实验性天府肉雏鸭锌缺乏症的病理学观察

1日龄天府肉鸭健雏100只随机分为两组，分别喂以正常对照(锌100mg／kg日粮)和锌缺乏(锌22．9mg／kg日粮)日粮7周，进行系统的病理学研究。缺锌鸭出现生长迟缓、羽毛发育不良、蹼部皮肤破溃等临床症状。组织学观察舌上皮小灶性溃疡，蹼部皮肤不全角化，胸腺、腔上囊和脾脏淋巴细胞数量减少、变性、坏死。电镜观察胸腺、腔上囊和脾脏的淋巴细胞和网状细胞核溶解、固缩，线粒体肿胀，嵴断裂、溶解，粗面内质网扩张。血液病理学变化主要是血清碱性磷酸酶活性下降，血红蛋白、血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白和血清锌含量显著降低，红细胞数量减少、渗透脆性增加。     

高锌对天府肉鹅免疫功能的影响

将1日龄天府肉鹅健雏200只随机分为A、B、C、D共4组，A组作为对照组仅喂基础日粮（Zn 100mg／kg），B、C、D组分别饲喂基础日粮＋Zn900mg／kg、基础日粮＋Zn1400mg／kg和基础日粮＋Zn1900mg／kg，试验期7周，以研究高剂量锌对雏鹅免疫功能的影响。结果，与对照组相比，高锌的B、C和D组雏鹅淋巴器官发育受阻，胸腺、腔上囊和脾的器官生长指数程度不同地降低；胸腺、腔上囊和脾淋巴细胞数量减少、变性、坏死；淋巴细胞分裂增殖受抑，胸腺、腔上囊、脾和外周血淋巴细胞分裂指数程度不同地降低。结果表明，日粮高锌可致雏鹅免疫功能受损。     

实验性雏鸭锌中毒症的病理学研究

1日龄天府肉鸭健雏100只随机分为2组，分别喂以止常对照(Zn100mg／kg日粮)和锌中毒(Zn1300mg／kg日粮)日粮4周，进行系统的病理学研究。中毒鸭13d出现症状，18只死亡。尸检主要见腿部肌肉色白或灰白色，外观似蜡样；肌胃平滑肌色淡灰白；消化道充满黑褐色煤焦油样内容物。光镜下，骨骼肌纤维肿胀变性坏死；心肌和肌胃平滑肌局灶性坏死；胸腺、腔上囊、脾脏淋巴细胞减少。电镜观察，免疫器官淋巴细胞线粒体肿胀、嵴断裂。血液病理学变化主要是碱性磷酸酶活性、血清总蛋白与球蛋白含量以及红细胞总数和血红蛋白含量降低，血清谷丙转氨酶活性和锌含量升高。结果表明，高锌对鸭可产生明显的毒害作用。文中还对发病机理进行了探讨。     

雏鸡锌中毒的病理形态学研究

1日龄艾维茵肉鸡健雏200只随机分为四组(Ⅰ-Ⅳ),分别喂以对照日粮(Zn 100mg/kg)、中毒(Zn 1500mg/kg、2000mg／kg、2500mg／kg)日粮7周,进行雏鸡锌中毒的病理学研究。锌中毒雏鸡的生长发育受阻,患病鸡消瘦,精神沉郁,双腿无力,跛行或呈犬坐姿势。尸体剖检见胸腺充血、水肿,腔上囊体积变小,脾脏、心脏、肝脏出现坏死灶,肌胃角质层溃疡。光镜下,免疫器官的淋巴细胞减少,淋巴滤泡形成较少,其皮质变薄、髓质增宽并可见髓质部淋巴细胞减少。结果表明,日粮高锌对雏鸡器官组织可产生明显的毒害作用。     

