人工授精+胚胎移植(AI+ET)法诱发肉牛双胎的试验研究

应用AI ET法分别对3组试验牛处理,人工诱导生产肉牛双胎,双胎率达60.8%(79/130),产犊率147.7%(192/130).其中试验组Ⅱ(自然发情后AI ET)双胎率达66%(33/50),产犊率150%(45/30),显著提高了母牛的繁殖率.     

人工诱导母牛一胎双犊的研究

应用PMSG、HCG、氯前列烯醇,处理肉用母牛以期达到促使卵巢同时排双卵、产双犊的目的。本试验共分三组,每组5头。在母牛发情周期的不同时期,按不同的剂量及注射次数。对母牛进行药物处理。其中I、III两组产犊结果相同,5头母牛其中产单犊3头,产双犊1头,产三犊1头,双胎率20%,三胎率20%,多胎率达40%(P<0.001)。     

母牛一胎双犊技术的研究

选择9头母牛先行人工授精、7天后再移植冷冻胚胎以生产双犊。试验结果表明,母牛产双犊达44.44%(P<0.01)。提示:采用A(I人工授精)+ET(胚胎移植)是提高母牛双犊率的有效技术措施之一。     

奶牛新鲜和冷冻胚胎分割移植试验

用简单方法,分割7～8日龄新鲜牛胚胎(1分为2),裸半胚成对移植给66头受体,90天妊检,移植妊娠率为56.1％(37/66)。除6头流产和尚有5头待产外,已有26头受体产犊35头,其中有9对同卵双胎,双胎率为34.6％(9/26),半胚产犊率为29.2％(35/120)。对影响成对半胚移植妊娠率和半胚产犊率的诸多因素如胚胎质量,胚胎在体外停留时间、胚胎发育阶段、受体牛品种、黄体状况等进行了较系统的研究。同时对冷冻胚胎进行了分割试验,移植妊娠率为45.5％(5/11),已产3头犊牛。对快速冷冻和常规冷冻胚胎分割后的移植妊娠率进行了比较,分别为25.0％(1/4)和57.4％(4/7)。     

奶牛产双胎的规律分析

笔者调查了江苏省某奶牛场2004~2013年3 209头次中国荷斯坦母牛的产犊记录,探讨胎次与产犊月份对奶牛双胎率的影响;观察了2011~2013年留养的8头异性双胎母犊的繁殖性能。结果表明:奶牛的双胎率为4.4%;双胎率最多的胎次为第三胎,占26.1%,1月份的双胎率最高,占18.3%;8头留养的异性双胎母犊中有4头生殖器官发育正常,并具有正常繁殖能力,占留养的50%。     

应用促卵泡素提高牛双犊率的试验

2001年以来,我们进行了诱导母牛双胎生产试验,具体是选择卵巢上部有间情周期黄体存在、生殖器官无疾病的母牛,将12～14毫克促卵泡素(FSH),在3日内分6次肌注投给。供试牛在配种时期随机选择性功能活动正常。共选择处理18头。一胎双犊母牛12头,双犊率为66.67%(12/18),一胎单犊母牛6头,单胎率为33.33%(6/18),共产犊30头,总产犊率为166.67%(30/18)。12头产双犊母牛中,有3头同胎同时产两个不同品种的后代。现报告如下:1试验牛的选择供试牛只均是双庆乡太安村牛场和村民个人饲养的2～5周岁可繁母牛,其中:奶×本一代改良牛12头,本地黄牛6头;经产…     

