单旋翼农用无人机辅助杂交水稻制种授粉效果研究

2012～2015年采用单旋翼农用无人机分别在湖南、海南、广东杂交水稻制种基地对10个杂交组合父母本大行比制种,在不同自然风速条件下辅助授粉,通过田间花粉密度观测、母本异交结实率及制种产量考查研究授粉效果.结果表明,父母本行比6∶(40～60),单旋翼农用无人机辅助授粉的结实率和产量可达到甚至高于人工辅助授粉,说明单旋翼农用无人机可用于杂交水稻制种辅助授粉,促进制种全程机械化.     

单旋翼农用无人机辅助杂交水稻制种授粉效果研究（英文）

2012~2015年采用单旋翼农用无人机分别在湖南、海南、广东杂交水稻制种基地对10个杂交组合父母本大行比制种,在不同自然风速条件下辅助授粉,通过田间花粉密度观测、母本异交结实率及制种产量考查研究授粉效果。结果表明,父母本行比6∶(40~60),单旋翼农用无人机辅助授粉的结实率和产量可达到甚至高于人工辅助授粉,说明单旋翼农用无人机可用于杂交水稻制种辅助授粉,促进制种全程机械化。     

多旋翼无人机辅助杂交水稻制种授粉效果研究

2021年采用多旋翼无人机对5个杂交组合父母本大行比制种,在不同行比、不同无人机飞行速度条件下辅助授粉,通过制种产量、收益分析研究授粉效果。结果表明,父母本行比5∶24、无人机飞行速度3.5 m/s的无人机辅助授粉产量可达到人工辅助授粉水平,效益显著高于人工辅助授粉方式,说明多旋翼无人机辅助授粉可用于杂交水稻制种生产,促进制种全程机械化。     

常熟市杂交水稻制种风险分析与对策

水稻是世界上最重要的粮食作物之一,杂交水稻在实际农业生产中有着极大的优势。但杂交水稻的制种水平由于受台风、低温、连续阴雨等气候因素的影响有着较大差异,因此加强多方面措施来应对制种风险显得尤为重要。介绍了常熟市杂交水稻繁育推广情况、杂交水稻制种产量现状,分析了杂交水稻制种风险,并提出了对策,以期为降低常熟市杂交水稻制种风险提供参考。     

增强蜜蜂授粉提高杂交油菜制种产量

当前,油菜制种单位都在努力寻求和试验杂交油菜的各种栽培技术,以期达到提高产量的目的。但是,把蜜蜂授粉作为一个专门的提高制种产量的农艺措施,特别是在杂交油菜制种花期阴雨绵绵、低温寡照等不利气候条件下,对通过增强蜜蜂授粉来提高制种油菜结实率的认识、总结,研究得还不够。本文主要结合杂交油菜制种的生产实践对此方法进行阐述。     

杂交水稻规模化机械制种高产高效安全技术的集成与创新

杂交水稻制种是杂交水稻应用于生产的重要环节,涉及到杂交稻种子产量、质量和效益.建立在人工操作上的制种方式,不仅耗费大量的劳力,而且由于人工操作速度慢,容易造成父母本花期错位,延误最佳栽插期,影响父母本生长发育和花期相遇,造成产量下降;特别是对两系杂交水稻制种,容易导致母本穗分化期遭遇低温干扰而育性波动,降低种子纯度,对生产造成重大损失.随着农村劳动力向第二、三产业的大量转移,杂交水稻制种依靠人工操作的矛盾更显突出.其解决的途径,势必开拓规模化机械制种.     

杂交水稻新组合奇优894高产制种技术研究

为给贵州省杂交水稻新组合的高产制种提供理论参考,对杂交水稻新组合奇优894父母本的不同栽插模式父母本的分蘖动态、开花时间、母本结实率、制种产量进行比较分析,结果显示:以杂交水稻组合奇优894的父母本都采用三角形栽插,父母本行比为2∶16的制种效果最好,利用这种栽培模式父母本有效分蘖数多、开花时间长、母本的结实率高,杂交种子产量高达301.2 kg/667m~2.为杂交水稻新组合的高产制种,提供了一套全新的栽培模式.     

番茄杂交育种技术

一、亲本准备：由于番茄杂交制种适合时间短,为保证授粉质量和种子产量,使父母本在适合杂交的时间内有足够数量的花朵去雄授粉,应根据双亲特性安排父母本的播种期。     

浅谈籼型杂交水稻制种技术问题

<正> 1979年全国杂交水稻面积已扩大到7000多万亩,增产稻谷78亿斤,占全年粮食增产总数的1/3。我省杂交稻约占水稻面积的5%,发展速度缓慢的原因之一是制种的产量低、质量差。我区大面积制种已有三年,也有许多成功的经验,现就其中技术方面的问题谈一些肤浅的看法:一、安全授粉与适时播种:选择好安全授粉期是制种稳产高产的前题。不育系开花对温度、湿度、风向比较敏感。开花当时的温度低于23℃、北风、相对湿度大于90%,不育系当日开花的时间推迟,或没有明显的开花高峰,造成父母本花时不遇。低温阴雨父本的花粉不能飞扬,对传粉与花粉发芽极为不利。日平均温度28—30℃,相对湿度     

