转Bt+CpTI双价基因抗虫棉棉铃虫抗性的遗传分析

研究了转 Bt+ Cp TI双价基因抗虫棉 (简称双 - 1 )对棉铃虫的抗性及双价基因的遗传规律。结果表明 :双 - 1与非抗虫棉的正、反交 F1都表现高抗棉铃虫 ;F2 和 BC1群体的抗、感植株分离比分别符合 3∶ 1和 1∶ 1 ,说明双 - 1的棉铃虫抗性符合孟德尔一对显性基因的遗传方式。连锁测验表明双价基因独立于陆地棉多标记基因系 T5 86和T5 82的 1 1个形态标记基因。等位性测验证明双 -1与山西 Bt和 R1 9的整合位点不同 ,而可能与中心 Bt的整合在同一条染色体上     

我国转基因抗虫棉研究与应用

我国转基因抗虫棉研究起步于20世纪90年代,1992年人工合成了GFMcrglAcryBt基因,1995年研制成功了CrylA+CPTI双价抗虫基因,并相继育出了单价、双价和杂交抗虫棉新品种。转Bt基因抗虫棉不同生育阶段,不同部位对棉铃虫的抗性不同。对3龄以上的棉铃虫毒死率明显下降。转Bt+CPTI抗虫棉与转Bt基因抗虫棉有相似的抗虫性,但抗虫具有广谱性,且对大龄棉铃虫的杀伤效果显著高于Bt基因抗虫棉。转基因抗虫棉已推广应用847万hm²,累计创社会经济效益220多亿元。     

转Bt+Sck双价基因棉花的遗传稳定性研究

外源基因在转基因植物中遗传和表达的稳定性,直接关系到转基因材料的应用前景。本研究以转Bt+Sck双价基因棉花纯合株系312-5T2、332-2T2的T0,T1,T2和T3及T4连续世代为材料,Southern杂交进一步证明外源基因已经整合到棉花的基因组,并稳定地遗传给后代;RT-PCR以及抗虫性测定表明,外源抗虫基因在各个转基因世代稳定的表达,为该材料的育种应用打下了基础。     

转双价基因棉花对根际土壤酶活性和养分含量的影响

在田间试验条件下,以3种转双价基因棉和常规棉石远321为研究对象,比较分析转双价基因棉和常规棉石远321根际土壤酶活性及养分的变化。结果表明,转双价Cry1Ac+CpTI基因棉sGK321与石远321根际土壤速效磷和铵态氮含量无显著差异,而硝态氮含量则显著高于石远321;转双价Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉(双Bt抗虫棉)速效磷和铵态氮含量均显著低于石远321,而硝态氮含量与石远321无显著差异;转双价Cry1Ac+Epsps基因棉(抗虫抗除草剂棉)速效磷和硝态氮含量均显著高于石远321,而铵态氮含量显著低于石远321。sGK321棉与石远321根际土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性均无显著差异;双Bt抗虫棉土壤脲酶活性显著低于石远321,碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性与石远321均无显著差异;抗虫抗除草剂棉与石远321土壤脲酶活性无显著差异,碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于石远321,而过氧化氢酶活性显著低于石远321。表明sGK321棉与石远321根际土壤养分(硝态氮除外)含量和酶活性无显著差异,而双Bt抗虫棉和抗虫抗除草剂棉所呈现的差异是因不同品种所致。     

转Bt+CpTI双价抗虫棉的遗传稳定性及生育后期对棉铃虫抗性表现

本文研究了转Bt+CpTI双价抗虫棉双抗-1 4个世代的棉铃虫抗性及其生育后期棉花对棉铃虫的杀虫活力.研究结果表明4个不同世代的双抗-1在苗期、蕾期、开花期和铃期的抗虫性水平相近,说明双抗-1的棉铃虫抗性能稳定遗传;双抗-1不同部位叶片抗虫性明显,抗性水平与中心Bt相近,也表现出前期抗虫性强后期抗虫性弱的时空表达特性.尽管抗     

双抗虫亲本杂交棉F1的生物学抗虫性及有关经济性状分析

研究分析了父母本皆为抗虫棉的正反交组合"宁SQK-1"与"宁SQK-2"的抗虫性表现及其有关经济性状的表达特征.结果显示,具有来自父母本2个Bt基因的抗虫杂交棉,其正反交F1均表现高抗棉铃虫特性,它们的抗虫性甚至超过了具有1对Bt抗虫基因的双亲;双抗虫亲本的F1抗虫性表达不存在母本效应.产量比较试验与纤维品质测试结果表明,"宁SQK-2"与"宁SQK-1"的子、皮棉产量与纤维品质均优于对照泗棉3号.     

