秦川牛mtDNA cyt b基因序列多态性分析

对我国秦川牛6个个体mtDNA cyt b基因1140bp序列进行了分析。结果表明：6头秦川牛的cyt b基因序列中，共检测到核苷酸多态位点19个。cyt b基因全序列突变类型只有转换。6个个体具有4种单倍型。以欧洲牛mtDNA cyt b基因全序列为标准，其中单倍型Ⅰ、单倍型Ⅱ、单倍型Ⅲ的核苷酸变异率较低，都为0．071%，而单倍型Ⅳ的核苷酸变异率较高，为1．21%。应用MEGA软件中UPGMA法构建6头秦川牛的分子进化树，结果表明秦川牛有2个母系起源即普通牛起源（单倍Ⅰ、单倍型Ⅱ和单倍型Ⅲ和瘤牛起源（单倍型Ⅳ），但是本研究发现作为中原牛之一的秦川牛受普通牛的影响比较大。     

6个猪种FUT1基因的多态性分析

α(1,2)岩藻糖转移酶基因1(α-1,2-Fucosyltransferase gene,FUT1)是可以调节大肠杆菌F18侵染猪小肠、并引起仔猪水肿和腹泻的一个抗性基因。采用PCR-SSCP方法,检测了FUT1基因在大白猪、长白猪、杜洛克、马身猪、山西黑猪、晋汾白猪6个猪种中的多态性。结果表明:在大白猪、长白猪和杜洛克这3个引进品种中,存在A、B、C 3种单倍型,A单倍型的平均分布频率为0.58;而在地方品种马身猪及其培育品种山西黑猪和晋汾白猪中只发现了单倍型A。经测序比对发现B单倍型第5位碱基发生了C→A的转换,第145个碱基处发生了T→C的突变;而单倍型C的第372位碱基A发生缺失。大白和杜洛克2个种群Hardy-Weinberg不平衡,FUT1基因在国外引进猪种大白、长白、杜洛克种群多态性丰富。     

绵羊MSTN基因内含子2和外显子3部分序列的SNP检测和单倍型分析

本研究采用PCR和直接测序的方法对我国9个地方绵羊品种和1个引入品种共计60个个体进行了MSTN基因内含子2和外显子3的SNP检测和单倍型分析。结果表明:在已测序的60个个体中共发现15个SNPs(A1937C、T1942G、C1956T、A1972C、A1990G、A2008C、A2011G、C2019T、A2025C、A2027C、T2085G、T2173C、C2198T、C2210T和C2213T),它们全部存在于内含子2。同时检测到12种单倍型,其中单倍型Ⅰ(CGTCGCGTCCGCTTT)和单倍型Ⅷ(ATCAAAACAATTCCC)是2种主要的单倍型(频率分别为12.25%和77.80%)。单倍型Ⅷ广泛分布于10个受试绵羊品种中,而肉用型品种、肉脂兼用型品种和肉毛兼用型品种的所有个体均属此种单倍型且为纯合子,推测单倍型Ⅷ可能与绵羊的产肉性能有关。     

我国主要地方绵羊品种mtDNA细胞色素b基因PCR-RFLP研究

应用PCR-RFLP方法，对我国9个地方绵羊品种和3个引人品种共计120个个体的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)细胞色素b(cyt b)基因进行了分析。结果表明，12种限制性内切酶在所研究的个体中共检测到22个酶切位点，15种限制性态型，其中StuⅠ、EcoRⅠ和MboⅡ表现出多态，15种限制性态型归结为4种基因单倍型，即单倍型Ⅰ、单倍型Ⅱ、单倍型Ⅲ和单倍型Ⅳ。单倍型Ⅰ为受试绵羊品种的基本单倍型。线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因遗传多态度为0．0142％，说明我国地方绵羊品种线粒体DNA多态度贫乏。     

