不同蛋白质补充料日粮对玉米芯粗料型日粮营养物质消化率的影响

试验选择8头肉用牛,设计2个不同蛋白质补充料来源精料的日粮,即以DDGS为主的试验组和以棉籽粕为主的对照组,粗饲料为玉米芯,采用全收粪的消化试验测定日粮营养物质表观消化率。结果表明,不同蛋白质来源的试验组和对照组日粮有机物、粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率没有差异(P>0.05),肉牛日粮有机物、粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率的变化范围分别为65%～71%、60%～70%、68%～70%和63%～65%。     

精粗配合颗粒饲料对奶牛纤维性物质和蛋白质表观消化率的影响

试验选取20头中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分成3组,分别饲喂混合精料+青贮和精粗配合颗粒饲料+青贮日粮以研究精粗配合颗粒饲料对日粮粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率的影响。结果表明:奶牛饲喂对照组、混合精料组和精粗配合颗粒饲料组日粮的NDF表观消化率分别为52.85%、47.62%、51.55%,相应ADF表观消化率47.28%、36.54%、49.58%,加工制粒后对纤维性物质表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05);3组之间粗蛋白质表观消化率为71.72%、71.89%、70.23%(P>0.05)。     

日粮含水量对鹅营养物质利用的影响

日粮含水量对鹅营养物质利用的影响,通过对能量表观利用率,氮的表观沉积率,粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维消化率等的测定。试验结果表明,日粮含水量为60%组的能量表观利用率与其余各组差异均显著(P0.05);日粮含水量为60%组,氮的表观沉积率及纤维组分中粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维消化率与其余各组差异均极显著(P0.01);酸性洗涤纤维消化率结果,日粮为天然含水量组与日粮含水量50%组差异显著(P0.05),其余各处理组间差异均极显著(P0.01)。     

蛋白质水平对肉牛玉米芯粗料型日粮营养物质消化率的影响

选择8头肉用生长公牛,设计2个日粮蛋白质水平组,分别为试验组(9.2%~9.4%)和对照组(6.3%~6.4%),采用全收粪消化试验测定日粮蛋白质水平对日粮营养物质消化率的影响。结果表明:试验组和对照组日粮有机物、粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率没有显著差异(P>0.05),其变化范围分别为50%~60%、48%~58%、47%~57%和44%~56%。     

日粮添加酒糟对后备奶牛生长性能和营养物质消化率的影响

文章旨在研究不同比例的酒糟对后备奶牛生长性能和营养物质消化率的影响。试验选择日龄、体重和体况近似的健康荷斯坦育成牛30头,按照日龄和体重进行分组设计,将其随机分为3组,每组10头。对照组饲粮精料成分为玉米和大豆榨油副产物,试验组Ⅰ饲粮精料成分中添加15%的酒糟,试验组Ⅱ饲粮精料成分中添加30%的酒糟。预试期为2周,正试期为24周。试验期间限饲。试验期间每天记录育成牛的采食量。分别于试验开始和结束时测定育成牛的生长性能指标。于正试期第24周进行消化试验,测定营养物质消化率。试验结果表明,日粮中添加不同比例的酒糟替代玉米和大豆榨油副产物对育成牛干物质采食量和生长性能无显著影响(P>0.05)。日粮中添加不同比例的酒糟替代玉米和大豆榨油副产物对育成牛日粮干物质和有机物的表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05),但显著提高了粗蛋白质和纤维的表观消化率(P<0.05)。30%酒糟添加组育成牛日粮粗蛋白质表观消化率分别比15%酒糟添加组和对照组育成牛高4.55%和6.82%(P<0.05),而15%酒糟添加组和对照组育成牛日粮粗蛋白质表观消化率差异不显著(P>0.05)。30%酒糟添加组育成牛日粮中性洗涤纤维表观消化率分别比15%酒糟添加组和对照组育成牛高6.70%和7.44%(P<0.05),而15%酒糟添加组和对照组育成牛日粮中性洗涤纤维表观消化率差异不显著(P>0.05)。30%酒糟添加组育成牛日粮酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率分别比15%酒糟添加组和对照组育成牛高6.64%和8.04%(P<0.05),而15%酒糟添加组和对照组育成牛日粮酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率差异不显著(P>0.05)。因此,育成牛日粮中可以添加酒糟替代部分玉米和大豆榨油副产物,本试验中最高添加比例为30%。     

