草鱼呼肠孤病毒逆转录环介导等温扩增(RT-LAMP)检测方法的建立

根据草鱼呼肠孤病毒(grass carp reovirus,GCRV)衣壳蛋白VP6编码基因的序列设计特异性引物,以病毒全基因组RNA为模板,通过对反应条件进行优化,建立了GCRV的逆转录环介导等温扩增(RT-LAMP)检测方法。检测结果表明,本方法可在63℃下1 h内实现靶片段的大量扩增,扩增产物经凝胶电泳呈现梯型条带,反应体系中添加SYBR Green I荧光染料后,绿色阳性结果明显区别于橙色阴性结果。该检测体系针对草鱼呼肠孤病毒的检测灵敏度高,其最低检测限为33 pg,与常规RT-PCR方法相比较,灵敏度高10倍,且与斑点叉尾鮰呼肠孤病毒(CCRV)、鲤春病毒血症病毒(SVCV)、锦鲤疱疹病毒(KHV)、大鲵虹彩病毒(GSIV)等无交叉反应。该方法灵敏度及特异性高,且不需昂贵仪器设备,为快速检测草鱼呼肠孤病毒与诊断草鱼出血病提供了简捷快速的技术手段。     

鱼类神经坏死病毒实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法的建立和应用

根据GenBank中登录的鱼类神经坏死病毒CP基因序列，选择高度保守区域设计引物和TaqMan荧光探针，通过对实时荧光RT-PCR反应条件进行优化，建立了用于检测鱼类神经坏死病毒的实时荧光RT-PCR方法。利用该方法检测鱼类神经坏死病毒及其他多种常见的水生动物RNA病毒，结果只能检测到目的病毒，表明其具有良好的特异性。灵敏性试验发现，其最低检测限可达1．2pg／μL的总RNA。与RT-PCR的灵敏度对比试验表明，其敏感度比RT-PCR高100倍。对同一样品进行检测，在组内及组间的变异系数分别为0．9％以及1．5％，证实其重复性极好，并且从抽提核酸到得出结果仅需4h。对临床500份样品进行鱼类神经坏死病毒检测，结果发现有40份阳性样品。这些结果表明，本研究所建立的实时荧光RT-PCR能对鱼类神经坏死病毒进行准确、快速的检测，具有特异性好、灵敏度高的优点，是开展鱼类神经坏死病的临床检测和疫情监测工作的有力工具。[中国水产科学，2008，15（3）：506-510]     

PCR-DHPLC检测方法在病毒性出血性败血病诊断中的应用

运用RT-PCR与变性高效液相色谱技术(DHPLC)相结合,建立了对病毒性出血性败血症病毒(VHSV)快速检测方法,根据对VHSV病毒N基因保守序列的分析,设计一对特异性引物,将RT-PCR扩增产物经变性高效液相色谱进行快速检测。同时运用荧光RT-PCR方法进行平行检测。结果表明,该方法与荧光RT-PCR检测结果相同,其特异性强,灵敏度较高,检测限为3 pg的病毒核酸模板,PCR-DHPLC技术具有高通量、自动化程度高等优势,是一种快速有效的检测方法。     

草鱼呼肠孤病毒873株逆转录环介导等温扩增(RT-LAMP)检测方法研究

为提高草鱼呼肠孤病毒(grass carp reovirus,GCRV)的检测效率,根据GCRV-873株VP5基因片段,设计了2对特异性引物,建立了检测GCRV-873株的逆转录环介导等温扩增(RT-LAMP)检测方法。结果显示:该方法使用25μL反应体系,经优化后的反应温度为65℃,反应时间1 h,检测限可达10个拷贝数的病毒核酸,比传统的RT-PCR方法要高10倍。且不与鲤春病毒、传染性造血器官坏死病病毒、传染性胰脏坏死病毒和病毒性出血性败血症病毒RNA产生交叉反应。在反应体系中加入染料后,反应结果肉眼直接可见,是一种特异性强、方便快捷的检测方法,适合GCRV-873株的现场初筛和核酸检测工作。     

凡纳滨对虾传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV)可视化环介导等温扩增(LAMP)技术方法的优化与应用

传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus, IHHNV)作为对虾疾病的主要病原之一,能够感染多种对虾,对幼虾危害尤其明显,虽然死亡率不高,但可以引起对虾生长缓慢,造成巨大的经济损失,严重影响对虾养殖业持续健康发展。本文根据IHHNV病毒基因的保守序列,采用Primer Explorer V4软件设计6条LAMP特异性引物组合,建立了一种以环介导等温核酸扩增技术(Loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)为基础的快速检测IHHNV的方法。对本研究的LAMP检测方法的敏感性和特异性进行分析,并将其灵敏度与实时荧光定量PCR、普通PCR检测方法进行比较。结果显示:LAMP检测方法在63℃恒温条件60 min内完成反应,阳性结果出现可视化的绿色,阴性结果颜色不发生变化;LAMP方法的最低检出限为10.3 copies/μL,灵敏度与荧光实时定量PCR相当,较常规PCR高。结果表明建立的LAMP方法适用于对虾IHHNV的现场快速检测。     