柴达木牛和蒙古牛Y染色体基因组遗传多样性与父系起源研究

旨在从基因组水平探究柴达木牛和蒙古牛的父系遗传多样性和起源进化关系。本研究采用全基因组重测序技术对柴达木牛品种5个不同地理群体共计22个个体和蒙古牛23个个体的Y染色体单拷贝基因区进行SNP扫描，使用生物信息学方法分析其父系遗传多样性和系统发育关系。结果表明，22头柴达木牛共定义了4种单倍型，其单倍型多样度为0.610±0.093,核苷酸多样度为0.074±0.015,而23头蒙古牛共确定了10种单倍型，其单倍型多样度为0.925±0.025,核苷酸多样度为0.137±0.013,表明柴达木牛相比蒙古牛其父系遗传多样性较低。构建的系统发育树和单倍型网络图表明，22头柴达木牛明显地分为Y1(18.2%)和Y2(81.8%)两个单倍型组，其中Y2为优势单倍型组，Y2单倍型组又包括Y2a(18.2%)与Y2b(63.6%)两种亚单倍型组，其中Y2b亚单倍型组占优势，表明柴达木牛有Y1与Y2两个父系起源；蒙古牛也拥有Y1(17.4%)和Y2(82.6%)两个父系起源，但Y2单倍型组以Y2a为主要亚单倍型组(47.8%)。上述结果表明，柴达木牛和蒙古牛具有相似的父系遗传组成，但考虑到柴达木牛的父...     

西昌市鸡蛔虫线粒体cyt b和nad1基因的遗传变异分析

为研究西昌市鸡蛔虫的种内遗传变异和系统发生关系,用线粒体细胞色素b(cyt b)和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶亚单位Ⅰ(nad1)基因全序列分析了17个鸡蛔虫西昌分离株的遗传变异,并用cyt b和nad1序列构建鸡蛔虫与其他蛔虫的种系发育关系。测序结果显示:17株鸡蛔虫cyt b和nad1全序列长度分别为1 104 bp和876 bp,碱基变异率分别为02.4%和02.3%;分别检测到10个和7个单倍型,总的单倍型多样性分别为0.897±0.056和0.824±0.064,核苷酸多样性分别为0.004 70±0.001 61和0.004 21±0.001 65,平均遗传距离分别为0.005和0.004。构建的种系发育树均显示17个鸡蛔虫西昌分离株与其他国家/地区的鸡蛔虫分离株聚类形成一个分支,与鸽蛔虫的亲缘关系最近,与其他蛔虫所属的分支相隔较远。研究结果表明鸡蛔虫西昌分离株的遗传变异程度低,且cyt b基因比nad1基因更适合作为研究鸡蛔虫种内遗传变异的分子标记。     

猪钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白基因外显子9多态性检测及其对山西白猪背膘厚的影响

本研究采用PCR-SSCP方法检测了杜洛克猪、大白猪、长白猪、山西白猪、山西黑猪和马身猪6个品种共416头个体的钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白(calpastatin,CAST)基因外显子9的多态性,在扩增片段内检测到5个SNPs,分别是第37位的T→G突变、150位的A→G突变、167、193和256位点的C→T突变,其中第193和256位点的C→T突变位于外显子9内,为错义突变,分别引起苏氨酸→异亮氨酸和苏氨酸→蛋氨酸的转变;5个SNPs位点形成A、B、C、D、E、F和G 7种单倍型,其分布与猪的经济类型相一致。在引入猪种大白猪和杜洛克猪群体中,有3种单倍型A、B和C,单倍型B频率较高,分别为0.40和0.53;长白猪群体中只有B和C 2种单倍型,单倍型C频率较高,为0.72;马身猪除含有A、B、C 3种单倍型外,还含有单倍型E,频率为0.16。统计分析结果表明,CAST基因单倍型类型对山西白猪6月龄活体背膘厚无显著影响。     

