H9N2亚型禽流感病毒血凝素和神经氨酸酶基因的遗传分析

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒自1994年在中国首次发现以来,一直在家禽中流行,其导致的产蛋下降和发病死亡给养禽业发展带来严重危害。以前的研究发现中国的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒在进化过程中形成多个基因型,其表面抗原蛋白血凝素基因(HA)可被划分为以A/chicken/Beijing/1/94、A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97(G1)和A/chicken/Heilongjiang/35/01等为代表的3个亚群,神经氨酸酶基因(NA)可被划分为以A/chicken/Beijing/1/94、A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97(G1)和A/chicken/Hong Kong/G9/97(G9)等为代表的3个亚群。其中类G1病毒的HA基因只在香港分离株中出现。本研究对我国2003年～2004年从禽类中分离的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)基因进行测定和遗传演化分析,结果表明其中11株病毒的HA基因属于CK/BJ/1/94群系,NA基因属于CK/BJ/1/94或DK/HK/G9/97群系,并首次发现两株病毒含有类G1病毒HA和NA基因,而且这些类G1病毒具有不同的抗原性以及人流感病毒的受体结合位点。本研究结果提示应对H9N2病毒的防治及其公共卫生意义予以高度重视。     

H3N2亚型猪流感病毒HA基因序列测定及抗原性分析

采用RT-PCR技术对4株H3N2亚型猪流感病毒的HA基因进行了扩增,将获得的PCR产物分别与pMD18-T克隆载体连接,进行序列测定。测序结果显示,4个毒株均含有完整的开放阅读框,并且均未发现核苷酸插入或缺失现象;分离毒株间核苷酸同源性为99.4%~99.7%,氨基酸同源性为98.2%~99.3%。同源性分析表明,4个毒株与2003年的猪流感病毒广东分离株有很高同源性(均在99%以上),说明近段时间我国H3N2亚型的猪流感病毒变异不大,重组的频率不是很高,同时又与人流感病毒香港分离株有较高的同源性(均为99.4%)。交叉血凝抑制试验显示,S3株与其他3毒株抗原性差异明显。鉴于猪在流感病毒传播与复制间的特殊地位,应密切监测猪流感。     

Antigenic characterization of an H3N2 swine influenza virus isolated from pigs with proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia in Quebec.

A new strain of swine influenza A virus, designated A/Swine/Saint-Hyacinthe/150/90 has been isolated from pigs with severe proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia in Quebec. The antigenic characterization of the hemagglutinin was performed by hemagglutination inhibition test, immunoblot and indirect immunoprecipitation using polyclonal antisera. Only the last test was able to detect an antigenic relationship between the hemagglutinin of this isolate and an H3 subtype influenza virus. The immunoprecipitation test was a useful alternative for determining the hemagglutinin of influenza A virus subtypes. The neuraminidase inhibition test demonstrated a reactivity between the A/Swine/Saint-Hyacinthe/150/90 and antiserum against a N2 subtype influenza virus. Our results indicate that this new strain isolated for the first time in the porcine population of Canada is related to A/Sw/Hong Kong/76 H3N2 swine influenza virus.     

香港活禽市场的管理措施

香港于1997年发生全球首例人感染H5N1禽流感事件,随后几年又陆续从当地活禽市场分离到H5N1高致病性禽流感病毒。为降低人和家禽感染H5N1等高致病性禽流感病毒的风险,香港根据相关的研究和调查,对活禽市场陆续采取了一系列针对性措施,并对所采取的管理措施进行了科学的评估,有效地控制了高致病性禽流感疫情。笔者对香港活禽市场的管理措施、实施的技术依据、实施后的效果评估等方面进行了综述,以期为内地调整活禽市场管理措施,降低人和家禽通过其感染H5N1等高致病性禽流感的风险提供参考和借鉴。     