粗粉碎小麦替代玉米在泌乳奶牛中的应用

文章旨在评估日粮添加不同水平的粗粉小麦替代玉米对奶牛泌乳性能、养分消化率及血浆代谢物浓度的影响。试验将16头平均体重为(570±45)kg、平均泌乳天数为(85±16)d的奶牛随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复1头牛。各组日粮中分别用0、9.5%、19.0%和28.5%的3.5 mm粉碎的小麦替代玉米,试验共进行21 d。结果:随着日粮粗粉小麦添加水平的升高,干物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率表现为显著线性降低(P 0.05),淀粉表观消化率表现为显著二次曲线效应(P 0.05),其中28.5%粗粉小麦组较对照组和9.5%粗粉小麦组中性洗涤纤维表观消化率显著降低了13.03%、12.77%(P 0.05),酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率显著降低了5.11%、6.17%(P 0.05)。瘤胃pH和乙酸与丙酸比值表现为显著线性降低(P 0.05)。随着日粮粗粉小麦添加水平的升高,乳蛋白含量表现为显著线性降低(P 0.05),血浆胆固醇浓度表现为显著线性降低(P 0.05),而血浆胰岛素和尿素氮浓度表现为显著线性升高(P 0.05)。结论 :在不影响奶牛养分表观消化率、瘤胃pH、乳脂肪及血浆代谢物浓度情况下,泌乳奶牛日粮中粗粉小麦替代玉米的适宜水平为19.5%。     

奶牛日粮加锌对营养物质表观消化率的影响研究

选择8头泌乳前期的中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用4×4重复拉丁方设计,研究奶牛日粮加锌对营养物质全消化道表观消化率的影响。试验分为4组,每组2头,其中A为对照组(基础日粮);B组(基础日粮 20mg/kgZn);C组(基础日粮 40mg/kgZn);D组(基础日粮 60mg/kgZn),试验期分3个阶段,共3个月。结果表明:B组、C组和D组干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维的全消化道表观消化率均比A组有增强的趋势,但均差异不显著(p>0.05)。     

遗传基础与日粮营养源结构对肉牛生产性能的影响

在相同饲养管理条件下,选购约10月龄、体质量接近和健康状况良好的85头利木赞、西门塔尔、夏洛莱与本地黄牛杂交的后代作为试验对象,设计以玉米秸秆为唯一粗饲料的低、中和高3个营养水平的日粮,采用3×3全因子试验设计方法分成9组进行试验。通过消化试验对3种含不同营养水平日粮的粗蛋白质、干物质、有机物、粗脂肪、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维等营养物质表观消化率的测定,比较各品种肉牛在不同营养水平下各营养物质表观消化率的差异及日增质量效果的研究。结果表明:3个品种肉牛日增质量均随营养水平的提高而提高,利杂和西杂牛高营养水平日粮组日增质量显著高于低和中营养水平组,夏杂牛只有微弱的提高,差异不显著。3个品种肉牛在相同营养水平下,营养物质表观消化率差异不显著;在不同营养水平下,各品种肉牛营养物质表观消化率有显著差异,利杂和西杂牛在中营养水平下对各种营养物质的表观消化率显著高于低营养水平组,同时高营养水平组日粮营养物质表观消化率最低;夏杂牛对干物质、粗蛋白和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率与利杂和西杂牛相同,但夏杂牛对中性洗涤纤维和粗纤维的表观消化率有别于利杂和西杂牛,低营养水平与中营养水平组差异不显著,二者显著高于高营养水平组。     