奶牛胚胎分割试验研究

简单分割7～8天奶牛胚胎59枚(117个半胚)。裸半胚成对移给59头奶牛或黄牛,80～90天有27头(45.8％)妊娠。最后24头受体产犊34头,半胚产犊率29.1％(34/117)。有10对双胎,双胎率41.7％(10/24)。比较在不同情况下—7天或8天;晚桑椹或囊胚期;透明带软化处理或不软化处理—分割的半胚,成对移植后受体妊娠率分别是40.0％和57.9％;35.7％和54.8％;48.6％和41.7％。半胚产犊率分别是26.6％和34.2％;23.6％和33.9％;30.0％和27.7％。均无显著差异(P>0.05)。分割优质胚胎得到最好的(35.7％)半胚产犊率。半胚在体外5小时内移植有较高(30.5％)的产犊率。试验探索了奶牛半胚移给远处分散的农户黄牛的可能性。11对奶牛半胚移给11头黄牛有6头(54.5％)妊娠。最后5头受体产下7头奶牛犊,两对同卵双胎。     

应用生物技术提高黄牛双犊率试验报告

本文通过对低剂量PMSG、FSH、AI ET鲜胚移植和冻胚移植的试验,得出应用三种激素试验结果。FSH试验组受胎率、双犊率分别比低剂量PMSG试验组提高4％和6．6％,比PMSG试验提高4％和8．6％。AI ET试验组双犊率高2％,比冻胚移植双犊率高8％。     

新疆褐牛双胎率分析

为探索乳肉兼用型新疆褐牛双胎率的规律,本文以某牛场2000～2018年的新疆褐牛为研究对象。运用SPSS 19.0软件进行了描述性统计分析,分析配种月份、产犊年份、胎次与双胎的关系以及双胎中犊牛的性别。结果分析可知:新疆褐牛的双胎率为2.86%;新疆褐牛在6月配种的双胎率是最高的,占15.1%;双胎率最多的胎次为第4胎,占20.9%;产犊中异性双胎最多,占51.2%。本文为提高新疆褐牛繁殖力以及遗传育种提供一定的理论参考。     

西门塔尔奶牛一胎双犊生产性能分析

奶牛一胎双犊可说是有利有弊,一般认为,奶牛一胎双犊,对增加优良种牛后裔有利,应当提倡。也有人认为,奶牛产双犊,如果是异性双犊,母犊大多不孕,而同性双犊,又因出生重偏低,而影响日后生产,应当避免。本文旨在通过对呼图壁种牛场1995-2001年西门塔尔奶牛(荷斯坦奶牛报告较多)一胎双犊有关资料的整理分析,反映一胎双犊在西门塔尔奶牛的胎次分布、双胎率、双胎犊初生重,并重点比较产单胎母牛及产双胎母牛的生产性能,对奶牛实际生产提供依据。     

The effect of artificial insemination prior to transfer of a limited number of vitrified and warmed porcine embryos by open pulled straw (OPS) method on their survival ability for farrowing

Embryo transfer (ET) of 20 porcine expanded blastocysts (ExBs) vitrified and warmed (VW) by open pulled straw (OPS) to a recipient allows stable piglet production. The efficiency of artificial insemination (AI) prior to ET of 10 VW ExBs for piglet production was investigated. For one trial, 10–15 VW ExBs from single donor were assigned, 10 were used for ET and the remains were assessed for their in vitro viability. In the non‐AI/ET group, 10 were transferred to each of five recipients. As AI/ET group, 10 were transferred to each of five recipients after AI. In AI/non‐ET group, only AI was performed to seven gilts. In the non‐AI/ET group, the pregnancy rate was 40%, but none of them farrowed. In the AI/ET group, all recipients produced piglets. Four (80.0%) delivered piglets from transferred VW ExBs. The survival rate of VW ExBs to term was 20.0% (10/50). In the AI/non‐ET group, six of the seven gilts farrowed. There was no difference in in vitro viability between the non‐AI/ET and AI/ ET groups (62.5% and 68.3%, respectively). AI prior to ET can be an appropriate way to maintain pregnancy and assist the development of a low number of VW ExBs to term.     

Efficacy of a single whole-body spray treatment of spinosad, against Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) on cattle.