Vaccine failure caused an outbreak of equine influenza in Croatia

In April 2004 an outbreak of equine influenza occurred at the Zagreb hippodrome, Croatia. Clinical respiratory disease of the same intensity was recorded in vaccinated and non-vaccinated horses. The equine influenza vaccine used in Croatia at the time of the outbreak contained the strains A/equine/Miami/63 (H3N8), A/equine/Fontainebleau/79 (H3N8) and A/equine/Prague/56 (H7N7). At the same time, the usual strains in vaccines used in Europe were, in accordance with the recommendation of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Expert Surveillance Panel on equine influenza, A/equine/Newmarket/1/93 (H3N8) and A/equine/Newmarket/2/93 (H3N8). At the same time, some current vaccines in the USA contained A/equine/Kentucky/97 (H3N8). Genetic characterization of the HA1 portion of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene of virus isolated from the outbreak indicated that the isolate (A/equine/Zagreb/04) was an H3N8 strain closely related to recent representative viruses of the American lineage Florida sub-lineage. In comparison with both H3N8 vaccine strains used in horses at the Zagreb hippodrome, A/equine/Zagreb/04 displayed amino acids changes localised to 4 of the 5 described antigenic sites (A-D) of subunit protein HA1. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of the HA1 subunit protein of the outbreak strain with that of A/equine/Newmarket/1/93 displayed three amino acids changes localised in antigenic sites B and C, while antigenic sites A, D and E were unchanged. The Zagreb 2004 outbreak strain had the same amino acids at antigenic sites of the HA1 subunit protein as the strain A/equine/Kentucky/97. Amino acid changes in antigenic sites between HA1 subunit of the outbreak strain and the strains used in the vaccines likely accounted for the vaccine failure and the same clinical signs in vaccinated and unvaccinated horses. Use of a recent strain in vaccines should limit future outbreaks.     

Neurotropism of the 1997 Hong Kong H5N1 influenza virus in mice

The direct transmission of H5N1 influenza A viruses from chickens to humans in Hong Kong in 1997 emphasized the need to have information on the pathogenesis of avian influenza virus infection in mammals. H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from patients during the incident killed experimentally infected mice. The principal lesions of the mice were broncho-interstitial pneumonia and nonsuppurative encephalitis. Infectious viruses and/or viral antigens were detected in the brain as well as in the trigeminal and vagal ganglia but not in the blood of the mice. These findings suggest that the virus reached the brain through the vagus and/or trigeminal nerves following replication in the respiratory mucosa. The results imply that neurotropism of the H5N1 virus in mice is a novel characteristic in the pathogenesis of infection by human influenza virus isolates.     

我国H9N2亚型禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白145和153位抗原位点变异分析

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)血凝素蛋白(HA)易发生抗原漂移,但识别我国H9N2亚型AIV流行株抗原差异性的关键抗原位点还不清楚.选取两株血凝抑制(HI)效价高的H9N2亚型AIV单克隆抗体2E4与2D6对A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/1998(H9N2)毒株施加抗体压力制备单抗逃逸突变株,鉴定抗原位点...     

Interspecies transmission of influenza viruses: H5N1 virus and a Hong Kong SAR perspective

This account takes stock of events and involvements, particularly on the avian side of the influenza H5N1 'bird flu' incident in Hong Kong SAR in 1997. It highlights the role of the chicken in the many live poultry markets as the source of the virus for humans. The slaughter of chicken and other poultry across the SAR seemingly averted an influenza pandemic. This perspective from Hong Kong SAR marks the coming-of-age of acceptance of the role of avian hosts as a source of pandemic human influenza viruses and offers the prospect of providing a good baseline for influenza pandemic preparedness in the future. Improved surveillance is the key. This is illustrated through the H9N2 virus which appears to have provided the 'replicating' genes for the H5N1 virus and which has since been isolated in the SAR from poultry, pigs and humans highlighting its propensity for interspecies transmission.     

