不同药剂防治斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的研究

通过比较12种药剂室内生物测定斜纹夜蛾的毒力和盆栽药效实验，结果表明：甲氰菊酯、乐斯本、喹硫磷、万灵4种药剂可用来有效防治斜纹夜蛾幼虫。     

灭多威与杀螟硫磷混剂的筛选及药效评价

在室内条件下采用浸渍法和喷雾法分别测定了灭多威、杀螟硫磷及其以不同比例混用对豆蚜和粘虫的增效作用。结果表明，灭多威与杀螟硫磷以１：１、１：３、１：５、１：７和１：９比例混用对蚜虫、粘虫表现出不同程度的增效作用，其中以１：７混用增效最明显，共毒系数分别为２４９．０３和１８０．３０，其毒效分别是灭多威的１．６１和０．９３倍，杀螟硫磷的２．７０和２．０８倍。田间小区试验表明，灭多威与杀螟硫磷混剂（１：７）对棉蚜和棉铃虫的防治效果明显优于杀螟硫磷，而稍优于或接近于灭多威     

取食不同寄主植物的斜纹夜蛾对化学杀虫剂敏感性的变化

取食不同寄主植物的斜纹夜蛾３龄幼虫对溴氰菊酯（ｄｅｌｔａｍｅｔｈｒｉｎ）、氯氰菊酯（ｃｙｐｅｒｍｅｔｈｒｉｎ）和敌百虫（ｔｒｉｃｈｌｏｒｆｏｎ）的敏感性发生了变化，其中以取食甘薯的斜纹夜蛾３龄幼虫最为敏感，其次是木薯、甘蓝、萝卜、蓖麻和菜心；取食白菜的最不敏感。     

氧化锌、氧化铜纳米材料与杀虫剂混配对斜纹夜蛾毒杀的增效作用

采用浸渍法,将氧化锌、氧化铜纳米粉混入杀虫剂氯氰菊酯和辛硫磷中,测定对斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura Fabricius)毒杀增效作用。同时也采用普通粒子氧化锌、氧化铜做对照试验,试验结果表明:两种纳米材料与氯氰菊酯杀虫剂混配具有一定的增效作用,而普通粒子氧化锌、氧化铜与其混配并没有增效作用。纳米氧化锌与氯氰菊酯按1∶4混配,其24 h的共毒系数分别为146;纳米氧化铜与氯氰菊酯按1∶4混配,其24 h的共毒系数为116;纳米氧化锌、氧化铜与辛硫磷按1∶4混配,其24 h的共毒系数分别为128和116,试验结果表明:氧化锌、氧化铜纳米材料与杀虫剂混配对斜纹夜蛾毒杀有一定的增效作用。     

9种药剂对斜纹夜蛾的室内毒力与田间应用效果

通过室内毒力测定和田间药效试验,测定当前9种主流杀虫剂产品对斜纹夜蛾的防治效果。结果表明,甲维盐、茚虫威、虫螨腈和虫酰肼对斜纹夜蛾具有优良的防效,可作为防治斜纹夜蛾的首选药剂。Bt与多杀菌素的效果次之。阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯和毒死蜱对斜纹夜蛾已逐渐失去控制作用,在生产中应尽量少用、慎用。     

灭多威与杀虫剂的联合毒力研究

室内采用浸渍法、喷雾法和点滴法分别进行了灭多威与杀螟硫磷、灭多威与异丙威对蚜虫和粘虫的联合毒力测定。结果表明灭多威与杀螟硫磷以１：７比例混配对蚜虫和粘虫均表现为增效作用,共毒系数（ＣＴＣ）分别为２４９．０３和１８０．３０;灭多威与异丙威以１：２比例混配对蚜虫和粘虫表现为显著增效,共毒系数分别为２３５．４５和２７４．３０。比较了３种生测方法对灭多威的杀虫活性影响     

7种农药对斜纹夜蛾的毒力测定

为了筛选出对斜纹夜蛾防效较好的农药,采用点滴法和浸叶法测定了甲维盐等7种农药对斜纹夜蛾的室内毒力.结果表明,点滴法处理后48h甲维盐的LD50为1.82μg/g,虫螨腈的LD50为2.50μg/g,高效氯氰菊酯的LD50为15.10μg/g;浸叶法处理后48h甲维盐的LC50为0.239 1mg/L,溴虫腈的LC50为0.823 2mg/L,高效氯氰菊酯的LC50为77.338 3mg/L.由此可见.甲维盐和虫螨腈对斜纹夜蛾的毒力相对较高.     

大豆品种对斜纹夜蛾的抗性机制初探

在肉室人工接虫条件下研究大豆３个高抗品种吴江青豆３、通山薄皮黄豆甲、赶泰－２－和３个高感品种皖８２－１７８、山东大豆及Ｍｏｒｓｏｙ对斜纹夜蛾的抗性表现。结果表明,抗感材料间以叶面积损失率为指标的抗虫性差异极为,而对斜纹夜蛾产卵排趋性差异不显著。     

杀虫剂对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的毒力研究

测定了11种杀虫剂对江苏省南京市马群和山东泰安市郊区斜纹夜蛾田间种群的毒力。用点滴法测定结果表明:6种杀虫剂对南京斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力(LD50)大小顺序为:高效氯氰菊酯>氯氟氰菊酯>辛硫磷>马拉硫磷>毒死蜱>灭多威;对泰安斜纹夜蛾幼虫的毒力大小顺序为:高效氯氰菊酯>氯氟氰菊酯>马拉硫磷>辛硫磷>毒死蜱>灭多威。高效氯氰菊酯对两种群的毒力最大,灭多威的毒力最小。山东泰安种群较南京种群对杀虫剂略敏感。用浸叶法测定结果表明:9种杀虫剂对南京斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力(LC50)大小顺序为:除尽>菜喜>高效氯氰菊酯>米螨>抑太保>氯氟氰菊酯>辛硫磷>毒死蜱>抑食肼。对山东泰安斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力大小顺序为:除尽>菜喜>抑太保>高效氯氰菊酯>毒死蜱>辛硫磷>米螨>氯氟氰菊酯>抑食肼。除尽和菜喜对两种群的毒力最高,抑食肼的毒力最低。山东泰安斜纹夜蛾种群除对氯氟氰菊酯和米螨的敏感性略低于南京种群外,对其他药剂均比南京种群敏感。     

8%喹.甲氰EC防治柑桔红蜘蛛药效试验

柑桔红蜘蛛是柑桔上的主要害虫之一,主发时期在５～７月之间。为了验证由甲氰ＥＣ与喹硫磷２种农药复配而成的混合药剂８％喹甲氰ＥＣ对其的防治效果,今年６～７月份我们用８％喹甲氰ＥＣ２０００倍、３０００倍、４０００倍,２０％甲氰ＥＣ３０００倍,２５％喹硫磷２...     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.