STATTAT5b基因多态性及其与京海黄鸡繁殖性状的相关分析

以信号转导和转录激活子5b(STAT5b)基因为候选基因,采用PCR-SSCP和DNA测序技术检测STAT5b基因在京海黄鸡、边鸡、尤溪麻鸡和AA鸡4个群体中的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs),并与京海黄鸡繁殖性状的相关性进行研究。结果表明,就STAT5b基因P1位点而言,在4个鸡群体中检测到6种基因型(DD、DE、DF、EE、EF、FF)。克隆测序发现,与DD基因型相比EE和FF基因型中存在2个突变(A9221G、T9401C)。就P2位点而言,在4个鸡品种中检测到3种基因型(GG、GH和HH),克隆测序发现,与GG基因型比较HH基因型有3个突变(C11159T、T11183C和T11252C)。最小二乘分析结果显示,DF基因型的京海黄鸡300日龄产蛋数显著高于EE基因型的京海黄鸡个体(P0.05),其他性状基因型间无差异(P0.05);GG基因型京海黄鸡300日龄体重显著高于GH基因型的京海黄鸡个体(P0.05),其他性状基因型间无差异(P0.05)。单倍型分析产生8种单倍型,10种单倍型组合。单倍型组合H1H3和H1H8京海黄鸡个体300日龄产蛋数最多;单倍型组合H1H7京海黄鸡个体300日龄蛋重最大;H1H1单倍型组合京海黄鸡个体300日龄体重最高。因此,推测STAT5b基因P1、P2位点对京海黄鸡繁殖性状有一定影响。     

淮南猪线粒体DNA D-loop遗传多样性及母系起源研究

为探究淮南猪的遗传多样性和母系起源,本实验对32头淮南猪线粒体DNA D-loop区序列进行PCR扩增和测序,并结合GenBank中国内外猪种及黄河流域古家猪D-loop序列,分析淮南猪线粒体多态性及其起源。结果显示:淮南猪1 170 bp的D-loop序列核苷酸多样性(Pi)及单倍型多样性(Hd)分别为0.004 25和0.968;32个测序结果共检测到27个多态位点,界定了20种单倍型;中性检验表明淮南猪在驯化进程中曾发生过种群扩张;邻接法(NJ)构建分子系统发育树明显将群体分为国内和国外2个类群,淮南猪20个单倍型都聚集在国内分支上;进一步Network分析显示,淮南猪单倍型在国内猪种中呈广泛分布,但与华中、华北型猪种基因交流较多,且与黄河流域古家猪遗传关系较近,表明淮南猪为多母系起源,主要来自于黄河流域古家猪。     

15个鸡群体IL-2基因的遗传变异分析

为了深入研究鸡IL-2基因的多态性及为鸡抗病育种提供理论依据,本研究以IL-2基因为研究对象,采用直接测序的方法对11个中国地方鸡品种、3个引进鸡品种和1个培育鸡品种共448个个体该基因的遗传变异进行了分析。通过DNA池和直接测序技术,共发现了13个突变位点。对所有个体的一段包含5个SNPs的区域进行分析,发现不同等位基因在15个鸡群体间分布存在显著差异,表明不同品种间IL-2基因具有丰富的遗传变异资源,可为抗病基因的选择提供素材;群体遗传学指标分析表明,H系京星黄鸡的遗传多样性最低,这与其品种形成过程一致,其他品种多样性差异不大;单倍型分析共发现23种单倍型,其中H1(CAACG)、H2(CAATT)、H4(TGTTG)、H9(TGTTG)、H11(TATCG)和H16(CATCG)为中国地方鸡品种特有或优势单倍型,可能与抗病能力相关。     