Antigenic variation among equine H 3 N 8 influenza virus hemagglutinins

To provide information on the antigenic variation of the hemagglutinins (HA) among equine H 3 influenza viruses, 26 strains isolated from horses in different areas in the world during the 1963-1996 period were analyzed using a panel of monoclonal antibodies recognizing at least 7 distinct epitopes on the H 3 HA molecule of the prototype strain A/equine/Miami/1/63 (H 3 N 8). The reactivity patterns of the virus strains with the panel indicate that antigenic drift of the HA has occurred with the year of isolation, but less extensively than that of human H 3 N 2 influenza virus isolates, and different antigenic variants co-circulate. To assess immunogenicity of the viruses, antisera from mice vaccinated with each of the 7 representative inactivated viruses were examined by neutralization and hemagglutination-inhibition tests. These results emphasize the importance of monitoring the antigenic drift in equine influenza virus strains and to introduce current isolates into vaccine. On the basis of the present results, equine influenza vaccine strain A/equine/Tokyo/2/71 (H 3 N 8) was replaced with A/equine/La Plata/1/93 (H 3 N 8) in 1996 in Japan. The present results of the antigenic analysis of the 26 strains supported the results of a phylogenetic analysis, that viruses belonging to each of the Eurasian and American equine influenza lineages have independently evolved. However, the current vaccine in Japan consists of two American H 3 N 8 strains; A/equine/Kentucky/1/81 and A/equine/La Plata/1/93. It is also therefore recommended that a representative Eurasian strain should be included as a replacement of A/equine/Kentucky/1/81.     

An outbreak of equine influenza virus in vaccinated horses in Italy is due to an H3N8 strain closely related to recent North American representatives of the Florida sub-lineage

In December 2005, equine influenza virus infection was confirmed as the cause of clinical respiratory disease in vaccinated horses in Apulia, Italy. The infected horses had been vaccinated with a vaccine that contained strains representatives from both the European (A/eq/Suffolk/89) and American (A/eq/Newmarket/1/93) H3N8 influenza virus lineages, and the H7N7 strain A/eq/Praga/56. Genetic characterization of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of the virus from the outbreak, indicated that the isolate (A/eq/Bari/2005) was an H3N8 strain closely related to recent representatives (Kentucky/5/02-like) of the American sub-lineage Florida, that was introduced in Italy through movement of infected horses from a large outbreak described in 2003 in United Kingdom. Strain A/eq/Bari/2005 displayed 9 amino acid changes in the HA1 subunit protein with respect to the reference American strain A/eq/Newmarket/1/93 contained in the vaccine. Four changes were localized in the antigenic regions C-D and likely accounted for the vaccine failure.     

An H9N2 influenza virus vaccine prepared from a non-pathogenic isolate from a migratory duck confers protective immunity in mice against challenge with an H9N2 virus isolated from a girl in Hong Kong

H9N2 influenza viruses circulate in wild birds and poultry in Eurasian countries, and have been isolated from pigs and humans in China. H9N2 viruses isolated from birds, pigs and humans have been classified into three sublineages based on antigenic and genetic features. Chicken antisera to H9N2 viruses of the Korean sublineage reacted with viruses of different sublineages by the hemagglutination-inhibition test. A test vaccine prepared from a non-pathogenic A/duck/Hokkaido/49/1998 (H9N2) strain of the Korean sublineage, obtained from our influenza virus library, induced immunity in mice to reduce the impact of disease caused by the challenge with A/Hong Kong/1073/1999 (H9N2), which is of a different sublineage. The present results indicate that an inactivated whole virus vaccine prepared from a non-pathogenic influenza virus from the library could be used as an emergency vaccine during the early stage of a pandemic caused by H9N2 infection.     

整合H1亚型流感病毒血凝素蛋白伪型病毒的构建

为构建包装含有H1亚型流感病毒HA蛋白的伪型病毒,本研究将人工合成的H1N1流感病毒(A/Califorma/04/2009株)血凝素(Hemagglutinin,HA)基因连接至真核表达载体pcDNA3.1,该重组质粒与表达逆转录病毒相关元件的骨架质粒pHIT111及pHIT60共转染人胚胎肾细胞293T,构建了以鼠白血病病毒为核心、包装含有HA蛋白的伪型病毒.通过对伪病毒感染细胞中LacZ报告基因表达产物的检测,证明伪病毒可以感染MDCK细胞;同时其感染过程可被流感病毒免疫后的小鼠阳性血清所阻断,表明该伪型病毒可模拟野生型病毒完成对宿主细胞的感染过程.本研究所构建的伪病毒系统为研究H1亚型流感病毒HA蛋白抗原特性及新型中和抗体检测方法的建立提供了理想的工具.     