The efficacy of a single whole-body spray of spinosad, a naturally derived control agent, applied at three concentrations was evaluated against cattle infested three separate times prior to treatment and at four weekly intervals following treatment with Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). At 0.0167% active ingredient (AI) both tick numbers (1894 ticks per calf) and index of fecundity (IF) of females (258.3) were no different than that of the control group. However, spinosad treatment at both 0.05 and 0.15% AI resulted in fewer ticks per calf (600 and 935, respectively) with lower IF values for females (43.4 and 38.4, respectively). The percent control of ticks on the animals at the time of treatment (acute efficacy) was dramatically lower at 0.0167% AI (21.4%) than at 0.05 (86.3%) and 0.15% AI (87.9%). Spinosad treatments appeared to be more effective against immature stages (nymphs and larvae) than against adult ticks that were on the animals at the time of treatment. The mean weight of females that survived to repletion was similar (322-348 mg) in all groups. By contrast, the mean weight of egg masses produced by females was highest in the control group (155 mg), whereas each increase in spinosad concentration resulted in a substantial decrease in egg mass weight, with the 0.15% AI group averaging only 73 mg. The hatch rate of eggs derived from females ranged from 93.4% in control females down to 53.9% hatch for females treated at 0.15% AI spinosad. The residual efficacy of spinosad at 0.0167% AI was poor even at 1 week following treatment, resulting in 101 ticks per calf and a level of control of only 66.4%. At 0.05% AI, protection against successful reinfestation was high at 1-week post-treatment where only five ticks per calf reached repletion, and control of the IF of these females was 99.3%. The 0.15% AI treatment provided almost complete protection against reinfestation for 2 weeks following treatment (< or =5 ticks per calf), and control of the IF of these ticks was >99.9%. Thus, the use of spinosad at US ports-of-entry would be unacceptable because of the critical necessity of achieving 100% control with a single treatment to prevent the reintroduction of ticks. However, it is likely ticks could be eradicated using spinosad in tick infested areas of the US if repeated (systematic) treatments were applied to cattle maintained on the premises.     

Association between the existence of calves persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus and commingling on pen morbidity in feedlot cattle

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between the existence of a calf persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and pen morbidity. ANIMALS: 5,041 calves in 50 pens at a feedlot in Iowa. PROCEDURE: In a longitudinal study, ear notches were collected from cattle and tested for BVDV antigen. Characteristics of each pen (owner, sex, disease rate, number of groups, and source) were recorded. The association between the existence of a BVDV-PI calf and morbidity in each pen was examined. RESULTS: Commingling was associated with an increase in respiratory tract disease (odds ratio [OR], 3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.5 to 3.6). Ten BVDV-PI calves (10/5,041 [0.2%]) were identified in 8 of 50 pens. A BVDV-PI calf was associated with reduced pen-level respiratory tract disease (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5 to 0.9). Disease prevalence (mean +/- SD morbidity, 7.9 +/- 3.1%) was lowest in pens containing single-source cattle and a BVDV-PI calf (4 pens containing 302 cattle), compared with single-source cattle with no BVDV-PI calf (mean morbidity, 11.89 +/- 9.7%; 31 pens containing 3,093 cattle), commingled cattle with no BVDV-PI calf (mean morbidity, 29.3 +/- 16.22%; 11 pens containing 1,127 cattle), and commingled cattle with a BVDV-PI calf (mean morbidity, 28.6 +/- 10.1%; 4 pens containing 519 cattle). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Commingling was the greatest risk factor associated with morbidity in each pen. A BVDV-PI calf in a pen was not associated with increased disease prevalence in commingled groups.     