钒对肉鸡免疫器官发育的影响

取1日龄AA肉仔鸡144只，随机分为对照组和试验组，在试验组鸡的基础日粮中按0、30mg／kg添加钒。试验期共42d，每周末从每组取鸡6只，称重后扑杀，取胸腺、腔上囊和脾称重，Bouin液固定，制作石蜡切片，观察、摄像，研究钒对肉鸡胸腺、腔上囊和脾等免疫器官质量、器官指数和组织结构发育的影响。结果显示，试验组鸡的胸腺、腔上囊和脾平均质量和器官指数显著或极显著高于同日龄对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；试验组鸡的胸腺小叶皮质增厚，胸腺小体增多；腔上囊皱襞发达，腔上囊淋巴滤泡体积较大、皮质较厚、退化延缓；脾小结体积较大、生发中心明显，动脉周围淋巴鞘增厚，椭球增大。结果表明，在肉雏鸡的日粮中添加钒30mg／kg，可促进胸腺、腔上囊和脾的发育，延缓腔上囊的退化。     

实验性天府肉鹅锌中毒症的病理学观察

1日龄天府肉鹅健雏200只,随机分为4组,分别喂以:(1)基础日粮(Zn 100mg/kg日粮,对照组)、(2)基础日粮 Zn 900mg/kg、(3)基础日粮 Zn 1400mg/kg、(4)基础日粮 Zn 1900mg/kg,试验期7周,进行系统的病理学观察.中毒组雏鹅出现生长迟缓、拉稀、跛行等临床症状.组织学观察,肝细胞颗粒变性,骨骼肌及肌胃平滑肌变性坏死,胸腺、腔上囊和脾脏淋巴细胞数量减少、变性、坏死.血液病理学变化,主要是血清碱性磷酸酶活性下降,骨/肝碱性磷酸酶比值升高,谷丙转氨酶、肌酸激酶及淀粉酶活性程度不同地升高,血清胰岛素含量升高,仅基础日粮 Zn 1900mg/kg组49日龄降低.结果表明,高锌对鹅可产生明显的毒害作用.     

那西肽(Nosiheptide)对肉仔鸡免疫功能的影响

1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡240只，随机分为4组，每组4个重复，每个重复15只。A0为空白对照组，喂基础日粮；A1喂基础日粮＋1．25mg／kg那西肽（Nosiheptide）；A2喂基础日粮＋2．5mg／kg那西肽；A3喂基础日粮＋5mg／kg那西肽。试验期42d。试验结束后，测定各组胸腺、脾脏和腔上囊系数及外周血和脾脏淋巴细胞的转化率。试验结果表明，那西肽对内仔鸡的免疫器官发育及T、B淋巴细胞转化有押制作用，且押制作用随剂量的增加而增加。     

纳米氧化锌对AA肉鸡免疫调节作用的影响

饲喂不同剂量纳米氧化锌对AA肉鸡进行脏器指数、外周血T淋巴细胞百分率以及血清溶血素效价的测定,探讨其对肉鸡相关免疫调节作用的影响.结果表明:与对照组相比,200 mg/kg剂量组能很好地促进脾脏的生长发育,对14日龄肉鸡胸腺作用效果较好;50 mg/kg剂量组可促进21日龄和28日龄肉鸡胸腺的发育;100 mg/kg剂量组能有效提高腔上囊指数与血清溶血素的效价.高剂量组(尤其是800 mg/kg剂量组)对脾脏、胸腺、腔上囊的生长发育及细胞、体液免疫有明显负效应.试验表明:在日粮中添加50～200 mg/kg纳米氧化锌能增强肉鸡的免疫调节作用,而添加高剂量纳米氧化锌则明显抑制其免疫功能.     

肉鸡对丙酸锌中锌的生物利用率

美国北卡罗来纳州立大学M．A．Brooks等进行的研究表明，有机丙酸锌中锌的生物利用率优于饲料级硫酸锌。在孵出后的最初7天，给雏鸡饲喂缺乏锌的半纯化育雏日粮（22mg／kg）。在8～21天，给鸡饲喂含粉碎玉米、大豆浓缩蛋白和葡萄糖的半纯化日粮作为对照（锌含量20mg／kg）。在对照组日粮中分别补充添加锌含量为0、6或12mg／kg的饲料级硫酸锌或有机丙酸锌。     