浙江6个地方猪种的mtDNA控制区多态性分析

本研究对淳安花猪等6个浙江地方猪种的116条mtDNA序列进行了多态性分析,参照猪群为长白猪和皖南花猪。结果显示,浙江地方猪种581 bp mtDNA控制区序列中共存在14个变异位点,群体的核苷酸多样度Pi值为0.00403±0.00036;单倍型多样度Hd值为0.835±0.018。地方猪的单倍型从Hap_5至Hap_19共15种,而长白猪为Hap_1至Hap_4。淳安花猪和皖南花猪的单倍型频率均以Hap_8为主(0.680和0.833);嘉兴黑猪以Hap_5(0.625)为主;嵊县花猪和碧湖猪均以Hap_6为主(0.500和0.375);岔路黑猪以Hap_5、Hap_8居多(0.429和0.429);金华猪有11种单倍型,频率最高的是Hap_5(0.241)。NJ系统发生树中,浙江地方猪种大致可分为5支(编号A~E),其中,淳安花猪主要出现在E支,个体数占淳安花猪样本数的68.0%(17/25);C支全为金华猪,个体数占金华猪样本数的29.3%(17/58);D支金华猪个体数占金华猪样本数的24.1%(14/58)。本研究结果表明,浙江地方猪种的mtDNA多态性较为丰富,且与长白猪在基因序列上存在明显差别。地方猪种的单倍型组成和频率与其地理分布及品种的形成特点有密切关系。     

Interpopulation and intrapopulation maternal lineage genetics of the Lanyu pig (Sus scrofa) by analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b and control region sequences

The Lanyu pig is an indigenous breed from the Lanyu Islet, which is southeast of Taiwan. Two herds of Lanyu pigs were introduced from the Lanyu Islet into Taiwan in 1975 and 1980. The current population of conserved Lanyu pigs consists of only 44 animals with unknown genetic lineage. The Lanyu pig possesses a distinct maternal genetic lineage remote from Asian and European pigs. The present study aimed to understand the phylogenetic relationship among conserved Lanyu, Asian, and European type pigs based on the cytochrome b coding gene, to ascertain the maternal lineage and genetic diversity within the conserved Lanyu pigs, and to address whether genetic introgression from exotic or Formosan wild pigs had occurred in the conserved Lanyu pigs. Entire mitochondrial genomes of both types of Lanyu pig comprised 2 ribosomal RNA, 22 transfer RNA, and 13 protein-coding genes. Only 2 haplotypes of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and cytochrome b were identified in the conserved Lanyu pig herds. When maximum likelihood trees were constructed, the Type I Lanyu mitochondrial genes formed a unique clade with a large pairwise distance of both cytochrome b and the control region from Asian and European type breeds, Formosan wild pigs, and exotic breeds. Significant loss of genetic diversity of mtDNA within the conserved Lanyu pigs was demonstrated by low haplotype and nucleotide diversities, supported by Fu and Li's D* neutrality test (1.44055; P < 0.05). The mtDNA control region sequences of extant pigs in the Lanyu Islet, however, showed high haplotype and nucleotide diversity, and clustered with exotic pigs. These results indicate no maternal lineage mtD-NA gene introgression from Formosan wild pigs and introduced exotic pigs to conserved Type I Lanyu pigs, and a severe loss of heterozygosity of mtDNA in conserved Lanyu pigs. The remaining extant pigs on the Lanyu Islet have been introgressed with exotic breeds. Strategies for future conservation of native Lanyu pigs are now even more urgent and important.     

Genetic variations and sequences analysis of MTATP6 and MTATP8 genes among different Chinese pig breeds

To investigate the genetic variations of mtATP6 and mtATP8 genes among different Chinese pig breeds, two fragments of 425 and 743 bp containing the whole coding region of mtATP8 and mtATP6 genes were amplified with 805 individuals from 23 Chinese local pig breeds, three types of Chinese wild boars and three European pig breeds. Sequence comparison identified a total number of 17 substitutions including six variable sites in mtATP8 and eleven substitutions in mtATP6 gene. The restriction enzyme Fok I revealed four polymorphic sites (nt8086, 8176, 8514 and 7784), and four RFLP haplotype patterns (A, B, C and D) were identified in mtATP6 and mtATP8 genes among all tested samples. Our data showed AC combined haplotype originated from Asia and BD was regarded as European origin. The average frequency of Asian mtDNA haplotypes was 38.3% across the investigated European breeds but varied within each breeds (13.3～76.7%). Phylogenetic analyses were performed also considering some published sequences in the databases; the sequences were divided into three distinct groups, denoted A, E1, and E2. The Asian AC haplotype existed among the European domestic pigs was fully consistent with the results of previous molecular studies and well-documented history. This study will help us to better understand the genetic variations of mitochondrial genes among different Chinese pig breeds.     