奶牛性别控制冻精和普通冻精对比试验研究

用奶牛性控冻精共授配奶牛948头,妊娠893头,情期受胎率平均为67.37%;母犊率达到93.95%,普通冻精产母犊率51.63%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。对其中20头母犊出生时的体重、体尺进行了测定,并与常规冻精所产母犊的生长发育指标进行比较,两者差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验表明,奶牛性控冻精对实现规模化奶牛场的快速扩群和品质提升具有较高的实用价值。     

新疆褐牛细管冻精改良当地蒙古牛效果分析

用新疆褐牛细管冻精为父本,以新疆博尔塔拉州本地蒙古牛为母本进行杂交,即采用人工授精的方法获得杂交F1。褐蒙F1,初生重公犊比蒙古牛提高28．26％,母犊提高27．23％,断奶重公犊提高92．04％,母犊提高92．16％。同龄褐蒙F1屠宰率、净肉率比本地蒙古牛提高6．6％和8％。平均每头褐蒙F1牛可增肉70．3kg,按每千克牛肉25元计算,增效1758元。细管冻精配种可降低成本130元。     

受体绵羊人工授精后移植胚胎的试验

试验通过使用人工授精后绵羊作为受体进行胚胎移植,以寻找一种更加有效的方法提高绵羊胚胎移植的经济效益。试验中使用FSH对10只无角道赛特绵羊进行超数排卵处理,同时对60只受体小尾寒羊进行同期发情。供体羊在发情配种后4.5～5.0d从子宫角收集胚胎。同时,将胚胎移植到同期发情并进行人工授精的受体羊子宫内。总共有57枚可用胚移植给44只受体小尾寒羊,32只怀孕到分娩,共产下羔羊51只(无角道赛特羔28只,道赛特与小尾寒羊杂种羔23只)。此外,经人工授精但未进行手术移植的7只小尾寒羊产下15只杂种羔羊。移胚植受体妊娠率72.7%(32/44),移胚受体繁殖率118%(51/44),受体利用率88.3%(53/60)。移胚受体总妊娠率和受体利用率均显著高于常规ET组(P<0.01)。与常规胚胎移植相比,受体羊人工授精后移植胚胎不仅提高了无角道赛特母羊的繁殖率,而且提高了受体羊的利用率。     

Conception rate of Holstein and Japanese Black cattle following embryo transfer in southwestern Japan

This study aimed to quantify and compare conception rates to embryo transfer (ET) of Holstein and Japanese Black cattle in southwestern Japan. A 10‐year retrospective epidemiological survey was conducted. The recipient numbers for Holstein and Japanese Black cattle was 621 and 527, respectively. Conception rates of Holstein and Japanese Black cattle during the study period were 45.4% and 42.3%, respectively. There was no significant difference between both breeds. However, a different trend of conception rate to ET in Holstein and Japanese Black cattle was observed. In Holstein cattle, conception rate in August to October was lower than in the other months and was significantly lower (p < .05) than in April. Particularly, conception rate in October of Holstein cattle was the lowest (31.0%). In Japanese Black cattle, conception rates in December (24.2%) and January (31.3%) were lower than in the other months. Conception rate of Japanese Black cattle declined as the temperature–humidity index (THI) decreased, exhibiting significantly lower levels in the ≤45 THI class than in any other THI class (p < .05). By contrast, in Holstein cattle, no relationship was observed between conception rate and THI on the day of ET. These observations suggest the importance of appropriate management that considers seasonal reactivity in each breed.     

Effect of copper, zinc, and manganese supplementation and source on reproduction, mineral status, and performance in grazing beef cattle over a two-year period