日粮锌水平对断奶仔猪生产性能免疫器官及组织锌的影响

选用40头28日龄断奶约滇陆（YN1）杂交仔猪进行为期5周的试验，试验仔猪随机分为5个组（锌添加量分别为80，240，1000，3000和5000mg／kg），研究锌对断奶仔猪生产性能、免疫器官生长发育及组织锌沉积的影响。结果表明：适量高锌（1000mg／kg和3000mg／kg）能显著提高仔猪生产性能（P〈0．05）：补锌对免疫器官指数无影响（P〉0．05）：高锌增加肝脏、肾脏、趾骨、血清和毛发中锌含量（P〈0．01）：而背最长肌、扁桃体和胸腺锌含量则只有在添加5000mg／kg日粮锌时含量显著上升（P〈0．05）。脾脏锌含量则随着高锌的添加变化差异不显著（P〉0．05）。低锌添加（80mg／kg和240mg／kg）对机体各组织中锌含量无显著影响（P〉0.05）。     

壳聚糖锌对断奶仔猪小肠组织学形态与功能的影响

通过对血浆D-乳酸、内毒素、二胺氧化酶和肠道菌群及肠道黏膜形态等指标的测定,探讨壳聚糖锌(CS-Zn)对断奶仔猪小肠组织学形态和功能的影响。选择体重7.25 kg左右的"杜长大"三元杂交断奶仔猪120头随机分为5组,分别饲喂5种日粮,基础日粮不添加外源锌(对照组),试验组在基础日粮基础上分别添加501、00mg/kgCS-Zn、100 mg/kg硫酸锌和3 000 mg/kg氧化锌(均以锌计),试验期28 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,CS-Zn-100组血浆D-乳酸水平,DAO活性和内毒素含量显著降低(P<0.05),盲肠和结肠内容物中大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌数量显著降低(P<0.05),乳酸杆菌数量显著提高(P<0.05),十二指肠、空肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度显著提高(P<0.05),隐窝深度显著降低(P<0.05)。结果提示,壳聚糖锌具有调节断奶仔猪肠道菌群平衡、改善肠黏膜形态的作用。     

Effect of dietary supplementation of organic zinc on laying performance,egg quality and some biochemical parameters of laying hens

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of zinc methionine (Zn‐Met) supplementation on the performance, egg quality, antioxidant status and some biochemical parameters of blood serum in laying hens from 22 to 34 weeks of age. A total of 120 Hisex Brown laying hens of 22‐week‐old were randomly allocated into five treatments with six cage replicates for each (four hens/replicate). Dietary treatments consisted of the basal diet with no Zn‐Met supplementation (control group) and basal diet supplemented with 25, 50, 75 or 100 mg Zn‐Met/kg diet. No significant differences were observed on body weight, body weight gain or feed conversion ratio due to dietary Zn‐Met supplementation. However, highly significant impact was observed on daily feed intake. Egg number, egg weight and egg mass were increased in the group fed diet supplemented with the highest level of Zn‐Met (100 mg/kg of diet) as compared to other groups. All egg quality traits were statistically (p > .05 or .01) affected as a response to dietary Zn‐Met supplementation except egg shape index, shell percentage and yolk index. In comparison with the control group, dietary supplementation of 25, 50, 75 or 100 mg Zn‐Met/kg decreased serum triglyceride and LDL‐cholesterol levels. Serum cholesterol level was increased with all dietary levels of Zn‐Met in comparison with the control group. Dietary Zn‐Met supplementation increased the serum content of zinc, where the highest values were recorded with 50 and 100 mg Zn‐Met/kg diet. Dietary Zn‐Met levels did not affect the antioxidant indices in blood serum except for the activity of copper–zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu‐Zn‐SOD). The activity of Cu‐Zn‐SOD was increased with Zn‐Met supplementations with no differences among supplemental zinc levels. It is concluded that dietary Zn‐Met supplementation reduced serum triglyceride, LDL‐cholesterol and increased Zn status and resulted in promoting antioxidant ability of laying hens, and the addition of 100 mg Zn‐Met/kg to layer diet was appropriate for improving the above parameters in addition to egg production indices and Haugh unit score.     

