自然的平衡——亚洲蜜蜂防御天敌和寄生生物

在自然界中,动物所面临的生存威胁主要来自于捕食者和寄生生物.蜜蜂蜂群中贮存着丰富的食物,吸引众多的敌害.列举了亚洲蜜蜂所面临的几种主要敌害生物,阐述了亚洲蜜蜂的防御策略和机制.认为在漫长的自然选择过程中,亚洲蜜蜂与各种天敌昆虫协同进化,建立了一种自然的平衡,使其生生不息,在生态系统中发挥着极其重要的作用.在温室效应引起的气候条件日趋恶劣,全世界生态系统逐渐恶化的今天,蜜蜂的生存受到了极大的威胁.因此.研究亚洲蜜蜂的生存状况对保护蜜蜂,维持生物多样性和生态平衡具有十分重要的意义.     

蜜蜂减少诱发生态系统剧变

据法国农艺研究所的统计,法国蜂群的数量已经从1994年的150万群减少到了现在的100万群.爱因斯坦曾经预言:"如果蜜蜂消失了,人类生存的时间就可能只有几年了."与爱因斯坦的预言相反,蜜蜂的消失并不会影响人类的生存.但蜜蜂的减少也是很令人担心的,因为蜜蜂在农业和生态系列中发挥着关键作用,必须明白,蜜蜂担负着生物圈里主要的授粉作用,因此它是促使作物繁殖的主要昆虫.     

蜜蜂生存危机的影响因素

养蜂业是现代化生态农业建设中不可或缺的一部分.蜜蜂的生物授粉大幅度提高了农作物的产量和品质 ,促进现代化农业生产的发展.然而,近年来蜂群崩溃失调病(CCD)在全球范围内多次爆发,蜜蜂种群数量锐减,状况堪忧.探讨了影响蜜蜂生存危机的可能因素,包括生物因素(细菌、病毒、真菌和寄生虫等)、气候变化、环境污染和生态破坏等.     

具有药用保健功效的长白山中蜂蜜

长白山是东北第一高山,也是全国十大名山之一.长白山中蜂是我国中蜂的优良品种之一,受长白山独特气候的影响,在漫长的竞争和自然选择中而生存下来.长白山中蜂个体比韩国、日本蜜蜂稍大,属东方蜜蜂.     

逃蜂的预防

发生逃蜂的主动原因有:缺粉断蜜,蜜蜂受到饥饿威胁;巢虫、胡蜂等影响蜜蜂生存;蜂场有烟、臭、药气的刺激;蜂箱放在高压线下,蜜蜂受到磁场影响;蜜蜂群势太弱,未能形成强群;场地周围有振动;蜂箱受烈日曝晒或寒风侵袭等.     

逃蜂的预防

蜜蜂在饲养过程中,有时会发生逃蜂,主要原因有:一是自然分蜂团逃迁,投奔新居;二是缺粉断蜜,蜜蜂受到饥饿威胁;三是巢虫、胡蜂等危害,影响蜜蜂生存;四是蜂场有烟、臭、药气的刺激;五是蜂箱放在高压线下,蜜蜂受到高压线上电磁场影响;六是受到盗蜂骚扰,被逼逃离;七是蜜蜂群势太弱,未能形成强群;八是场地周围有振动,蜂箱受烈日曝晒或寒风侵袭。为避免发生逃蜂,应采取必要的预防措施。     

意大利蜜蜂对中华蜜蜂自然分蜂语言的解读

蜜蜂是多雄性社会昆虫.在分蜂过程中它们主要通过信息素和蜂舞进行交流.不同种的蜜蜂在长期的进化过程中已经形成了属于自己的一套语言系统.以同群饲养的意大利蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂为试验材料,观察在自然分蜂中意大利蜜蜂是否能解读并参与中华蜜蜂的自然分蜂.结果表明,意大利蜜蜂会参与中华蜜蜂的分蜂.说明意大利蜜蜂具有解读中华蜜蜂自然分蜂语言的能力.     

水是蜜蜂的生命之源

<正>世上万物的生存与生长都离不开水,所以水就是各种生物的生命之源。蜜蜂的生存繁衍更是离不开水,而水质的好坏也直接影响蜜蜂的繁衍生存。供给蜜蜂吸食的水主要来源于江河湖泊水、山泉溪流水、地表暂存的雨雪水及深井地下水等。对养蜂人来说,这些在日常生活中时刻不分而再平常不过的东西"水",最容易被人忽视,对于水的品质更是不屑一顾     

环境污染对蜜蜂危害性的调查

对蜜蜂生活、生长发育及繁育有影响的所有空间条件,是蜜蜂生存的环境。在长期自然进化过程中,蜜蜂逐渐形成了一系列与环境协调的行为。环境污染是人类活动中将大量的污染物排入环境,影响环境的自净能力,从而降低了生态系统的功能[1￣2]。在自然界中,蜜蜂对污染大气、水体中的某些有毒有害成分有较强的敏感能力,蜜蜂对毒性较强的氯和氯化氢、氟化物、光化学烟雾以及多种农药等均有不同程度的反应,蜜蜂对环境污染具有一定的监测作用。冶炼厂冒出的烟及粉尘污染周围的植物,蜜蜂在被污染的植物采集花粉、花蜜时引起中毒死亡;空气污染有毒物质,可…     

中华蜜蜂饲养管理技术研究

蜜蜂是一种社会性昆虫,在每年的生长和发育过程中,随着季节的更替而发生相应的变化。在蜜蜂饲养过程中,做好饲养管理技术显得十分重要。蜜蜂饲养管理技术的好坏直接影响到蜜蜂蜂群的蜂蜜产量和生存质量。中华蜜蜂是我国传统蜜蜂种类,笔者主要结合浙江省中华蜜蜂饲养的实际情况,就其饲养管理技术进行了分析,希望通过本次研究对更好的促进中锋饲养质量的提升有一定帮助。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.