Natural history of influenza in swine in Hawaii: prevalence of infection with A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) subtype virus and its variants, 1974-1977

From September 1974 to January 1978, about 25% of 254 swine farms, studied on four of six Hawaiian islands, had swine with antibody to A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) subtype of influenza virus. Of 290 swine 2 to 5 years of age in a single herd, 72% had antibody. Antibody titers were consistently higher to A/England/42/72 and A/Port Chalmers/1/73 antigens than to A/Victoria/3/75 or A/Hong Kong/1/68 antigen. Few swine had antibody to the A/Hong Kong/68 antigen. Antibodies to H3N2 and Hsw1N1 subtype of virus persisted at high titer in the same animals for more than 3 years; however, titers to the Hsw1N1 subtype were considerably higher. The occurrence of H3N2 infection in swine appeared shortly after the occurrence of the same H3N2 variant in human population. To date there is no evidence that the H3N2 subtype has become established in swine in Hawaii.     

猪源H9N2亚型流感病毒的分离鉴定和遗传进化分析

2008年10月~2009年3月采集剖检病死猪喉拭样品41份,从中分离鉴定了2株H9N2亚型猪流感病毒,对其进行部分生物学特性的研究、全基因测序和遗传演化分析,发现血凝素（hemagglutinin,HA）蛋白335~338的裂解位点上,A/Swine/Yangzhou/1/08为RSNR,A/Swine/Taizhou/5/08为RSSR,均为典型低致病性禽流感病毒的特征性序列。2株病毒的HA、神经氨酸酶（neuraminidase,NA）、核衣壳蛋白（nucleocapsid protein,NP）、非结构蛋白（nonstructural protein,NS）、血清前白蛋白（prealbumin,PA）和多聚酶蛋白（polymerase protein1,PB1）基因均来源于A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98,基质蛋白（matrix,M）基因与A/Swine/Yangzhou/1/08的PB2基因来源于A/Quai/Hong Kong/G1/97,值得注意的是A/Swine/Taizhou/5/08的PB2基因虽然可能来源于A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98但与A/environment/Hunan/1-35/2007（H5N1）的高度同源,生物学特性试验也表明A/Swine/Taizhou/5/08比A/Swine/Yangzhou/1/08毒力强。     

Isolation and genetic characterization of avian origin H9N2 influenza viruses from pigs in China

As pigs are susceptible to infection with both avian and human influenza A viruses, they have been proposed to be an intermediate host for the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to humans. In April 2006, a disease caused by highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) occurred in several pig farms and subsequently overwhelmed almost half of China with more than 2,000,000 cases of pig infection. Here we report a case in which four swine H9N2 influenza viruses were isolated from pigs infected by highly pathogenic PRRSVs in Guangxi province in China. All the eight gene segments of the four swine H9N2 viruses are highly homologous to A/Pigeon/Nanchang/2-0461/00 (H9N2) or A/Wild Duck/Nanchang/2-0480/00 (H9N2). Phylogenetic analyses of eight genes show that the swine H9N2 influenza viruses are of avian origin and may be the descendants of A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97-like viruses. Molecular analysis of the HA gene indicates that our H9N2 isolates might have high-affinity binding to the alpha2,6-NeuAcGal receptor found in human cells. In conclusion, our finding provides further evidence about the interspecies transmission of avian influenza viruses to pigs and emphasizes the importance of reinforcing swine influenza virus (SIV) surveillance, especially after the emergence of highly pathogenic PRRSVs in pigs in China.     

Antigenic and genetic analyses of H5 influenza viruses isolated from ducks in Asia.

The hemagglutinin (HA) of six H5 influenza virus strains isolated from ducks in Japan and China in 1976 to 1996 were analyzed antigenically and genetically. Antigenic analysis using a panel of monoclonal antibodies revealed that the HA of H5 influenza viruses isolated from ducks are antigenically closely related to each other. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the isolates from ducks in Hokkaido were derived from an ancestor common with the highly pathogenic isolates from chickens and humans in Hong Kong in 1997.     

