生长前期转Bt基因棉对棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera Hübner)的抗性研究

生长前期转 Bt基因棉对低龄棉铃虫幼虫具较强的抗性 ,子叶期抗性最强 ,真叶后下降 ,随后逐渐上升 ,至 1 0叶期达顶点 ,之后又开始下降 ;沿江棉区一代棉铃虫幼虫发生期 ,正处于 Bt基因棉的生长前期 ,转 Bt基因棉对 1龄和 2龄幼虫在较短的时间内即表现出较强的抗虫效果 ,对 3龄和4龄幼虫抗虫效果明显下降 ,但连续取食后全部不能存活 ,对 5龄幼虫抗虫效果较差 ,连续取食后可部分化蛹但化蛹率明显低于对照。同时测定了降雨对生长前期转 Bt基因棉抗性表达的影响     

人工模拟“庇护所”和“非庇护所”条件下棉铃虫对Bt棉的抗性演变

 人工饲料中添加转Bt基因杂交棉品种中棉所29棉仁粉,建立杂交和自交品系分别模拟“庇护所”和“非庇护所”条件,连续多代进行棉铃虫对Bt棉的抗性筛选。结果表明：经11代筛选,棉铃虫自交品系和杂交品系的幼虫死亡率下降,体重和体长增加,幼虫历期缩短,化蛹率和羽化率增加。依据幼虫死亡率、体重、体长、幼虫历期以及化蛹率、羽化率等生命参数的演变,相较杂交品系,自交品系对Bt棉能更快地产生适应性。11代筛选后,利用不同抗性品系棉铃虫进行转基因棉抗虫性评估,结果表明：相比敏感品系,杂交品系测定4个转基因棉品种的抗虫性等级未发生变化,而中棉所29等3个转基因棉品种对棉铃虫自交品系的抗性下降了1个等级。对Bt制剂的抗性测定结果表明,杂交品系的抗性倍数为2.5215,自交品系的抗性倍数为9.3876。据本研究初步结果,利用“庇护所”策略延缓棉铃虫对转Bt基因棉的抗性产生是可行的。     

对Bt毒蛋白不同抗性水平棉铃虫品系的生物学研究

用对Bt毒蛋白(Cry1Ac)具有一定抗性水平的安阳品系和相对敏感的新疆品系棉铃虫进行Bt毒蛋白(Cry1Ac)的室内毒力测定结果表明,两品系的LC50值分别为8.7645g·L 1和0.2547g·L 1,前者是后者的34.4倍。用转Bt基因抗虫棉中棉所29和常规棉花品种中棉所35蕾期的倒3叶饲养安阳品系和新疆品系棉铃虫的初孵幼虫(孵化后24h),结果表明:两个棉铃虫品系在取食抗虫棉后的累计校正死亡率在1～2d内差异不明显;新疆品系棉铃虫在转Bt基因抗虫棉上发育的最高龄期为4龄,其比率为6.7%;而安阳品系部分棉铃虫能够在转Bt基因抗虫棉上完成生长发育,其4龄幼虫的比率为45.5%,5、6龄幼虫的比率分别为12.6%和3.8%,有1.6%的幼虫能够正常化蛹;用常规棉棉叶饲养的安阳品系和新疆品系棉铃虫各龄幼虫的发育历期差异不显著,而用转Bt基因抗虫棉棉叶饲养的安阳品系棉铃虫幼虫的发育历期与新疆品系虽然差异不显著,但前者的发育历期均短于后者。     

转双价基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫的抗虫性及时空动态

室内研究了转双价基因(CryIAc+CpTI)抗虫棉6种不同组织器官对棉铃虫不同龄期幼虫的抗虫性及时空动态、对棉铃虫幼虫生长发育及营养效应的影响。结果表明,除棉叶外,转双价基因抗虫棉的棉蕾、棉苞叶、花蕊、花瓣和棉铃的抗虫性均好于转单价基因抗虫棉,特别是对高龄幼虫的抗虫性增强;棉叶的抗虫性呈明显的时空动态,而上述其它组织器官抗虫性较为稳定。取食转双价基因抗虫棉后,棉铃虫幼虫的体重和蛹重明显降低,幼虫和蛹的历期延长,化蛹率和羽化率明显降低,成虫寿命缩短;幼虫的相对取食速率和近似消化率明显降低,相对代谢速率明显升高。     

抗性棉铃虫在转基因棉花上某些生命参数的研究

用室内转Bt基因棉叶汰选的低抗种群及同源对照种群,测定对田间不同生育期转基因抗虫棉叶及常规棉叶的反应.结果表明,抗性和敏感种群在常规棉叶上,幼虫存活率、化蛹率、幼虫历期及蛹重等指标均无显著差异,但抗性种群的每雌产卵量降低.抗性种群在转基因棉花上存活随棉花不同生育期的变化而出现差异.在7月下旬、8月下旬开始接虫的两代,第10天幼虫存活率,抗性种群比敏感种群提高;而在6月下旬开始接虫,抗性种群与敏感种群一样均不能化蛹,抗性种群化蛹率的提高仅在棉花生长后期(8月下旬开始接虫).比较敏感种群,抗性种群在转基因棉花上幼虫存活率提高,但存活幼虫生长缓慢,幼虫历期延长,蛹重明显减轻.结果表明,低水平抗性种群虽然对转基因棉花有一定适应性,但在转基因棉花上仍然生长发育不正常.     