纳米氧化锌对断奶仔猪生长、腹泻、肠道微生物和通透性的影响

选用108头平均体重为7.2 kg杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成3组,对照组饲喂基础饲粮;氧化锌组在基础饲粮中添加2 000 mg/kg锌(氧化锌);纳米氧化锌组在基础饲粮中添加500 mg/kg锌(纳米氧化锌),试验期14 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,添加500 mg/kg纳米氧化锌和2 000 mg/kg氧化锌分别提高日增重16.20%(P<0.05)和14.94%(P<0.05),提高日采食12.63%(P<0.05)和13.66%(P<0.05),显著降低断奶后7 d和14 d腹泻指数(P<0.05),显著降低血浆D-乳酸和二胺氧化酶活性(P<0.05)。添加500 mg/kg纳米氧化锌显著降低小肠和结肠内容物中梭菌和大肠杆菌数量;添加2 000 mg/kg氧化锌显著降低结肠内容物中梭菌数量。结果提示,断奶仔猪饲粮中添加500 mg/kg锌(纳米氧化锌)可提高仔猪生长性能,降低腹泻率和肠道通透性,改善肠道微生态,其效果与添加2 000 mg/kg锌(氧化锌)相当。     

壳聚糖铁对仔猪生长性能及免疫功能的影响

选24头体重相近、日龄相同的健康仔猪随机分为6组:1组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;2组为壳聚糖组,在基础日粮中添加壳聚糖300 mg/kg;3组为硫酸亚铁组,以硫酸亚铁的形式在基础日粮中添加铁100 mg/kg;4~6组为壳聚糖铁组,以壳聚糖铁的形式分别在基础日粮中添加铁70 mg/kg、100 mg/kg和130 mg/kg,研究壳聚糖铁对仔猪生产性能及免疫功能的影响。结果显示:3~6组仔猪平均日增重显著高于第1组、第2组(P<0.05);第6组仔猪料重比显著低于第1组(P<0.05)。试验至15 d,第5、第6组仔猪外周淋巴细胞转化率显著高于第1~4组(P<0.05或P<0.01);第4组、第5组仔猪血清球蛋白含量显著高于第1组和第3组(P<0.05)。试验至30 d,第6组仔猪外周淋巴细胞转化率显著高于第1、第2组(P<0.05或P<0.01);第3~5组显著高于第1组(P<0.05)。试验至45 d和60 d,第5组、第6组仔猪外周淋巴细胞转化率显著高于第1~3组(P<0.05)。试验至45 d,第5组和第6组仔猪血清球蛋白含量显著高于第1组和第2组(P<0.05)。试验至60 d,第4~6组仔猪血清球蛋白含量显著高于第1组和第3组(P<0.05)。试验表明,壳聚糖铁能显著提高仔猪的生产性能,与硫酸亚铁基本一致;壳聚糖铁能增强仔猪免疫功能,效果要显著优于硫酸亚铁。     

Nano-sized Zinc in Broiler Chickens: Effects on Growth Performance,Zinc Concentration in Organs,and Intestinal Morphology

The effects of dietary supplementation of zinc (Zn) sources and concentrations were investigated on growth performance, absorption into tissues, fecal excretion, nutrient retention, and intestinal morphology in broilers fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet. A total of 525 one-day-old chicks (Ross 308) were assigned based on body weight to seven dietary treatments. There were five replicate pens for each treatment and 15 broilers per replicate pen. The dietary treatments included a basal diet (control, without supplementing Zn), and basal diet supplemented with Zn, as inorganic zinc sulfate (ZnS; 110 mg/kg); organic Zn-methionine (ZnM; 110 mg/kg); hot-melt extruded (HME) 25 zinc sulfate (27.5 mg/kg); HME50 zinc sulfate (55 mg/kg); HME75 zinc sulfate (82.5 mg/kg); or HME100 zinc sulfate (110 mg/kg) for 35 days in two phases (d 1–21, phase I and d 22–35, phase II). Bodyweight and feed efficiency of broiler chicks fed diets supplemented with increasing dietary concentrations of HME-Zn improved linearly during the study period (P<0.05). Compared to the control treatment, the ZnS, ZnM, and HME diets increased Zn concentrations in the serum and liver. Inorganic ZnS supply resulted in the highest Zn concentration in excreta. Increasing supplemented Zn content in diets as HME linearly increased Zn concentration in the excreta, serum, liver, and tibia. Broiler chicks fed diets supplemented with increasing concentrations of HME increased villus height (VH; linear and quadratic) of the jejunum and VH of the ileum (linear). Increasing concentrations of dietary Zn supplied as HME resulted in linearly enhanced dry matter, gross energy, and nitrogen retention of broilers on day 21. These results suggest that dietary HME-Zn at a lower level (55 ppm) shows the same growth performance as common ZnSO₄ at 110 ppm.     

