广东银瓶山森林公园浙江润楠群落结构与物种多样性研究

通过样方调查,对广东银瓶山森林公园的浙江润楠(Machilus chekiangensis)群落的群落特征和物种多样性进行分析。结果表明:(1)在1600m2的样地内共有维管束植物58科85属107种;(2)群落以浙江润楠为建群种,优势地位明显;年龄结构显示其种群可能处于受干扰后的恢复阶段;(3)群落植物以小高位芽植物为主,叶以单叶、纸质、全缘叶、中小型叶为主;按Raunkiaer标准,群落内的种群频度为1%～20%的种类占优势;(4)群落成层现象明显,可分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层及藤本层,对群落物种多样性分析发现,Margalef指数的大小顺序为:灌木层>乔木层>草本层>藤本层,Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数的的大小顺序均为:灌木层>乔木层>藤本层>草本层,Pielou指数的大小顺序为:藤本层>灌木层>草本层>乔木层。     

浙江丽水太山褐叶青冈林群落结构及其多样性

通过样方调查,应用物种丰富度、物种多样性指数和群落均匀度等指标对分布在浙江丽水太山山地的褐叶青冈林群落类型进行了分析.结果表明:太山山地褐叶青冈林物种丰富;乔木层优势种群明显,树高分布主要以近似对称分布为主,群落乔木层个体高度的分布较为均匀;在群落的垂直结构上,灌木层、乔木层、草本层的物种多样性依此降低,灌木层的物种丰富度和物种多样性指数最大;在各样方中,乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种多样性没有明显的变化趋势;群落生活型以中、小高位芽植物为主,群落叶的性质以单叶、革质和全缘的小叶为主;群落优势种群年龄结构和群落类型属于衰退型.     

银瓶山森林公园润楠属植物群落多样性研究

为了解银瓶山森林公园润楠属植物的群落组成、物种多样性及其与海拔因子的关系,对森林公园内不同海拔的12块样地进行调查研究,计算乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数,分析群落物种多样性与海拔之间的相关性,结果表明:银瓶山润楠属群落中共有70种植物,隶属于41科58属.各植物群落的物种丰富度指数(S)、Simpson优势度指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')整体表现为灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层,Pielou均匀度指数(E)表现为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层.不同群落的乔木层植物物种多样性沿海拔梯度呈先上升后下降的单峰模式,灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均表现为随着海拔的升高而逐渐下降的规律;Simpson优势度指数、Pielou均匀度指数未呈现明显规律.     

江西五梅山自然保护区虎皮楠群落研究

为了解江西五梅山自然保护区药用树种虎皮楠(Daphniphyllum oldhamii)群落的分布和生长情况,采用样方调查法,在虎皮楠自然集中分布的区域设置样方并开展全面调查,研究结果表明:(1)虎皮楠群落中共有维管束植物62种,隶属31科53属。植物区系组成以北温带分布和热带亚洲分布占比最高;(2)群落的垂直结构可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,乔木层较草本层和灌木层发达。群落根据Raunkiaer生活型谱划分,居于第一的是高位芽植物,占79. 03%;(3)群落中虎皮楠的重要值为17. 58,为该群落的优势种;多样性指数(H)灌木层最高,均匀度指数乔木层最高;物种丰富度灌木层最高;(4)年龄结构显示,江西五梅山自然保护区虎皮楠正处于年轻茂盛的阶段,种群比较稳定。     

九连山南坡亚热带常绿阔叶林群落特征研究

采用群落生态学方法对九连山南坡亚热带常绿阔叶林群落的物种组成及多样性进行研究分析。结果显示:该群落物种丰富,共有维管束植物52科91属140种,樟科、壳斗科、山茶科的物种数较多;群落稀有种和偶见种比例大,分别占总物种数的45.88%和27.06%。乔木层优势树种明显,以木荷(Schima superba)、米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)、甜槠(C.eyrei)、毛棉杜鹃花(Rhododendron westlandii)、润楠(Machilus?pingii?)、杨梅(Myrica rubra)为优势种。植物种类以灌木层最为丰富,灌木层和草本层比乔木层的物种分布更均匀,物种多样性由大到小为灌木层草本层乔木层。     