杂交鳢(斑鳢♀×乌鳢♂)弹状病毒TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为了建立一种能在临床上快速、准确检测杂交鳢弹状病毒(HSHRV)的TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR方法,利用PCR技术扩增HSHRV-C1207 G蛋白的全长序列,构建重组质粒,作为荧光定量PCR的标准品,根据HSHRV-C1207 G蛋白的保守序列,设计合成了一对能特异性扩增143 bp片段的引物和TaqMan探针,以标准品为模板建立HSHRV的TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,并对该方法的灵敏度、可重复性和特异性进行评价。结果显示:建立的荧光定量PCR检测方法标准曲线有较好的线性关系,相关系数(R2)为0.999,斜率为-3.290;荧光定量PCR最低可以检测到10个病毒核酸分子拷贝,而传统PCR方法最低可检测到1×103个拷贝;38个平行样品重复性实验组内变异系数为0.84%;对其他6种水产养殖常见病毒均无扩增反应。应用该方法对采集的21份患病鳢样品进行检测,其中18份为阳性,与细胞分离和电镜观察结果相同;以传统PCR方法检测同样的样品,仅13份为阳性。本研究建立的TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR方法灵敏度高、特异性强,能较好的用于临床HSHRV的检测,对病毒病原定量检测与杂交鳢弹状病毒病的快速诊断具有重要意义。     

迟钝爱德华菌环介导等温扩增检测方法研究

为了建立一套用于实验室及室外现场检测迟钝爱德华菌(Edwardsiella tarda, Et)的环介导等温扩增方法(loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)，以迟钝爱德华菌的毒力基因fimA为靶基因设计特异性引物，以基因组DNA为模板，进行环介导恒温扩增，并对其特异性、灵敏性和临床检测进行了试验。结果显示，迟钝爱德华菌阳性样本反应呈现为荧光绿色，阴性样本不变色。该LAMP方法的最适反应温度为63℃；特异性试验表明仅迟钝爱德华菌样本发生反应，而杀鲑气单胞菌、嗜水气单胞菌、温气单胞菌和豚鼠气单胞菌均不发生反应；敏感性试验表明，该LAMP方法可检出浓度为2.16×10^-5mg/L的迟钝爱德华菌的核酸。     

十足目虹彩病毒(DIV1)环介导等温扩增(LAMP)检测方法的建立及应用

本研究以十足目虹彩病毒(Decapod iridescent virus 1, DIV1)主要衣壳蛋白基因为靶序列设计引物,建立了DIV1的环介导等温扩增(Loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)检测方法,并以pMD18-DIV1质粒标准品为模板对该方法的检测灵敏度、检测特异性等进行了评估。结果显示,此方法最适反应温度为64.4℃,优化后的25 μl反应体系中包含2.5 μl 10×Isothermal amplification buffer、4.0 mmol/L Mg2+、1.2 mmol/L dNTPs、6.4 U Bst 2.0 WarmStart® DNA聚合酶、0.8 μmol/L EvaGreen®和4.4 μl ddH2O。该方法检测灵敏度下限为3.54×102拷贝/反应;与虾肝肠胞虫(EHP)、致急性肝胰腺坏死病副溶血弧菌(VpAHPND)、对虾偷死野田村病毒(CMNV)、传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病病毒(IHHNV)、白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)、桃拉综合征病毒(TSV)和黄头病毒(YHV)等主要虾类病原没有交叉反应;具有较好的重复性和稳定性。以GeneFinder®替换EvaGreen®并将其预置于反应管内,结合上述扩增方法可实现对DIV1的现场快速高灵敏检测。本研究建立的DIV1-LAMP实时荧光定量和现场检测方法具有灵敏、特异和快速等特点,为近几年新发虾类病原DIV1的定性、定量以及现场快速检测提供了新的技术选择,有利于对虾养殖业中开展DIV1的监测、预警和防控。     

Development of a widely applicable positive control strategy to support detection of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) using Taqman real-time PCR

Real-time PCR assays are being increasingly applied to the detection of fish pathogens due to their sensitivity, specificity and potential for high throughput sample processing. Such assays allow for the ready and efficient inclusion of appropriate quality controls which are fundamental to scientific integrity and to satisfying the demands of diagnostic test accreditation. In this article, we report development of a universal positive control strategy for real-time PCR assays, which has been used to support and improve a previously published method for detection of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV). The strategy employed uses an RNA mimic template, which is based on the ISAV segment 8 target sequence but includes an artificial universal positive control sequence. Inclusion of this sequence, which is targeted by a second specific probe carrying a different fluorophore to the primary assay, allows for convenient screening of all real-time PCR reactions for the presence of contaminating positive control material. The development of readily distinguishable artificial positive control material offers distinct advantages to real-time PCR assays over using control material derived from clinical material.     

