效果的影响,采用气调保鲜袋PE40、PE50硅窗袋g50、g55、g60、g656种包装袋。以清香青果为试材研究了不同贮藏期中贮藏效果对比试验。结果表明:与普通硅窗袋相比核桃青果贮藏宜采用自发气调袋,在PE40~PE50,建议选择P40袋。