不同锌源对断奶仔猪免疫和抗氧化作用的影响

选用 1 4 4头断奶仔猪 ,随机分成 4组 :一组为对照 ,饲喂添加氧化锌 1 0 0 mg/kg的日粮 ,另 3组分别饲喂添加氧化锌 30 0 0 m g/kg、蛋氨酸锌 1 0 0 m g/kg和纳米氧化锌 30 0 m g/kg的日粮 ,进行为期 5 2 d的饲养试验 ,以研究不同锌源对断奶仔猪消化和免疫功能的影响。结果表明 :高剂量氧化锌可提高血清中 Ig A的含量 5 .0 7%(P<0 .0 5 ) ,高剂量氧化锌和纳米氧化锌可使血清中免疫球蛋白 Ig M含量分别提高 2 .97%(P<0 .0 5 )和 5 .6 7%(P<0 .0 1 ) ;蛋氨酸锌可使血清中SOD活性比对照组提高 1 .36倍 (P<0 .0 1 ) ,高剂量氧化锌和蛋氨酸锌可分别使肝脏中 SOD活性提高 2 8.2 0 %(P<0 .0 5 )和 2 9.33%(P<0 .0 5 ) ;高剂量氧化锌、蛋氨酸锌和纳米氧化锌均可提高肝脏组织中金属硫蛋白 (MT)含量     

饲粮添加壳寡糖对肉鸡肉品质、抗氧化性能、小肠黏膜组织结构及肠道菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加壳寡糖(COS)对肉鸡肉品质、抗氧化性能、小肠黏膜组织结构及肠道菌群的影响。选用300只1日龄健康的爱拔益加(AA)雄性肉鸡,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。空白对照组饲喂不含抗生素的基础饲粮,正对照组饲喂添加100 mg/kg金霉素的基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂添加50、100和150 mg/kg COS的基础饲粮。试验期42 d。结果表明,与空白对照组相比:1)饲粮添加100 mg/kg COS显著提高了胸肌和腿肌的红度(a*)值(P0.05)。2)饲粮添加50和100 mg/kg COS显著提高了1~21日龄血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性(P0.05),饲粮添加100 mg/kg COS显著提高了22~42日龄血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和T-SOD、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性(P0.05),饲粮添加50 mg/kg COS显著提高了22~42日龄血清T-SOD和GSH-Px活性(P0.05)。3)饲粮添加100 mg/kg COS显著提高了1~21日龄和22~42日龄空肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度(P0.05)。4)饲粮添加50和100 mg/kg COS显著降低了回肠大肠杆菌数量(P0.05)。5)饲粮添加100 mg/kg COS显著提高了肉鸡的平均日增重(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮添加COS可提高肉鸡抗氧化性能,改善肉鸡肉品质和肠黏膜组织结构,并在一定程度上改善肠道菌群结构。COS在肉鸡饲粮中的适宜添加量为100 mg/kg。     

Effect of feeding cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) root meal on growth performance,hydrocyanide intake and haematological parameters of broiler chicks

The effect of feeding cassava root meal on growth performance, hydrocyanide intake, haematological indices and serum thiocyanate concentration of broiler chicks was investigated using 300-day-old male broilers. There were five dietary treatments arranged in a 2?×?2?+?1 factorial arrangement of two processing methods of cassava root (peeled and unpeeled) included at two levels (100 and 200 g/kg) plus a control diet (maize-based diet, containing no cassava root). Each treatment was replicated six times with ten birds per replicate. The feeding trial lasted for 28 days. Control-fed birds had the highest overall (P?P?P?P?P?P?P?P?P?P?P?P?P?P?相似文献   