Crossbred, multiparous beef cows (n = 178 in Year 1; n = 148 in Year 2) were used to evaluate the effects of Cu, Zn, and Mn supplementation and source on reproduction, mineral status, and performance in grazing cattle in eastern Colorado over a 2-yr period. Cows were stratified by expected calving date, age, BW, BCS, and liver mineral status and assigned to the following treatments: 1) control (no supplemental Cu, Zn, or Mn); 2) organic (ORG; 50% organic and 50% inorganic Cu, Zn, and Mn); and 3) inorganic (ING; 100% inorganic CuSO4, ZnSO4, and MnSO4). Free-choice mineral feeders were used to provide current NRC-recommended concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Mn from 82 d (Year 1) and 81 d (Year 2) before the average calving date of the herd through 110 d (Year 1) and 135 d (Year 2) after calving. At the end of Year 1, supplemented cows had greater liver Cu (P < 0.01), Zn (P < 0.05), and Mn (P < 0.01) concentrations compared with controls, whereas liver Cu concentration was greater (P < 0.01) in ORG vs. ING cows. At the end of Year 2, supplemented cows had greater (P < 0.01) liver Cu concentrations relative to controls, whereas control cows had greater (P < 0.02) liver Mn concentration than did supplemented cows. In Year 1, pregnancy rate to AI in control cows did not differ (P = 0.47) from supplemented cows, but there was a trend (P < 0.08) for pregnancy rate to be higher for ORG than ING cows. In Year 2, supplemented cows had a higher (P < 0.02) pregnancy rate to AI than controls. In both years, when cows were inseminated after an observed estrus, supplemented cows had a higher (P < 0.04) pregnancy rate than did controls. Also, for both years, overall 60-d pregnancy rate tended (P = 0.10) to be higher for supplemented cows than for controls. In Year 1, kilograms of calf weaned per cow exposed was greater (P < 0.02) in controls than in supplemented cows, and kilograms of calf weaned per cow exposed was greater (P < 0.01) in ING than ORG treatments. However, in Year 2, kilograms of calf weaned per cow exposed was greater (P < 0.02) in controls than in supplemented cows, and tended (P = 0.09) to be greater in ORG than ING treatments. Results indicate that supplementation and source of trace minerals affected mineral status and kilograms of calf weaned per cow exposed in grazing beef cows. Supplementation also improved pregnancy rate to AI compared with cows not supplemented with Cu, Zn, or Mn for more than 1 yr. Furthermore, mineral source may influence pregnancy rate to AI.     

性控冻精对同期发情奶牛输精效果观察

为观察奶牛养殖场应用同期发情后,实施性控冻精人工授精的效果进行试验。本试验设立性控组和常规组,分别进行人工授精,在相同饲养管理条件下观察两组试验奶牛配种、妊娠、产母犊情况。结果表明:同期发情率为81.43%,而且84.38集中在36h内;试验组奶牛产母犊率达94.12%,明显高于常规组55.56%的产母犊率,说明该性控冻精在奶牛性别控制中的效果明显,值得推广。     

青年奶牛同期发情和同期排卵－定时输精试验

试验旨在研究同期发情和同期排卵－定时输精技术在青年奶牛中的应用。选择1046头澳大利亚进口荷斯坦青年奶牛,随机分为两组:一组自然发情人工授精配种(对照组);另一组采用前列腺素F_2α(PGF_2α)诱导母牛发情或按照同期排卵－定时输精程序(Ovsynch或Ovsynch+CIDR法)处理母牛后人工授精配种(试验组),统计同期发情率、不返情率、第一次人工授精妊娠率和21d妊娠率等繁殖指标。结果表明,试验组青年奶牛人工授精后不返情率和第一次人工授精妊娠率与对照组间无显著差异(P>0.05),但21d妊娠率显著高于对照组(53.1%和35.3%,P<0.05)。试验组中,1次PG法、间隔7d2次PG法和间隔11d2次PG法的同期发情率分别为76.1%、81.7%和84.6%,差异均不显著(P>0.05);同期排卵－定时输精组中,Ovsynch法(GPG)和Ovsynch+CIDR法(GPG+CIDR)的不返情率、第一次人工授精妊娠率和21d妊娠率间无显著差异(P>0.05)。不同输精人员可显著影响青年奶牛的第一次人工授精妊娠率(P<0.05),而不同公牛常规冷冻精液对青年奶牛第一次人工授精妊娠率无显著影响(P>0.05)。同期发情及同期排卵－定时输精技术可使青年奶牛集中发情,提高参配率,从而提高21d妊娠率,有效加快青年奶牛人工授精效率,降低饲养成本。