Haplotype analysis of the MDR1 flanking region in the dog breed Elo

A deletion mutation in the canine multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene provokes drug sensitivity in several dog breeds from the Collie lineage. A haplotype of four microsatellites containing this mdr1-1Delta mutation was conserved among affected breeds. In this study, we analysed the haplotypes of the MDR1 flanking region of 177 dogs of the breed Elo which is composed of several dog breeds including the Old English sheepdog from the Collie lineage. We detected a haplotype in the Elo breed which had previously been associated with the mutant mdr1-1Delta allele in Old English sheepdogs. Using a regression analysis for the probability of the haplotype on the proportion of genes of the founder breeds, we could exclude the Old English sheepdog as origin of this haplotype for the Elo breed. The MDR1 flanking region could be traced back to the Japanese Spitz as one of the founder dog breeds of the Elo and thus, the introgression of the mdr1-1Delta mutation into the dog breed Elo through the Collie lineage is very unlikely.     

Mitochondrial diversity of native pigs in the mainland South and South-east Asian countries and its relationships between local wild boars

In this study, we analyzed DNA sequence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control regions on the 130 native domestic pigs and eight wild boars in the mainland South and South-east Asian countries including Bhutan, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam. Forty-four haplotypes were found in the 138 individuals, 41 were in the domestic and four were in wild boars. Only one haplotype was shared by domestic and wild population in Bhutan. In other cases, mtDNA of wild boars did not show close affinity to that of the domestic pigs in the same location, indicating that the native domestic pigs in these countries did not originate in the present habitat. Phylogenetic analyzes of mtDNA haplotypes recapitulated several major clusters identified in other studies, but 11 haplotypes were grouped in a new cluster we named MTSEA. In most cases, more than one lineage group were present in a sampling station, indicating that the present indigenous domestic pigs may have multiple origins. The MTSEA haplotypes were present in relatively high frequencies in domestic pigs in the mountainous area of mainland South-east Asia (Cambodia and Laos), with a few found in Myanmar and Bhutan. The distributions of MTSEA haplotypes are in great conformity with the distribution of present-day Mon-Khmer language and indicated the existence of yet another independent domestication. The D2 haplotypes that distribute high frequency (almost 100%) throughout the Chinese breeds were dominant in Bhutan, Myanmar, and Vietnam. These results suggest an existence of human-mediated dispersal of domestic pigs from north to the south during the historical expansion of Sino-Tibetan and Tai peoples. The D3 haplotypes previously reported in north India were found in sympatric domestic and wild pigs in Bhutan. The D3 haplotype is an important proof of independent domestication event and/or great gene flow between wild and domestic pigs in the foot of Himalaya.     

深县猪mtDNA CytB基因的遗传多样性与母系起源研究

为探讨深县猪群体内的遗传多样性及母系起源分化,采用PCR直接测序法测定了40头深县猪的mtDNA CytB基因长1 140 bp片段的全序列,并结合GenBank已公布的15个猪种mtDNA CytB基因全序列,采用邻接法构建深县猪、部分其他地方猪种和引进猪种的系统发育树。结果显示,在1 140 bp长的序列中A、T、G、C的含量分别为25.93%、31.72%、28.90%及13.45%,其中A+T的含量(57.65%)高于G+C的含量(42.35%);共发现2个变异位点,无插入和缺失突变,全部为转换位点,其中简约信息位点2个,未发现单一信息位点。40条序列共定义了3种单倍型,单倍型多样性(HD)为0.312,核苷酸多样性(Pi)为0.00026,平均核苷酸差异数(K)为0.327。在深县猪mtDNA CytB基因全序列NJ进化树中,三种单倍型聚为同一分支,母系来源单一,与莱芜猪、大蒲莲猪等山东品种遗传距离较近。结果表明,深县猪群体内遗传多样性比较贫乏,与山东地区的华北型黑猪种群有更近的亲缘关系。     

