蓖麻诱集带对棉田节肢动物群落及生物多样性的影响

为明确蓖麻诱集带对棉田节肢动物群落及生物多样性的影响,分析调查了蓖麻诱集带及其临近棉田和对照（不种植蓖麻棉田）的主要害虫和天敌种群数量。结果表明,蓖麻诱集带的种植能显著降低3代棉铃虫发生期棉田落卵量及棉花生长后期烟粉虱和小花蝽的种群数量,而对棉田其他主要害虫和主要天敌种群动态无显著影响。虽然蓖麻的种植未能显著降低棉花上绿盲蝽的发生数量,但蓖麻能吸引大量绿盲蝽繁殖。蓖麻和临近蓖麻棉花上昆虫的多样性指数、均匀性指数极显著高于对照棉田,而两者的优势集中性指数极显著低于对照棉田。这可为以后种植蓖麻诱集带诱集棉田主要害虫及保持生物多样性提供依据。     

闽南番石榴树冠节肢动物群落的结构和动态

2006年8月至2007年8月对惠安番石榴园树冠节肢动物群落结构特征及群落特征的时序动态进行了研究。结果表明,树冠节肢动物共采集到2纲、16目、100科总计218种,其中害虫116种、天敌61种、中性昆虫41种。害虫优势种为桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)和棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover,天敌优势种为细纹猫蛛Oxyopes macilentus L.Koch和大草蛉Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmael。节肢动物群落的物种丰富度、个体丰盛度、多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势集中性指数等特征随季节的更替发生波动。     

不同景观条件对棉田生物群落和多样性的影响

 从棉田节肢动物的个体总数、物种数、害虫数和天敌数等种群和多样性指数、均匀性指数和优势集中性等方面进行了较为详细的比较,初步明确了不同景观条件对棉田主要害虫及其天敌种群数量有一定的影响,对棉田昆虫个体总数和天敌种类数有较大的影响,对物种数和害虫种类数没有明显的影响,对棉田昆虫多样性、均匀性和优势集中性影响较大。     

单季稻田节肢动物群落演替规律

 运用种类丰富度、数量、申农指数等指标,对浙江省富阳市的稻田节肢动物群落的演替过程进行了描述、分析。可将整个演替过程划分为扩展期、波动期、衰减期三个时段,依据对水稻的不同作用性质将节肢动物群落分为天敌、害虫、中性昆虫三个亚群落。从以上三个指标的分析结果来看,三种亚群落的演替过程具有不同步性。相比而言,天敌亚群落具有最高的丰富度和多样性,其贡献率几乎达到50%;中性昆虫亚群落与害虫亚群落三个指标的每周累加值具有相似性,但数量消长呈负相关性。     

种植玉米诱集带对棉田昆虫群落的影响

运用群落生态学的研究方法,研究了棉田种植单季和双季玉米诱集带对昆虫群落的影响.研究表明,种植单季和双季玉米诱集带后棉田的物种数、天敌的种类和数量均明显增加;棉田昆虫群落和害虫亚群落的多样性指数增加,但天敌亚群落的多样性指数有所下降;昆虫群落和害虫亚群落的稳定性增加.种植双季玉米诱集带对天敌的保护增殖作用优于单季玉米诱集带.     

不同农事操作对转基因棉田生物群落和多样性的影响

 研究了转基因棉田防除杂草、整枝打顶、喷施缩节胺、设置黄板等农事操作对棉田生物多样性的影响。结果表明：与防除杂草、整枝打顶、设置黄板转基因棉田相比，不防除杂草、不整枝打顶、不设置黄板棉田生物多样性指数、均匀性指数上升，优势集中性降低，个体数增加（设置黄板棉田降低），物种数、害虫种类和天敌种类增加；与喷施缩节胺棉田相比，不喷施缩节胺棉田生物多样性指数、均匀性指数下降，优势集中性升高，个体数增加，物种数、害虫种类减少，天敌种类数相同。     

芒果园种植大叶油草对果园节肢动物群落结构及多样性的影响

为探究生草大叶油草种植对芒果园节肢动物群落的影响,将种植大叶油草的芒果园与传统清耕生境节肢动物群落结构进行比较,对2种不同生境2018年8月—2019年6月的节肢动物群落物种数量、物种多样性、群落稳定性进行了分析。结果表明,大叶油草生境下芒果园节肢动物物种数量、个体数量约为清耕生境的2倍;物种多样性指数、群落稳定性显著高于清耕生境,在天敌亚群落方面也表现出相似差异。而害虫亚群落方面,清耕生境害虫数量（4730头）约为大叶油草生境（2027头）的2倍。综合分析表明,芒果园种植大叶油草有利于增强节肢动物群落稳定性,减少害虫、提高天敌的种群数量、便于发挥天敌的自然控制作用,是一种较好的绿色防控措施。     

杂草地和苜蓿田节肢动物群落时序动态

2004年7月初至9月底,运用扫网法对山东省惠民县淄角镇棉田周边的杂草地和苜蓿田的节肢动物群落进行了调查,结果表明:(1)杂草地的节肢动物物种数多于苜蓿田,个体数则少于苜蓿田;烟蓟马是杂草地和苜蓿田的优势害虫.(2)对害虫、天敌和中性节肢动物这三个功能团物种数和个体数的比较表明,苜蓿田和杂草地天敌的物种数和个体数均长期大于害虫,中性节肢动物的变化则较大.(3)苜蓿田与杂草地节肢动物群落均表现出物种多、个体数量大、群落多样性指数高而且稳定的特点.(4)杂草地节肢动物群落时序动态可分为5个阶段,即:7月份1个阶段,8月份3个阶段,9月份1个阶段;苜蓿田节肢动物群落时序动态也可分为5个阶段,即:7月份3个阶段,8月份1个阶段,9月份1个阶段.     

玉米田昆虫群落的结构及时序动态研究

2008年6月6日至2008年9月23日系统调查了夏玉米田主要害虫及天敌的种类和数量动态变化,并运用物种丰富度、优势度、多样性指数和相似性指数、相异性指数分析了昆虫群落的结构和时序动态。结果表明,在夏玉米田共有害虫和天敌11目32科44种;玉米蚜[Rhopalosiphummaidis(Fitch)]为玉米害虫群落中的最优势种,优势度指数为0.0002～0.3889;多样性指数在2008年8月7日和2008年8月21日达到两个高峰值;害虫及天敌在时间上的同步性和在空间上的同域性一致,为保护利用天敌、控制玉米的害虫提供理论依据。     

松墨天牛对马尾松林节肢动物群落数量分布的影响

分析了松墨天牛（Monochamus alternatusHope）对马尾松（Pinus massonianaLamb.）林分节肢动物群落的影响。结果表明：随松墨天牛危害程度加重,马尾松林分中节肢动物的物种数和个体数明显下降,其捕食性、植食性功能群种类和个体数及寄生性天敌个体数明显减少;松墨天牛危害对灌木草本层节肢动物种类和数量影响最大,在重度危害林分中,灌木草本层的节肢动物多样性指数H′和优势集中性指数J均显著低于轻度危害林分中的指数;受松墨天牛危害后,林分中稳定性指数S1/S2和N1/N2显著下降,马尾松林分中节肢动物的多样性和稳定性及其天敌对害虫的制约潜能显著降低。     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。