四川峨眉山水青树林群落的物种多样性特征

对峨眉山水青树群落结构、物种组成、生物多样性及植物区系地理成分等进行了研究分析,得到以下主要结果:(1)在5个20 m×30 m样地中一共记录到维管束植物136种,隶属于66科、105属,其中被子植物59科、94属、121种,占总种数的88.97%;(2)群落分乔木层、灌木层、草本层和层间植物4层,乔木层优势种为水青树、稠李、疏花槭、鸡爪槭;灌木层主要由八角枫科、木通科、山茶科、禾本科组成;草本层主要由荨麻科、百合科、鳞毛蕨科组成;层间植物3种;(3)群落Margalef指数和Shannon-Wiener指数排序为草本层乔木层灌木层,Pielou指数排序为草本层灌木层乔木层;(4)群落中各层植物物种--多度变化趋势不同,其物种种类及其组成情况各异;(5)地理区系成分中,群落物种温带分布占绝对优势,占总属数的56.84%,热带、亚热带分布次之,占总属数的28.43%。     

宝天曼植物群落物种多样性研究

对宝天曼保护区植物群落物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明 ,物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数在群落梯度上的分布趋势基本一致 ,较好地反映了不同植物群落类型在物种组成方面的差异。草本层物种丰富度指数明显高于乔木层和灌木层 ,草本层物种丰富度指数在群落梯度上的变异最大 ,灌木层次之 ,乔木层最小。乔木层物种多样性指数小于灌木层和草本层 ,草本层和乔木层物种多样性指数在群落梯度上的变异程度明显大于灌木层。灌木层物种均匀度指数大于乔木层和草本层 ,草本层和乔木层均匀度指数在群落梯度上的变异程度大于灌木层。物种丰富度指数和多样性指数的较大值出现在高海拔和低海拔群落 ,较小值多出现在中等海拔群落。物种均匀度指数的较小值多出现在中等海拔群落 ,但其较大值在各海拔群落都有分布。草本层物种丰富度指数和多样性指数的较高值多分布在低海拔群落 ,较小值多分布在中等海拔群落 ;乔木层和灌木层的各种指数以及草本层的物种均匀度指数在海拔梯度上的分布规律不明显     

闽北地区天然常绿阔叶林栲树群落植物多样性调查研究

通过对闽北地区天然常绿阔叶林中的栲树群落植物多样性进行系统调查,结果表明:闽北地区天然常绿阔叶林中的栲树群落植物物种繁多,多样性丰富。调查统计共有79种植物,其中乔木层20种,灌木层38种,草本层及层间植物21种。物种多样性指数(H)为灌木层>乔木层>草本层;均匀度指数(J)为灌木层>乔木层>草本层;优势度指数(C)为草本层>乔木层>灌木层。综合分析表明该区的栲树群落物种多样性指数高,栲树在闽北地区适生性较好。     

闽北杉阔混交林群落物种多样性的研究

应用物种丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、种间相遇机率、生态优势度等多种指标,将杉阔混交林群落划分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层、层间层,对不同层次群落的物种多样性进行研究。结果表明:不同层次群落的物种多样性不同,总的趋势是灌木层>乔木层>层间层>草本层。乔木层物种丰富,但生态优势度高于灌木层,个体数量产生一定程度的集中,物种多样性低于灌木层;灌木层生态优势度最低,物种组成丰富,表现出最大的物种多样性;草本层植物物种组成简单,生态优势度最大,物种多样性最低;层间层植物物种数量低于草本层,但生态优势度也低于草本层,其物种多样性高于草本层。该群落中灌木层在保持群落多样性方面所起的作用最大。     