泌乳盛期和泌乳后期奶牛的采食行为和日粮营养物质表观消化率的对比分析

试验旨在研究不同泌乳阶段奶牛饲喂相同日粮对采食行为和日粮营养物质表观消化率的影响。选择体重、胎次相近的8头健康泌乳牛,其中4头处于泌乳盛期(泌乳盛期组),4头处于泌乳后期(泌乳后期组),2组奶牛饲喂相同日粮,预试期15 d,正试期15 d。结果表明:泌乳盛期组奶牛每天干物质采食量(24.0 kg)高于泌乳后期组(P<0.01),泌乳盛期组奶牛每千克干物质的采食时间、一昼夜总反刍时间、躺卧时间均低于泌乳后期组(P<0.01),;泌乳盛期组奶牛日粮中中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率低于泌乳后期组(P<0.01)。由此可见,泌乳盛期奶牛采食时间极显著高于泌乳后期奶牛,泌乳盛期奶牛躺卧时间极显著少于泌乳后期。     

烟酸对热应激奶牛营养物质表观消化率及血清生化指标的影响

试验选用3头健康的泌乳后期的中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用3×3拉丁方设计,在基础日粮中分别添加0、8、15g/d烟酸,研究日粮添加不同水平烟酸对热应激奶牛干物质采食量、营养物质表观消化率和部分血液生化指标的影响。试验期为63d。结果表明:(1)添加8、15g/d烟酸分别使奶牛的干物质采食量显著提高12.71%和11.20%(P0.05);(2)添加8g/d烟酸能使奶牛营养物质消化率显著提高(P0.05),添加15g/d烟酸对奶牛营养物质消化率有提高的趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05);(3)日粮添加烟酸能够维持奶牛血清皮质醇水平的基本恒定、降低血清胆固醇、甘油三酯水平的趋势。综合分析试验奶牛的干物质采食量、营养物质表观消化率和血液生化指标变化,夏季给奶牛补饲烟酸有助于缓解热应激,适宜的添加量为8g/d。     

新疆沙尔套山四季放牧草地主要牧草营养价值变化特征研究

以新疆昭苏县域内沙尔套山分布的12种主要牧草为研究对象,对其营养物质和瘤胃体外消化率特征进行分析,以期揭示各牧草营养物质和消化率的季节性变化规律。结果表明,各牧草的营养物质含量和消化率特征指标均存在明显的季节性变化规律。通过模糊相似优先比分析,综合营养物质(干物质、粗蛋白、中/酸性洗涤纤维、粗脂肪、粗灰分)和瘤胃体外消化率特征(有机物消化率、代谢能)的8项指标进行综合营养价值评价,主要结论为:1)研究区放牧草地12种主要牧草中针茅、芨芨草、紫花鸢尾综合营养价值最佳季节在春季营养生长期(6月),其余牧草均为夏季开花期(7月)。2)春季营养生长期(6月)和秋季果后营养期(9月),综合营养价值最好的均为鸭茅;夏季开花期(7月),综合价值最好的牧草为西伯利亚羽衣草;秋季结实期(8月),综合营养价值最好的牧草为红花车轴草;冬季停止生长(10月)和枯草期(11月),综合营养价值最好的分别为针茅和紫花鸢尾。     