棉铃虫取食转Bt基因棉花后中肠组织的病理变化

利用透射电镜观察棉铃虫 (H elicoverpaarmigera Hübner)取食含转 Bt基因棉的饲料后中肠组织的病理变化。结果发现 ,棉铃虫 3龄幼虫取食含转 Bt基因棉的饲料后中肠组织发生病变 ,随着取食时间的增加 ,变化越来越明显 ,取食 7d后 ,微绒毛脱落 ,质膜界限不清晰 ,线粒体和内质网减少 ,线粒体内嵴不清晰 ;棉铃虫对转 Bt基因棉产生抗性后 ,抗性种群棉铃虫取食含转 Bt基因棉的饲料 ,中肠仍会发生一系列组织病理变化 ,但病变程度减弱。同时 ,与分别取食含 Bt杀虫剂、Bt毒蛋白饲料的棉铃虫进行了比较     

土壤胁迫与温度对转Bt基因棉抗虫性的影响

土壤水分过多和过少均不利于转 Bt基因棉杀虫蛋白的表达 ,土壤涝渍可造成转 Bt基因棉抗虫性的显著下降 ,而土壤干旱的影响则相对较小。低温 ( 1 8℃ )不仅可明显降低转 Bt基因棉抗虫基因的表达活性 ,亦可明显降低已表达于棉株中的杀虫蛋白的抗虫活性。高温 ( 3 8℃ )亦可降低转 Bt基因棉抗虫基因的表达活性 ,但较低温的影响则相对较小 ;高温下已表达于棉株中的杀虫蛋白对低龄棉铃虫幼虫的抗虫活性明显增强。因此 ,应加强转 Bt基因棉田的水肥管理 ,保证转 Bt基因棉抗虫性的高效表达 ,重视各种异常天气后转 Bt基因棉田间的虫量监测 ,适时进行防治     

华北地区棉铃虫对Bt杀虫蛋白的抗性监测

采用Bt可湿性粉剂标样和含单一Bt杀虫蛋白CryⅠA(c)的MVPⅡ水剂,研究改进了棉铃虫对Bt杀虫蛋白的抗性测定方法.1996～1998年进行华北地区棉铃虫对Bt制剂的抗性监测,结果表明,河北省邱县、冀州市、山东省高密市、河南省西华县棉铃虫与敏感种群相比的抗性指数(RR)为1.3～5.3倍;用诊断剂量法测定,只在1998年检测到山东高密棉铃虫的抗性个体频率为0.9%,其余均为0.1998年测定棉铃虫对CryⅠA(c)敏感性,与室内种群相比,河北邱县、冀州和山东高密棉铃虫种群对CryⅠA(c)的相对RR值分别为4.9、3.9和3.8倍,对Bt粉剂的相对抗性指数(RR)分别为1.1、1.4和1.6倍;用转Bt基因棉叶直接测定,田间棉铃虫的死亡率降低,表明用CryⅠA(c)进行测定与用转Bt基因棉叶直接测定结果相关性较大.     

棉花诱导抗虫性对棉铃虫生长发育和行为的影响

用已受过棉虫为害的棉叶饲养棉铃虫幼虫，其生长发育受到影响。与对照相比，幼虫生长受阻，虫体重较轻，且虫龄越小，阻碍作用越强，幼虫生长期延长，化蛹率和羽化率约有下降。在正常棉株和受害棉株之间，棉铃虫雌蛾产卵明显趋向正常植株，但未能发现幼虫在取食定向反应时也表现出趋性。     

单、双价转基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫适合度及其抗药性的影响

 室内以分别用转双价基因棉中棉所41（Cry1Ac+CpTI）、转单价基因棉中棉所44（Cry1Ac）和常规棉中棉所49（CK）连续筛选16代的AYBC、AYBT和AYCK棉铃虫种群为材料,分别继续用上述材料再连续筛选10代,研究抗虫棉对棉铃虫适合度及其抗药性的影响。试验结果表明：经室内连续筛选26代后,与AYCK对照种群相比,AYBC和AYBT种群的幼虫发育历期明显延长,蛹重、产卵量、卵孵化率均明显降低,蛹历期和雌虫百分率差异不显著;与AYBT种群相比,AYBC种群的幼虫发育历期明显延长,产卵量显著降低,蛹重、蛹历期、雌虫百分率和卵孵化率差异不显著。17－26代,AYBC种群与AYBT种群同一筛选代数间对Cry1Ac毒素的抗性倍数差异不显著,并且随着筛选代数的增加,AYBC和AYBT种群的抗性倍数都有所增加。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.