半干旱地区雨水高效富集利用技术应用

在我国半干旱山区,高效利用雨水资源发展高效节水农业,提高灌溉水的利用率和农田水的利用效率,是解决水资源短缺问题的重要措施。"半干旱区雨水高效富集利用技术"是指天然降水在250～600mm的地区汇集降水进行农田补充灌溉的一整套实用技术。它紧紧围绕提高有限降水的高效富集高效利用,对集雨工程技术、灌溉技术、农业与生物技术、节水农机具及防渗新材料、运行管理模式进行了集成、创新研究及示范,形成了农业高效用水的技术体系。     

渭干河——库车河三角洲绿洲的水资源问题与农业节水潜力分析

建立节水型社会是我国的一项基本政策,也是解决渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲水资源问题可持续利用的战略选择。渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲水资源开发利用中存在的问题:主要由于社会、经济的发展及不合理的用水导致水资源短缺、水资源过度开发,水资源利用效率低、生态环境恶化等。渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲是典型的灌溉农业区,农业灌溉大部分仍采用粗放型的宽河大渠输水、田间大水漫灌方式,灌溉定额普遍偏高,农业节水潜力很大。本文重点定量分析了该绿洲农业用水效益、农业节水潜力,建议农业节水的途径及节水灌溉技术应从骨干工程改造节水、中低产田改造节水、降低地下水位节水、改造作物灌溉制度节水、加强管理节水等几个方面进行。最后提出渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲水资源可持续利用的对策措施。     

新的农业科技革命与21世纪我国节水农业的发展

２１世纪我国农业可持续发展的主要制约因素是水资源不足及水土资源分布不均,我国２１世纪农业发展所面临的供水危机,将比任何时期都严峻,解决上述危机的根本出路是大力发展规模化农业高效节水技术,逐步提高大范围农业用水利用率和田间单方净耗水量的农产品产出率,２１世纪可能产生突破的几项高效节水关键技术有：（１）作物控制性分交替灌溉新技术,（２）调亏灌溉技术;（３）喷微灌技术和田间地面灌水新技术;（４）农业综合     

干旱地区农业研究

正《干旱地区农业研究》立足于中国北方干旱半干旱及半湿润易旱地区农业科学研究前沿,兼顾湿润地区季节性干旱农业实际和国外旱区农业研究动态,全面反映我国干旱、半干旱及湿润易旱区农业科学技术研究新成果、新理论、新技术、新经验,介绍国外有关最新研究进展。以旱作农业为重点,重视水资源合理利用及灌溉农业的发展。主要刊登抗旱(逆)遗传育种、节水灌溉理论与技术、作物与土壤水分调控、植物抗旱(逆)生理、旱作栽培、土壤与作物营     

干旱地区农业研究

正《干旱地区农业研究》立足于中国北方干旱半干旱及半湿润易旱地区农业科学研究前沿,兼顾湿润地区季节性干旱农业实际和国外旱区农业研究动态,全面反映我国干旱、半干旱及湿润易旱区农业科学技术研究新成果、新理论、新技术、新经验,介绍国外有关最新研究进展。以旱作农业为重点,重视水资源合理利用及灌溉农业的发展。主要刊登抗旱(逆)遗传育种、节水灌溉理论与技术、作物与土壤水分调控、植物抗旱(逆)生理、旱作栽培、土壤与作物营     

我国灌区农业水资源可持续利用问题探讨

本文分析我国灌区农业水资源利用存在的主要问题是水资源短缺与水资源浪费共存、现行体制和政策难以促进有效的节水机制形成、灌溉工程老化、设施薄弱、水资源不合理利用导致生态环境恶化；论述了水价政策对灌区农业水资源可持续利用的影响，提出改革水价以促进灌区节水农业发展的思路；探讨了我国节水农业发展现状与存在的主要问题是节水农业技术不普及，理论认识上存在偏差，注重单项技术，缺乏深入的节水技术综合集成，节水农业创新水平不高，农业节水投资力度不足；提出了我国灌区农业水资源可持续利用的出路是树立可持续利用观念、大力发展节水农业，改革现有管理体制，建立高效有序的水资源管理模式，拉动经济杠杆，建立节水灌溉经济激励机制，建立用户参与管理决策的民主管理机制，建立科学的水价体系，促进地表、地下及降水联调，加强宣传和教育，充分认识水资源危机的紧迫性，为水价改革奠定舆论基础。     