不同季节虎尾草对绵羊采食量和养分消化率的影响

研究不同季节草地牧草的饲喂价值动态变化规律,对于改善和调控家畜的营养状况具有重要的意义。虎尾草（Chloris virgata）作为松嫩草地一种耐旱、耐盐碱的优势饲草,是放牧家畜重要的饲草来源。但目前有关虎尾草的饲喂价值数据有限。因此,本试验选择乌珠穆沁公羊12只,平均体重为27.37±2.20 kg,随机分为4个处理,每个处理3个重复。分别饲喂春、夏、秋、冬四季的虎尾草干草,试验绵羊采取单笼饲养,采用全收粪法进行消化代谢试验。结果表明,春、夏、秋、冬四季绵羊每公斤代谢体重虎尾草干物质采食量分别为73.48,30.01,29.80和34.33 g·kg^-1LW^0.75,春季显著高于其他季节（P<0.05）;不同季节的虎尾草对绵羊干物质消化率、中性洗涤纤维消化率、以及碳、氮采食和排泄均有显著影响（P<0.05）,表现为春季最高,并且春季氮代谢处于正平衡,氮的摄入量可以满足部分增重的需要。     

云南省反刍家畜主要饲料营养价值评价

通过对云南省 9个牛羊饲养基地县饲料样品的常规营养成份、范氏纤维及干物质体外消化率 ( IVDMD)的测定发现 :1 )用营养成份和 IVDMD等指标进行评定 ,所有牧草以白三叶、红三叶和青苕子的营养价值最高 ;秸秆类粗饲料营养价值由高到低依次为 :蚕豆秆、黄豆秆、玉米秆、稻草和小麦秆 ;2 )饲料中 ADF、NDF含量与 CP、EE含量呈极显著负相关 ( P<0 .0 1 ) ;各结构碳水化合物成份含量与 CF含量都呈正相关 ,其中 ADF、 NDF含量和 C (纤维素 )含量相关极显著 ( P<0 .0 1 )。粗饲料中 ADF、NDF、HC(半纤维素 )、C及 AIA含量与常规成份都有显著的回归关系 ;3)饲料 IVDMD与 CP含量呈极显著正相关 ,与 NDF含量呈极显著负相关 ( | r| >0 .8) ( P<0 .0 1 )。各饲料的 IVDMD与 CP、 EE、 ASH、 NFE、 NDF和 ADL含量之间存在着显著的回归关系 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,利用回归方程可以用饲料营养成份含量来预测饲料的IVDMD。     

甘蔗品种及收割期对生长期肉牛采食量和瘤胃参数的影响

本试验旨在研究甘蔗青贮饲料的基因型和成熟期对肉牛瘤胃纤维消化率、采食量、瘤胃发酵、瘤胃动力学和瘤胃细菌数量的影响。试验采用2×2因子设计,即两个基因型(高和低中性洗涤纤维消化率)和2个收割期(早熟和晚熟)。试验日粮以40%青贮甘蔗饲料为试验料。结果:饲喂早熟甘蔗青贮饲料时干物质采食量较大,但仅表现在低中性洗涤纤维消化率基因型(P<0.05)。早熟甘蔗日粮较晚熟甘蔗日粮显著提高了中性洗涤纤维摄入量(P<0.05)。饲喂低中性洗涤纤维基因型饲粮时,瘤胃池干物质、中性洗涤纤维和不可消化中性洗涤纤维含量更高(P<0.05)。饲喂高中性洗涤纤维消化率品种的青贮甘蔗时,中性洗涤纤维和不可消化中性洗涤纤维过瘤胃速率更高(P<0.05)。饲喂早熟青贮甘蔗饲料的肉牛瘤胃pH较大,但表现在高中性洗涤纤维消化率品种组(P<0.05)。饲喂早熟青贮甘蔗饲料时,低中性洗涤纤维消化率品种组肉牛瘤胃短链脂肪酸总浓度较高(P<0.05)。晚熟期青贮甘蔗较早熟期显著提高了埃氏巨球型菌相对含量(P<0.05)。综上所述,采用高中性洗涤纤维消化率品种的青贮甘蔗饲喂生长期肉牛,可以通过更快的纤维过瘤胃速率和纤维周转对瘤胃池产生积极影响,这可能有利于提高采食量。     

Apparent digestibility of macronutrients in captive babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa).