H5亚型禽流感疫苗变异候选株的构建

本文就2008年在江苏某鸡场分离到的一株发生抗原变异的H5N1亚型禽流感病毒A/chicken/Huadong/4/2008(wt-DT株)开展如下研究:利用反向遗传技术,删除wt-DT株病毒血凝素(HA)基因多碱性氨基酸序列,使之成为低致病特征,再与wt-DT株的神经氨酸酶(NA)基因组合,结合鸡胚高产病毒PR8株的6个内部片段骨架,构建针对此种变异H5亚型禽流感的疫苗株,结果成功拯救出重组病毒rH5N1/PR8.病毒在鸡胚和MDCK细胞上均具有较好的繁殖能力,相对于wt-DT株,rH5N1/PR8在MDCK细胞上的繁殖能力明显提高.rH5N1/PR8对SPF鸡和鸡胚无致病性,在鸡体内的免疫保护效果良好,符合疫苗候选株的标准.     

Pathology of human influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis)

Infection with influenza A (H5N1) virus, which has not been associated with respiratory disease in humans previously, caused clinical signs of acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome with high mortality in humans in Hong Kong in 1997. To study the pathogenesis of this disease, we infected four cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with 2.5 x 104 median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) of influenza virus A/Hong Kong/156/97 (H5N1) and euthanatized them 4 or 7 days after infection. The main lesion was a necrotizing broncho-interstitial pneumonia (4/4) similar to those found in primary influenza virus pneumonia in humans, with desquamation of respiratory epithelium (4/4), intra-alveolar hemorrhage (4/4), hyaline membrane formation (2/4), and infiltration with neutrophils and macrophages (4/4). Lesions in other organs consisted of a suppurative tonsillitis (2/4) and necrosis in lymphoid organs (1/4), kidney (1/4), and liver (1/4). By immunohistochemistry, influenza virus antigen was limited to pulmonary tissue (4/4) and tonsils (2/4). Based on these results, we suggest that the cynomolgus monkey is a suitable animal model for studying the pathogenesis of human H5N1 virus infection and that multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome in this disease may be caused by diffuse alveolar damage from virus replication in the lungs alone.     

猪流感病毒H3N2亚型的分离鉴定与全基因组序列测定

通过鸡胚接种、MDCK细胞培养、血凝及血凝抑制试验、RT-PCR等方法,笔者在四川首次分离并鉴定了1株既能在鸡胚上稳定传代又能在MDCK细胞上稳定产生CPE的H3N2亚型猪流感病毒,命名为A／swine／Sichuan／01／2006（H3N2）;NS基因的测序结果表明：该病毒分离株与A／swine／HongKong／4361／99（H3N2）、A／NewYork／429／2003（H3N2）、A／Queensland／6／2000（H3N2）、A／New South Wales／4／1999（H3N2）等具有代表性的标准毒株的同源性都达到99％;从MDCK细胞中抽提流感病毒基因组进行全基因克隆,构建了11个包含全基因8个基因片段的文库。全基因测序结果表明,A／swine／Siehuan／01／2006（H3N2）共8个节段,全基因序列共计13577bp;基于HA、NA推导蛋白的无根进化树结果显示,四川分离株与人流感标准株A／Queensland／6／2000（H3N2）、A／South Australia／81／2000（H3N2）有较近的亲缘关系,而与猪流感标准株A／swine／Spain／42386／2002（H3N2）的亲缘关系较远。     

核酸免疫制备抗猪流感病毒HA单克隆抗体

为制备H1N1猪流感病毒HA蛋白单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibody,McAb),本试验利用表达猪流感病毒A/Swine/Guangdong/2004(H1N1)毒株HA蛋白的表达质粒pVAX1-HA肌注股内肌免疫BALB/c小鼠,将其脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞(SP2/0)进行融合;通过间接ELISA方法筛选和有限稀释法克隆,获得9株稳定分泌抗HA单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞。中和试验结果显示,单克隆抗体4D5株对H1N1流感病毒起中和作用,该单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞培养上清的效价为1∶1024。这株单克隆抗体与哈尔滨兽医研究所国家重点实验室保存的H3N2流感病毒、H5N1流感病毒均不发生交叉反应,显示出了很好的H1特异性;间接免疫荧光试验结果显示,这株单克隆抗体能与H1N1流感病毒发生特异性反应。制备的特异性抗HA单克隆抗体为建立H1N1流感病毒免疫学检测方法和单链抗体抗病毒复制研究奠定了基础。