多伦县沙地云杉混交林物种多样性研究

以多伦县沙地云杉林3条样带的群落调查数据为基础,研究了沙地云杉混交林的物种组成结构,分析了3个典型群落乔木层、灌木层、草本层的物种多样性。结果表明:沙地云杉混交林植物种类丰富,乔木层、灌木层、草本层共有植物71种,群落垂直结构分层明显;多伦县沙地云杉与白桦混交林物种多样性较丰富,在群落梯度上,群落Ⅰ为52种,群落Ⅱ为45种,群落Ⅲ为47种,物种丰富度指数大小顺序为群落Ⅰ>群落Ⅲ>群落Ⅱ;群落的物种多样性指数变化规律大致相同,均为草本层>灌木层>乔木层;3个典型群落的物种均匀度指数变化规律基本一致,为乔木层最大,灌木层其次,草本层最小。通过对多伦县沙地云杉混交林物种多样性的研究,为加强沙地云杉生物多样性的保护和经营管理提供理论依据。     

Armillaria ostoyae in managed coniferous forests in Kastamonu in Turkey

Although several Armillaria species have been reported in Turkey, there is little information about their ecology in Turkish forests. In this study, we investigated five forest stands, approximately 5–74 ha in size, in Kastamonu province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey for the presence of Armillaria species in stumps and logs. The stands were mixed Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmülleriana and Pinus sylvestris forests managed using a selective cuttings system; the proportion of fir in the total number of stems and stumps ranged from 36 to 98%. Based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and intergenic spacer regions of the rDNA, all rhizomorphs sampled from the stumps and logs were of Armillaria ostoyae. The size of the genets was estimated with random amplified microsatellites analysis of the isolates and ranged from single stumps to approximately 450 m². One to seven genets were found in each stand. These results indicate that the genets had arisen from spores and vegetative spread was limited on most sites.     

上海中央公园特大银杏树白蚁防治探讨

通过对上海松江中央公园内65株特大银杏树白蚁为害情况的调查,发现该公园银杏受害率为100%,其中存在活白蚁的银杏占总量的56.9%,采用毒土处理、粉剂疗法、建立白蚁监测点等措施,经过两次灭杀,活白蚁的灭杀率达到92.3%和93.3%,从而使存在活白蚁银杏树的比例从56.9%下降到2.7%,白蚁发生情况明显降低。       

我国食品中农药残留研究进展

随着人们安全健康意识提高,食品中农药残留问题更加受到重视,本文综述了样品预处理研究进展及农药残留快速检测技术研究进展,并简单分析介绍各种方法的优缺点。     

建平半干旱地区石质山地造林技术研究

研究了不同植物在石质山地的造林成活率、土壤化学性质随造林年限的变化和造林措施对土壤化学性质和植物胸径、树高年净生长量的影响。结果表明：不同植物在石质山地的成活率在21%～85%之间,其中白榆和沙打旺的成活率分别为81%和85%,而小叶杨、刺槐、栾树的成活率均在70%左右;植被能明显提高石质山地不同土层的有机质、全N、P2O5含量,但提高程度随土层深度、养分种类和造林年限的不同而不同;在同一土层,生物复合肥料、菌剂和保水剂均显著提高土壤有机质含量（p〈0.01）并显著降低土壤P2O5含量（p〈0.01）;只有保水剂可引起土壤全K含量的明显升高;生物复合肥料、菌剂和保水剂均显著提高白榆、小叶杨、刺槐、栾树树高和胸径的年净生长量,但保水剂的提高程度最高。     

植物DNA甲基化研究进展

植物经常暴露在各种生物和非生物的胁迫之下,这些胁迫会影响植物的生长发育和繁殖并最终导致植物死亡。为了抵御不利的环境条件,植物已经进化出复杂而精细的网络来感知胁迫并激活防御系统。为此,植物激活许多信号转导通路,这些信号转导通路可以改变一些胁迫响应基因的表达,从而引起植物形态、生理和生化的改变以适应逆境。DNA胞嘧啶甲基化是高等真核生物的主要表观遗传机制之一,在维持基因组稳定性和调节基因表达方面起着关键作用。表观遗传变异比遗传变异更为灵活。一旦环境条件发生变化,为了适应新的环境植物都会发生表观遗传的改变。许多研究表明DNA甲基化参与植物的发育和应激反应。基于相关研究对DNA甲基化进行了综述,对植物逆境胁迫有重要意义。     