杂交稻制种如何调节花期

湖南省杂交水稻制种基地绥宁县自1983年至今连年优质高产,2004年制种近4000公顷,667平方米产量突破了250千克,22年的高产经验中,除科学安排父母本播差期外,主要是科学调节父母本花期,使父母本花期相遇,有效地提高了授粉率和结实率。现将花期调节法介绍如下。     

Physiological analysis on pre-harvest sprouting in recombinant inbred rice lines

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) in rice production is usually caused by high temperature and humidity or continuous rains. It frequently happens in F₁ in hybrid rice seed production. The PHS or “Physiologically germinated” seeds are of lower quality, by which the hybrid rice seed production is badly affected every three years at a loss of 20% or even 50% yield in seed production over the vast Yangtse River Valley and Southwest China. It is estimated that PHS causes an average decrease of seed activity by 10%. A recombinant inbred line population including 304 lines, derived from a cross between Indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars Zhong-156 and Gumei-2, was used to study the PHS physiology. Based on the data of sprouting rate in panicles and sprouting rate in grains, two kinds of lines, namely easy-to-sprout lines and hard-to-sprout lines, were selected to investigate their physiological differences when PHS happened. The experiment was conducted in a special field with a microclimate of higher temperature and humidity. The results indicated that it was easier to produce PHS from the female parent GM-2 than the male parent ZH-156, besides, the GA₁ content and amylase activity in GM-2 grains were higher than those in ZH-156. However, the abscisic acid (ABA) content in GM-2 grains was lower than that in ZH-156. Higher temperature and higher humidity facilitated the GA₁ increment from milk ripe stage to yellow ripe stage. GM-2 and the easily-sprouting lines showed an even higher increase in GA₁ than ZH-156 and the hardly-sprouting lines, which enhanced the amylase activity and induced pre-harvest sprouting. This may be the physiological basis for pre-harvest sprouting induced by higher temperature and higher humidity, and these special characteristics must be inherited from their parents. __________ Translated from Acta Agronomoca Sinica, 2006, 32(5): 728–733 [译自: 作物学报]     

春性和半冬性甘蓝型油菜在春油菜区中的杂种优势研究

为了研究春油菜区生态条件下,春性和半冬性油菜亲本所组配的杂交组合之间的杂种优势差异。选用不同春化类型油菜品种(系)作为研究材料,按照不完全双列杂交Griffing(亲本+正交F1组合)设计,分析亲本及其杂交组合的表现。结果表明:不同类型亲本对F1的农艺性状影响程度不同,其中亲本对杂种F1的总角果数影响最大;在亲本春化类型的方差估算及性状遗传力分析中,含油量、单株产量、角果粒数和千粒质量在一般配合力中占的比例较大,说明受到亲本类型遗传较大;在冬春不同类型亲本的杂交组合中,含油量、单株产量和单株角果数的超亲优势平均值以春性类型的亲本和半冬性类型的亲本所测配的杂交组合为最大。因此,春性品种(系)与半冬性品种(系)组配的杂交组合比同类品种间组配的组合具有更强的杂种优势。     

温州两系杂交稻制种的气候适应性研究

[目的]探究温州进行两系杂交稻制种的气候适应性。[方法]根据2000～2004年温州6～9月温度曲线,分析该地两系杂交稻制种期间温度的适应性;根据2002～2009年6～9月台风发生情况,分析该地两系杂交稻制种期间光照和降水量的适应性。[结果]整个7月和8月上旬未出现日均温≤24.5℃的天气,整个8月中旬也仅在2002年出现过2d日均温≤24.5℃的异常天气,但也均〉23.0℃;但8月下旬偶遇扬花期白天最高气温≥35.0℃的天气,遇台风后连续3d以上的雨日也有可能发生。[结论]在温州的气候条件下,可以安全进行两系杂交稻制种,但需注意8月下旬偶遇扬花期白天最高气温≥35.0℃的天气和遇台风后连续3d以上的雨日。考虑到温州两系杂交稻制种期间的气候特征,在制种过程中需注意制种基地的选择和制种父母本播种期的选择。     

籼粳亚种间杂交稻春优618亲本特征特性及制种技术

[目的]为了提高籼粳杂交稻新组合春优618的制种产量。[方法]依据春优618亲本的生物学特性,通过多年多点的田间试验研究和对比,总结出了高产稳产的杂交制种关键技术。[结果]在常规技术基础上,春优618制种地域选择面小,播种时间要求严格,栽插密度要求特殊,同时注意防范异常气温导致花期不育的风险。籼粳亚种间杂交稻组合制种存在一定的特殊性,必须严格按照技术要求生产,才能提高杂交种子的产量和质量。[结论]该研究可为春优618的大面积推广提供制种基础。     