减少矿物质元素的饲粮中补充包膜半胱胺对育肥猪生长性能、胴体品质、矿物质元素沉积及排放的影响

本试验旨在研究夏季高温状态下,在减少矿物质(铜、铁、锰、锌)元素的饲粮中补充包膜半胱胺对育肥后期猪生长性能、胴体品质、组织矿物质元素沉积和粪便矿物质元素排放的影响。试验共选用360头健康、平均体重为(103.9±0.7)kg的三元(杜×长×大)杂交育肥猪,采用2×2双因素试验设计,分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复15头。因素1为饲粮矿物质元素的含量,设计为基础饲粮铜、铁、锌、锰元素含量的100%和80%2个水平;因素2为饲粮包膜半胱胺(半胱胺含量27%)含量,设计为0、1 600 mg/kg(半胱胺含量300 mg/kg)2个水平。试验期30 d。结果表明:1)饲粮减少矿物质元素或补充包膜半胱胺对育肥猪后期的生长性能和胴体品质均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)饲粮减少矿物质元素可显著降低育肥猪肝脏中铬元素的含量及肾脏中钠、钙、铅元素的含量(P0.05),显著升高血清钠元素含量(P0.05);减少矿物质元素的饲粮中补充包膜半胱胺显著或极显著降低肝脏中钾元素含量和肾脏中钠、钙、铅、铜元素含量(P0.05或P0.01),并有降低肝脏锰、锌、铬及钙元素和血清中铬和镁元素含量沉积的趋势(0.05≤P0.10),对维持机体各组织中钠元素的稳定有利。3)饲粮中减少矿物质元素或补充包膜半胱胺极显著减少粪便中铅和铜元素的排放量(P0.01);饲粮减少矿物质元素可显著降低粪便中锌元素的排放量(P0.05),极显著升高镁元素的排放量(P0.05);减少矿物质元素的饲粮中补充包膜半胱胺对粪便中铬元素的排放量有降低趋势(0.05≤P0.10)。由此可见,夏季高温期,在饲粮的铜、铁、锰、锌4种矿物质元素含量减少20%条件下补充1 600 mg/kg包膜半胱胺,能在不影响育肥猪后期生长性能和胴体品质的同时,降低血清、肝脏和肾脏中矿物质元素的沉积,减少粪便铅、铜和铬元素对环境的排放,维持机体电解质平衡。     

Changes in diarrhea,nutrients apparent digestibility,digestive enzyme activities of weaned piglets in response to chitosan‐zinc chelate

A total of 120 weanling barrows weighing 6.11 ± 0.20 kg were randomly allotted to four treatments with three replications (i.e. pen) of ten piglets per replicate. Pigs were received corn‐soybean basal diet (control) or the same basal diet supplemented with the following sources of zinc: (i) 100 mg/kg of Zn as ZnSO₄; (ii) 100 mg/kg of Zn as chitosan‐Zn chelate (CS‐Zn); and (iii) 100 mg/kg of Zn as ZnSO₄ mixed with chitosan (CS + ZnSO₄). The results showed that CS‐Zn could highly improve average daily gain and average daily feed intake than those of ZnSO₄ or CS+ ZnSO₄ (P < 0.05). The pigs fed dietary CS‐Zn had lower diarrhea incidence and higher apparent digestibility of crude protein than those of the pigs fed dietary ZnSO₄ (P < 0.05). The protease activities in duodenal content of the pigs receiving CS‐Zn diets was higher than that of the pigs fed dietary ZnSO₄ or CS + ZnSO₄ (P < 0.05). The amylase activity in duodenal content of the pigs fed dietary CS‐Zn was higher than that of the pigs receiving ZnSO₄ diets or basal diets (P < 0.05). These results indicated that dietary CS‐Zn showed different bioactivities from ZnSO₄ or CS + ZnSO₄ in reducing the incidence of diarrhea, improving activities of digestive enzymes and growth performance of weaned pigs.