Experimental infection of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., with infectious salmon anaemia virus: a histopathological study

Recent reports of the isolation of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., affected by haemorrhagic kidney syndrome (HKS) suggest that ISAV can cause severe renal haemorrhage and necrosis in addition to well-known pathognomonic hepatocellular necrosis and haemorrhage. The prevalence of ISAV-induced pathognomonic renal HKS lesions and their correlation to pathognomonic hepatic lesions of infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is not known. The present experimental infection of Atlantic salmon with a Canadian isolate of ISAV found that pathognomonic hepatic ISA lesions were present in 90.6% and pathognomonic renal HKS lesions in 78.1% of fish which died after the experimental challenge. Both pathognomonic hepatic ISA lesions and pathognomonic renal HKS lesions were found together in 65.6% of fish which died after ISAV challenge. The present study clearly demonstrates that ISAV can cause a very high prevalence of both HKS and ISA pathognomonic lesions.     

Infectious salmon anaemia – pathogenesis and tropism

Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is a serious disease of farmed Atlantic salmon caused by the aquatic orthomyxovirus infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV). ISA was first detected in Norway in 1984 and was characterized by severe anaemia and circulatory disturbances. This review elucidates factors related to the pathogenesis of ISA in Atlantic salmon, the dissemination of the virus in the host and the general distribution of the 4‐O‐acetylated sialic acids ISAV receptor. The knowledge contributes to the understanding of this disease, and why, almost 30 years after the first detection, it is still causing problems for the aquaculture industry.     

同步检测7种鱼类病毒的扩增子拯救多重PCR(Arm-PCR)方法的建立和应用

淋巴囊肿病毒(LCDV)、肿大细胞病毒属虹彩病毒(Mega)、赤点石斑鱼神经坏死病毒(RGNNV)、传染性造血器官坏死病毒(IHNV)、传染性胰脏坏死病毒(IPNV)、病毒性出血败血症病毒(VHSV)和传染性鲑鱼贫血症病毒(ISAV)是养殖鱼类主要的病毒性病原,危害巨大。为实现这7种病原的高通量、同步检测,本研究在分析这7种病毒基因序列的基础上,设计了9组扩增子拯救多重PCR(Arm-PCR)引物,并对扩增体系中的Taq酶、Mg2+、dNTP、Primer Mix浓度及退火温度等参数进行调整和优化,结合基因芯片检测技术,建立了同步检测7种鱼类病毒的Arm-PCR方法。优化后的Arm-PCR方法第一步PCR体系为：Taq酶(2.5 U/μl)1.0μl,10×PCR Buffer(含20 mmol/L的Mg2+)5μl,dNTP(各2.5 mmol/L)5μl,10×Primer Mix(各2μmol/L)9μl,模板1μl,ddH2O补足至50μl,退火温度为56℃。研究结果显示,该方法可以在1支反应管内对上述7种病毒的9个致病基因同步进行扩增和检测,检测灵敏度分别为101 copies/μl (RGNNV、VHSV、ISAV-NS、ISAV-MA)、102 copies/μl (LCDV、Mega、IHNV、IPNV)和103 copies/μl (大菱鲆红体病虹彩病毒,TRBIV)。该方法特异性强,与半滑舌鳎、石斑鱼、大菱鲆和牙鲆基因组DNA不产生交叉反应。本研究建立的可同步检测7种鱼类病毒的Arm-PCR方法具有高通量、高灵敏度、高准确性的优势,能有效提高工作效率,在鱼类病毒的筛查和流行病学调查领域有广泛的应用前景。     

Enhanced detection of infectious salmon anaemia virus using a low‐speed centrifugation technique in three fish cell lines

Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA), caused by ISA virus (ISAV), is a serious disease of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Recently, molecular‐ and immunofluorescent‐based techniques have become powerful diagnostic tools for ISAV detection, but culture‐based techniques remain the gold standard. A disadvantage of ISAV culture is that the incubation time required before cytopathic effect (CPE) is observed in cell monolayers. To decrease time until CPE is observed, a low‐speed centrifugation technique was applied to existing standard operating procedures for ISAV culture in three fish cell lines. Time until CPE observation was compared in CHSE, SHK and ASK cells, treated or not treated with low‐speed centrifugation after inoculation with ISAV. Low‐speed centrifugation treatment significantly enhanced observable cell infection. Compared to control cells, the length of time until ISAV CPE observation decreased in centrifuged ASK and CHSE cells. Low‐speed centrifugation was also incorporated into a modified clinical shell vial assay. At 48 h post‐inoculation with approximately 20 viral particles, ISAV was detected by an immunofluorescence antibody test in treated ASK and SHK1 cells but not in control cells. Finally, this enhanced viral adsorption assay performed in ASK cells demonstrated higher sensitivity than a real‐time RT‐PCR assay performed on RNA isolated from ISAV‐spiked salmon kidney homogenates.