木材碳封存研究进展

碳封存可以分工业封存和生物封存, 工业封存包括地质封存、海洋封存、矿石碳化以及工业循环利用, 这些方法能快速回收CO₂, 但工艺流程技术复杂, 成本较高。木材碳封存是生物碳封存的一种类型, 树木光合作用吸收的碳主要存贮在木材中。运用木材密度、微密度等检测仪器, 通过确定木材密度变化, 结合其含碳率来计量木材的碳封存过程以及封存过程中碳的分配格局, 同时研究其与环境因子的相关性, 可以为研究森林的碳吸收动态提供便捷的方法和科学的依据。     

Natural regeneration in patch clear-cutting in Picea abies stands in Southern Finland

Abstract

The success of natural regeneration on patch clear-cuts in Norway spruce stands in Southern Finland was examined in terms of stocking and tree height. The experiment was established in mature spruce stands in the submesic Myrtillus (MT) site type. In each of the eight study sites, three plots were treated with clear-cutting and planting, clear-cutting with partial tree retention and planting, and patch clear-cutting without site preparation, respectively. In three of the study sites, one plot with patch clear-cutting and site preparation was established. Each plot was 1 ha, out of which three patches of 40×40 m were clear-cut in the patch treatments. 10–11 years after cutting, the patches had on average 1316 crop trees ha^–1, of which 91% were spruces. Some 27% of the stands were up to the target stocking level (≥1600 ha^?1), and 36% were at least satisfactory (≥1300 ha^?1). Site preparation did not yield greater stocking levels on patches, but that result is ambiguous due to a difference in initial stocking. The average spruce tree height in the patches (0.76 m) was much smaller than in the case of clear-cutting and planting (2.42 m). In conclusion, the patches had been restocked tolerably well with spruce and birch for practical purposes during the 10- to 11-year period, but the regeneration process had been very slow compared to clear-cutting and planting.     

Tree regeneration in patch cutting in Norway spruce stands in northern Finland

The study focused on the success of regeneration on patch cuts in spruce-dominated stands in terms of stocking and tree height. It was based on an experiment in the Kainuu region in northern Finland. The experimental design included 8 stands with 58 clearcut patches of variable size (0.09–0.37?ha), on which either natural regeneration without site preparation or site preparation and planting of Scots pine was applied. A regeneration survey was conducted 13–15 growing seasons after treatments. Patches without site preparation had been restocked quite well from natural seed sources. The average number of trees was about 11,000?ha^?1, of which 1700?ha^?1 crop trees. With site preparation and planting, the stocking levels were also very high, 25,000 and 2100?ha^?1, respectively. One hundred percent of the planted patches and 75% of the naturally regenerated patches had an acceptable density. Restocking was equally good across the range of patch sizes. Tree growth had been somewhat slower in the smallest patches than in the largest ones in the range. Natural regeneration was capable of yielding good regeneration results in most patches, especially when site preparation was applied. Stocking levels and height development were higher yet in the planted patches.     

Changes in micropores in dry wood with elapsed time in the environment

To investigate the changes in microstructures of wood with elapsed time in the environment, CO₂ adsorption onto dry wood was measured at ice-water temperature (273 K) for samples aged from 0.1 years to over 1000 years. The micropore size distribution was obtained using the Horvath-Kawazoe method. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood decreased in number with elapsed time in the environment, and a negative correlation was found between cumulative pore volume for pores smaller than 0.6 nm and elapsed time in the environment. Cumulative pore volume in the 1000-year sample was almost half of that in the 0.1- year sample. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood with a few decades or more of elapsed time increased in number after rewetting and drying. Consequently, microstructures of wood with longer time elapsed in the environment were considered to be more stable, because of longer-term thermal motion and possibly more repeated moisture adsorption and desorption and/or temperature variation in the environment.