抗虫棉群体NPt-Ⅱ标记基因纯度与其抗虫性强度的相关分析

研究了转基因抗虫棉标记基因纯度与生物学抗虫性的相关特性,结果显示:综合平均抗性指数与棉苗群体抗虫标记基因纯度两者呈极显著的正相关,即品种群体抗虫标记基因的纯度愈高,其生物学抗虫性愈强。通过提高转基因抗虫棉Npt Ⅱ标记基因纯度,可显著提高该品种的群体生物学抗虫性;进而通过苗床去杂保纯技术,达到跟踪保持抗虫棉群体抗虫性的目的。     

转Bt基因棉抗棉铃虫鉴定技术及抗性表示方法研究

1997～1998年通过接幼虫和即将孵化的卵,进行转Bt基因棉室内鉴定技术及表示方法研究。结果表明,以接即将孵化的卵粒,4d后观测其取食情况最为简便准确,根据试验结果拟定检测分级标准,提出利用抗虫指数计算各抗虫棉群体抗性,依此可以量化地表示转Bt基因棉的抗虫性。     

双价基因(Bt+CpTI)抗虫棉对棉铃虫的杀虫活性及抑制生长作用

比较了转 Bt+ Cp TI双价基因抗虫棉 (双价棉 )与转 Bt单基因棉 ( Bt棉 )对棉铃虫不同Cry1 Ac抗性种群杀虫活性的时间动态和对不同龄期幼虫的抑制生长作用。结果表明 ,双价棉叶对棉铃虫的杀虫活性于 6月底最高 ,7月底和 8月下旬逐渐下降 ,高于同期测定的 Bt棉的杀虫活性。双价棉对棉铃虫抗性种群 2～ 5龄幼虫的死亡率、存活幼虫体重、化蛹率和成虫羽化率等生长发育的影响 ,均显著高于 Bt棉。用 Bt棉叶连续饲养不同龄期抗性棉铃虫 ,2龄幼虫就可部分化蛹和羽化 ,而用双价棉饲养 ,5龄以下幼虫不能化蛹和羽化 ,表明双价棉对抗性棉铃虫具有较强的抗虫性。     

转基因抗虫棉Bt 毒蛋白表达量的传递方式研究

从卡那霉素抗性鉴定、抗虫性鉴定和 Bt毒蛋白含量测定等三个方面对转基因抗虫棉 Bt毒蛋白表达量的传递方式进行了研究。结果表明 ,转基因抗虫棉美棉 3 3 B和 GK-12对棉铃虫具有显著的抗性。盛蕾期饲喂美棉 3 3 B、GK-12棉株顶端叶片 72 h后 ,初孵棉铃虫幼虫死亡率分别为86.8%、75 .1% ,对照 TM-1、泗棉 3号、苏棉 12三个常规棉品种 (系 )初孵幼虫死亡率分别为10 .9%、13 .9%、9.2 %。美棉 3 3 B、GK-12盛蕾期功能叶片 Bt毒蛋白含量分别为每克鲜重 83 6.68ng、682 .5 6ng。饲喂美棉 3 3 B、GK-12与常规棉品种 (系 )杂种一代棉株顶端叶片 72 h后 ,初孵棉铃虫幼虫平均死亡率分别为 84.1%、77.2 % ,两个转基因抗虫棉品种与常规棉品种 (系 )杂种一代功能叶片的 Bt毒蛋白含量平均值分别为每克鲜重 82 0 .5 8ng、683 .77ng。转基因抗虫棉与常规棉杂种一代的抗虫性表现及 Bt毒蛋白表达量与转基因抗虫棉亲本非常接近 ,杂种二代群体 Bt毒蛋白检测阳、阴性反应植株的分离比例符合 3∶ 1,回交世代 BC1 群体 Bt毒蛋白检测阳、阴性反应植株的分离比例符合 1∶ 1,与抗虫性鉴定结果高度一致。转 Bt基因抗虫性状的遗传是受一对完全显性基因控制的 ,Bt基因与 NPT II基因是紧密连锁或完全连锁的。Bt毒蛋白表达量按照一对显     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...