The apparent digestibilities of macronutrients by babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) were measured. Three group-housed captive babirusa were fed a diet of pelleted feed, boiled potatoes, grains, vegetables, and fruits. To determine reproducibility of the results, two digestibility trials were conducted 5 wk apart. The apparent digestibilities for crude protein, crude fat, and nonstructural carbohydrates (nitrogen-free extract) were 71, 76, and 78% of intake, respectively. Average apparent digestibilities of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were 62 and 19% of intake, respectively. Hemicellulose (neutral detergent fiber minus acid detergent fiber) digestibility was 75%. Cellulose digestibility on average was 19% of intake, i.e., identical to acid detergent fiber digestibility because the diet did not contain a detectable amount of acid detergent lignin.     

Seasonal changes in digestibility, passage rate and rumen fermentation of alfalfa hay in sika deer (Cervus nippon) under restricted feeding

To investigate seasonal variations in the digestive functions of sika deer, five female sika deer were provided with an amount of alfalfa hay cubes equivalent to voluntary food intake during winter. We measured the rate at which the food passed through the digestive tract, digestibility and rumen fermentation during the summer (August), autumn (November), winter (February) and spring (May). Total mean retention time in the digestive tract during summer and autumn was numerically longer than that in winter and spring, but the difference did not reach significance. Organic matter and fiber were less digestible in summer and autumn than in winter and spring (P < 0.05), whereas the digestibility of the dry matter tended to vary with the seasons (P < 0.1). Ruminal pH values seasonally changed (P < 0.01), and were the lowest in autumn. The concentration of ruminal ammonia‐nitrogen differed significantly among the seasons (P < 0.05), increasing in winter and decreasing during spring and summer. The numbers of protozoa changed significantly among the seasons (P < 0.05), being higher in autumn than in winter and spring, and intermediate in summer. The concentration of total volatile fatty acids was not seasonally affected, but the molar percentages of propionic acid and butyric acid significantly changed according to season (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), and the ratio of acetic to propionic acid tended to change with the seasons (P < 0.1). The results of this study suggested that the digestive functions in sika deer, fed a commercial diet at a restricted level, differed notably among the seasons and these variations might partially be due to environmental effects.     

Chemical compositions, feed intakes and digestibilities of crop residue based rations in non-lactating Red Sokoto goats in the subhumid zone of Nigeria

The present study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition, intake and digestibility of crop residue based rations by Red Sokoto goats maintained on natural pastures and Digitaria smutsii hay during the dry season of the year. Twenty‐eight non‐lactating does were blocked for weight and assigned to 7 treatment groups comprising 4 does each in a completely randomized design. Ration A, the conventional concentrate ration, was used as the positive control, Rations B and C were the two crop residue based test rations, while Ration D, the unsupplemented treatment, was used as the negative control. Each of the supplementation rations was fed at 1% and 2% of the doe's body weight. Ration A had the highest crude protein percentage of 17.19% while Rations B and C had 9.54 and 10.38%, respectively. The naturally grazed pastures and Digitaria smutsii hay (Ration D) contained the least protein: 2.76 and 4.75%, respectively. Ration D also had the highest percentages of acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and lignin (49.14, 74.73 and 9.49% in hay and 50.29, 8.27 and 11.5% in grazed pastures, respectively). Ration A on the other hand, had the lowest percentages of acid detergent fiber (20.00%), neutral detergent fiber (40.01%) and lignin (4.64%). The results indicated that the supplemented group of does had significantly higher (P < 0.05) dry matter and crude protein intakes as well as nutrient digestibilities than the unsupplemented groups. A comparison of the unsupplemented animals with all the other treatment groups revealed that dry matter digestibility improved by a range of 4.1–27.9%, while crude protein digestibility improved by 17.1–42.2%, the highest value being in does on Ration A. It was concluded that goats were able to subsist and make appreciable gains in the long dry season on crop‐based diets that compared favorably with the conventional concentrate rations. Of the two tested crop residue based rations, Ration C is a better supplementation package than Ration B.     