干旱地区农业研究

正《干旱地区农业研究》立足于中国北方干旱半干旱及半湿润易旱地区农业科学研究前沿,兼顾湿润地区季节性干旱农业实际和国外旱区农业研究动态,全面反映我国干旱、半干旱及湿润易旱区农业科学技术研究新成果、新理论、新技术、新经验,介绍国外有关最新研究进展。以旱作农业为重点,重视水资源合理利用及灌溉农业的发展。主要刊登抗旱(逆)遗传育种、节水灌溉理论与技术、作物与土壤水分调控、植物抗旱(逆)生理、旱作栽培、土壤与作物营养、旱情监测预报、旱区生态及水资源管理利用、旱作农业机械等具有创新性、实用性的研究论文、简报、文献综述以及最新动态快报。本刊设有"专家论坛"栏目,约请国内外旱农研究专家进行专题论述。欢迎国内外农业科研工作者不吝赐稿(投稿网址:http://ghdqnyyj.ijournal.cn)。     

敦煌1980-2012年农业水足迹及结构变化特征

运用水足迹模型,从生产水足迹角度计算评价了1980-2012年敦煌市农业水足迹及水资源的可持续性,并进行敦煌农业水足迹结构的合理性研究.研究表明:(1) 1980-2012年敦煌市农业水足迹从1980年的1.26×108m3增加到2012年5.43×108m3,对水资源的真实占用是农业用水统计量的1.72倍;敦煌以经济作物为主的农业结构不合理,耗水作物占经济作物种植的50％以上.(2)水足迹研究为解决干旱区水资源在本流域或更大范围内的合理配置提供了借鉴.敦煌市水资源利用呈不可持续状态,调整经济作物种植结构、实施虚拟水战略,实现农业水资源的高效利用是缓解敦煌水资源紧缺问题的主要措施.     

内蒙古土默特左旗区域节水型生态农业规划研究

本文以农业持续发展为背景。曾对土默特左旗农业发展起到积极作用的传统灌溉方式 ,随着社会和经济的发展 ,这种对水资源的利用方式已经不适应当前社会经济的发展 ,影响到农业的可持续发展。依据区域内农业资源的差异 ,提出了区域节水型生态农业规划。划分出不同的节水农业灌溉区 ,选择适宜的节水灌溉方式。通过合理调配区域内的水资源 ,实现农业水资源的可持续利用。开展区域节水型生态农业规划 ,彻底改变了传统的大水漫灌方式 ,不仅能够提高水资源的利用率 ,而且可以改善土壤的生态环境 ,为实现高效稳定地可持续发展农业奠定基础。     

绿洲农业节水系统的多目标规划模型——以哈密市为例

新疆农业的发展，水起着决定性作用。水土不平衡，水资源的数量与待开发土地之间的尖锐矛盾，使这一地区的绿洲呈串珠状分布，农业在绿洲中求生存，有水则有绿洲，无水则绿洲衰退或消失。近年来干旱区生产中存在的许多经济环境问题，其根本原因就在于水资源紧缺。合理用水，发挥水资源的最大综合效益，建立节水型社会生产体系势在必行。新疆节水的重点在农业，无论现在和将来，农业都是用水大户。通过农业节水，一方面提高土地开发的深度和广度，另一方面促进以农产品为原料的工业和其它较少从属于土地行业的发展，从而为全社会服务。而农业节水的途径就在于大力推广节水型灌溉技术和用水结构的良化。其中采用先进的灌溉技术，减少灌溉定额又是农业节水的根本途径。基于以上思想，本文试图以典型的干旱缺水区、农业上几乎全靠灌溉的哈密市（不包括兵团哈管局）作为研究对象，从水资源系统、灌溉措施和耗水结构即源、流、汇三大内容去着手研究哈密市的水资源利用问题，通过水资源系统的自我完善，先进灌溉技术的运用和农业结构的调整等多个目标的协调来达到合理用水、节约用水的目的。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.