不同类型肉鸡线粒体单倍型与遗传起源研究

旨在探讨鸡线粒体D-loop区单倍型特性以及与生长速度的相关性,并分析其遗传起源。选取不同类型肉鸡品种（配套系）6个,测定其生产性能,并对6个群体共计314个个体线粒体D-loop区全长进行测序,分析其单倍型特性;同时与不同红色原鸡亚种进行聚类,分析其母系起源。结果显示,6个群体D-loop区全序列共检测到37个突变位点,构成40种单倍型,分为A、B、C和E 4个单倍型群,其中AA肉鸡、罗斯308、禽雁麻鸡和裕禾1号肉鸡主要为E单倍型,占比分别为85.92%、50.00%、100.00%和70.21%;园丰麻鸡2号和港丰瑶黑麻鸡E单倍型占比相对较低,分别为15.00%和22.39%,园丰麻鸡2号B单倍型含量最高,占比66.67%,港丰瑶黑麻鸡C单倍型含量最高,占比40.30%。相关性分析显示,初生重与E单倍型比例之间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与A、B和C单倍型比例之间均呈负相关;E单倍型比例与公母平均体重约1.8 kg时日龄之间呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,而与公母平均体重约1.8 kg时饲料转化比之间呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）。聚类分析显示,A、B单倍型所有个体均与原鸡滇南亚种聚为一枝;E单倍型所有个体均与原鸡印度亚种聚为一枝;C单倍型所有个体与原鸡印度亚种、滇南亚种、指名亚种以及印尼亚种交叉聚为一类。结果提示,线粒体单倍型与肉鸡生长速度之间相关显著,E单倍型与肉鸡生长速度具有较强的正相关;我国家鸡群体母系起源丰富,但主要起源于原鸡滇南亚种。     

Intron 1 of the interferon γ gene: Its role in nematode resistance in Suffolk and Texel sheep breeds

Genetic variation at intron 1 of the interferon gamma gene has recently been associated with variation in faecal egg count in Romney, Merino and Soay breeds of sheep. The Texel breed is more resistant to gastrointestinal nematode infection than the Suffolk breed, based on faecal egg count. Hence, the objective of this experiment was to characterise the polymorphisms of intron 1 of the interferon gammagene in Suffolk and Texel sheep, and to determine if the characterised haplotype variants were associated with faecal egg count variation in these breeds. Intron 1 haplotypes and faecal egg measurements were determined for Suffolks (n=113) and Texels (n=135). Four haplotypes were identified in Suffolks (A, B, C and D), two haplotypes as previously described, and two previously unknown haplotypes. However, there was no association between interferon gamma intron 1 haplotype and faecal egg count in Suffolks. In contrast, two previously identified haplotypes (A and B) were present in the Texel breed, and the B haplotype was associated with resistance to nematode infection (P=0.02). These results suggest that intron 1 of the interferon gamma gene has an important role in resistance to nematode infection in the Texel breed.     

Structural analysis and haplotype diversity in swine LEP and MC4R genes.

Knowledge about structural variation of candidate genes could be important to improve breeding selection scheme and preserve genetic variability in livestock species. Leptin (LEP) and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) genes are involved in the energetic pathway and are obvious candidate genes for fatness. By sequencing LEP and MC4R genes in 72 pigs belonging to lean (Large White and Duroc), fat (Meishan and Casertana) breeds and also Wild Boar, 98 polymorphic sites, of which 91 were novel, were found in the Leptin sequence while only the previously described mutation was found in the MC4R gene. A total of 18 LEP haplotypes were observed and their distribution was unequal among the breeds. The phylogenetic analysis showed two haplotype branches distinguishing between lean and fat breeds.