两系超级杂交稻新组合培两优559的选育

为选育出两系超级杂交稻新组合，1985年至1996年用低温敏水稻两用核不育系培矮64S为母本，以新恢复系559为父本，配组育成了两系超级杂交稻新组合－－培两优559。该组合参加2000至2001年湖南省中稻超级杂交稻区试，平均产量9.6t/hm^2，比三系对照组汕优63增产5.3%；全生育期135.4d，比对照短3.2d；抗稻瘟病；外观品质、食味品质、米品质及再生能力均强于对照，并易于制种。2002年3月已通过湖南省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

Geographic variation in the yield formation of single-season high-yielding hybrid rice in southern China

Environmental conditions greatly affect the growth of rice. To investigate the geographic differences in yield formation of single-season high-yielding hybrid rice in southern China, experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 in the upper and middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River with 10–30 main locally planted high-yielding hybrid cultivars used as materials. Compared with rice planted in the middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River, rice planted in the upper reaches has a longer tillering duration, higher accumulated temperature(≥10℃) during tillering period, but lower accumulated temperature and solar radiation from initial booting to maturity. Yield traits comparison between the upper and the middle–lower reaches of Yangtze River showed that the former had 48.1% more panicles per unit area while the latter had 46.4% more grains per panicle; the rice yield in the former was positively correlated with the seed setting rate and the dry matter accumulation before heading, while the latter was positively correlated with grains per panicle and dry matter accumulation from booting to maturity. Comparison of the same variety Tianyouhuazhan planted in different regions showed there was a significant positive correlation between panicle number and the duration of and accumulated temperature during the tillering period(r=0.982~(**), r=0.993~(**), respectively), and between grains per panicle and accumulated solar radiation during booting period(r=0.952~*). In the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, more than 90% of cultivars with an yield of greater than 11 t ha~(–1) had an effective panicle number of 250–340 m~(–2), and there was a significant negative correlation between seed setting rate and grains per panicle; therefore, the high-yielding rice production in these regions with a long effective tillering period(40 d) should choose varieties with moderate grains per panicle, adopt crop managements such as good fertilizer and water measures during vegetative growth period to ensure a certain number of effective panicles, and to increase the dry matter accumulation before heading. While in regions with a short effective tillering period(20 d) but good sunshine conditions during the reproductive growth period, such as the middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River, high-yielding rice production should choose cultivars with large panicles, adopt good water and fertilizer managements during the reproductive growth period to ensure the formation of large panicles and the increase of dry matter accumulation after heading.     

超级杂交稻育种的创新思维与实践

超级杂交稻育种的创新思维提出了超级杂交稻育种三步法设想,即超级亲本选育——超级杂交组合选育——超级杂交制种,并详细阐述了各步骤的标准和实现其目标的技术路线;提出了水稻光温敏不育机理新设想:即水稻光温敏核不育系育性转换是主效不育基因与其位置相近的发育感光基因或(和)发育感温基因相互作用的结果,不育基因位点(微效不育基因)可影响两用核不育系的不育起点温度的高低.按照超级杂交稻育种三步法的技术路线,成功选育了父本996和两用核不育系C815S两个超级杂交稻亲本,利用前者选育出适合长江中下游稻区作双季早稻种植的超级杂交早稻组合陆两优996,用后者选配出C两优87和C两优396等增产幅度大、极有应用前景的超级稻新组合.遵循水稻光温敏不育系选育的技术路线,育成C815S,P88S和9771S等实用的水稻两用核不育系.     

有效积温在杂交稻春季制种中的应用研究

对杂交稻亲本的生育天数，主茎叶片数，播种至始穗的有效积温等，在不同或同一年份春季制种中播植期的稳定性进行分析，并提出采用有效积温确定制种亲本播差期及花期预测的准确，快速，简易新方法。     

南方低甲烷排放的高产水稻品种筛选与评价

为综合评价高产和低甲烷(CH4)排放兼具的水稻品种,应对我国粮食安全和环境保护问题,于2013年晚季和2014年早季,以南方稻区50个代表品种为供试材料,在盆栽条件下采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定品种的CH4排放通量,并对生育期的CH4排放量、稻谷产量及植株农艺性状进行了综合评价。结果表明,早、晚季供试品种间的CH4排放量和产量均存在显著差异。早季全生育期的CH4排放量在7.37～21.10 g·m-2之间,晚季分蘖期至幼穗分化期的CH4排放量在1.37～13.97 g·m-2之间;早季产量在0.40～0.65kg·m-2之间,晚季在0.59～0.87 kg·m-2之间。根据系统聚类法的分析结果,将供试品种划分成具有不同CH4排放量和产量水平的类型,从中筛选出了适合推广应用的CH4低排高产、中排高产和低排中产品种,如黄华占、五优308、丰华占、特三矮、茉莉占选、广超丝苗、珍桂矮、广恢998和七桂早25等。其中,恢复系广恢998组配品种、黄华占和五优308已在我国南方稻区大面积推广应用。相关分析结果表明,株高、叶面积指数与CH4排放通量呈显著正相关,这2个性状可作为高产低CH4排放水稻新品种选育的辅助筛选指标。此外,稻谷产量与CH4排放量无显著相关。研究结果为培育高产与低CH4排放兼具的新品种提供了亲本材料和理论依据。