多花黑麦草在生长肉兔上的营养价值评定

本试验旨在评定初花期多花黑麦草在生长肉兔上的营养价值。试验选取60日龄平均体重(2.20±0.32)kg的健康新西兰兔24只,随机分为2组,每组12个重复,每个重复1只。试验饲粮采用套算法进行配制,多花黑麦草的替代比例为20%;试验采用全收粪法进行消化试验,预试期和正试期各7 d。结果表明:1)多花黑麦草中总能、干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗灰分、钙、总磷和无氮浸出物含量分别为16.78 MJ/kg、92.24%、10.20%、1.64%、26.09%、51.80%、31.35%、7.72%、0.66%、0.28%和46.59%;2)多花黑麦草在生长肉兔中的表观消化能为7.21 MJ/kg,生长肉兔对多花黑麦草中总能、干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗灰分、钙、总磷和无氮浸出物的表观消化率分别为33.45%、48.36%、44.18%、84.45%、25.91%、22.73%、22.25%、26.10%、62.87%、13.94%和61.42%。由结果可知:初花期多花黑麦草中粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量相对较高,总磷含量相对较低;生长肉兔对初花期多花黑麦草中不同营养成分的消化率存在一定差异,其中以粗脂肪、粗纤维、钙、无氮浸出物的表观消化率较高,总磷的表观消化率较低。     

Steers grazing blue grama rangeland throughout the growing season. II. Site and extent of digestion and microbial protein synthesis

Effects of advancing forage maturity and drought-induced summer dormancy on site and extent of digestion and microbial protein synthesis in beef steers grazing native blue grama rangeland were evaluated in four sampling periods. Five steers (avg initial wt 227 kg) fitted with ruminal, duodenal and ileal cannulae and three steers cannulated at the esophagus freely grazed a 12-ha study pasture. Sampling periods lasted 11 d and started June 2, which was during the early growing season (EGS); June 22, during early summer dormancy (ESD); July 21, during late summer dormancy (LSD); and August 25, 1985, during the late growing season (LGS). Dietary N content was lower (P less than .05) in ESD and LSD than in EGS and LGS. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content was lower (P less than .05) in EGS than in other sampling periods. Ruminal organic matter (OM) digestion was lower (P less than .05) in ESD than in EGS, probably because of increased dietary NDF and lower N content. Ruminal OM digestion was greater (P less than .05) in LSD and LGS than in ESD because of increased fiber digestion. Neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestion occurring in the rumen was greater (P less than .05) in LSD and LGS than in EGS and ESD. Organic matter digestion in the small intestine and OM, NDF and ADF digestion in the hindgut were similar for all sampling periods. Over 90% of the fiber digestion occurred ruminally.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Intake and Apparent Digestibility of Permanent Meadow Hay and Haylage in Ponies

The aim of this article was to study the conservation quality, chemical composition, gross energy, voluntary intake, and apparent digestibility of permanent meadow haylage and hay, fed to ponies at maintenance. The forages were from the same swath and harvested at early flowering stage. The apparent digestibility of the hay and haylage, which contained about 61% neutral detergent fiber and 38% acid detergent fiber, as fed, was determined by means of two in vivo digestibility trials, each performed on six ponies, weighing, on average, about 335 ± 80 kg and 334 ± 41 kg, respectively, over a 6-day feces collection period after a previous 14-day adaptation period. The voluntary intake was measured and the digestibility coefficients were calculated for dry matter, organic matter, gross energy, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, using acid-insoluble ash as the internal marker. The haylages were evaluated for dry matter, pH, alcohols, lactic acid, and monocarboxylic acid. The conservation quality of the haylage was good and its chemical composition was similar to that of hay, except for the crude protein and gross energy contents, which were higher (P < .05) as compared with those of the hay. No differences were found between the hay and haylage with regard to the voluntary intake and digestibility coefficients.