海河流域气象干旱时空特征分析

海河流域干旱频发,素有"十年九旱"的说法。文中基于海河流域537个格点1961-2010年的逐日降水数据,采用标准化降水指数作为气象干旱指标,计算干旱频率、变化趋势率和干旱影响站次比。结果表明:50a来海河流域干旱呈加剧的趋势,其中春旱和冬旱减轻,而夏旱和秋旱加重;干旱影响范围呈波动扩大趋势;干旱发生频率较高的地区主要分布在中部、南部以及西部。     

基于TVDI的攀西地区干旱时空变化特征研究

利用MODIS地表温度数据（LST）和归一化植被指数（NDVI）构建Ts-NDVI特征空间，通过计算温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）详细分析了攀西地区2001—2020年干旱时空变化规律。结果表明：（1）从时间角度来看，20年间攀西地区TVDI年均值介于0.5481~0.5820，以-0.0001·a^-1速率缓慢减小，且在2001年和2009年出现大范围中旱。季节性干旱特点表现为冬干春旱，各季TVDI均值分别为冬季0.5618、春季0.6058、夏季0.5590、秋季0.5365，表明冬、春两季较夏、秋两季更容易形成干旱。TVDI月均最大值出现在5月份，为0.6089；最小值出现在9月份，为0.5204；每年2—6月以中旱为主；7月起旱情减轻，转为轻旱；10月起旱情逐渐加重。（2）从空间角度来看，攀西地区旱情变化趋势南北差异明显，南部干旱发生的频率和范围大于北部地区，呈现出中部、南部及西南部高，北部、西北部及东北部低的空间分布特征。（3）从典型干旱年份来看，攀西地区2001年、2006年和2011年春旱耕地在空间分布上具有一定的相似性。其中，受中旱的耕地主要分布在攀西北部和中部；而受重旱的耕地主要集中分布在攀西西南部。研究结果表明，2001—2020年攀西地区旱情稍有缓解，不同季节间干旱差异性较大，干旱范围以攀西中部和南部为主。     

三种不同干旱动态监测指数在陕西省的适用性研究

运用陕西省96个站1981—2012年近32年的逐日气温、降水、风速、相对湿度等资料,分别计算出各站逐日(向前滚动30天)的三种干旱动态监测指数：降水距平百分率(P_a)、相对湿润干旱指数(MI)、标准化降水指数(SPI),并将陕西省按地域由北至南分为陕北、关中、陕南,按季节分为春(3—5月)、夏(6—8月)、秋(9—11月)、冬(12—2月),分别统计出不同干旱动态监测指数对应的干旱发生的频率并与历史记载中实际干旱情况进行比对,对三种干旱动态监测指数在陕西省的适用性进行分析。结果表明：夏季MI指数得到的干旱频率最高,P_a指数最低,冬季MI指数得到的干旱频率最低,P_a指数最高; 在春、冬季节P_a指数的适用性较好,在夏、秋季节MI指数的适用性较好; 陕西省夏季容易发生局地强降水,而在秋、冬季容易出现长时间的无降水,导致SPI指数在夏、秋、冬季节的适用性不太好。     

山西南部季节性干旱特征及综合防御技术

采用标准化降水指数(SPI)为干旱指标,计算了山西省运城市49年(1958—2007年)各月干旱指数,并在此基础上分析了山西南部地区季节性干旱特征。研究表明,干旱强度与干旱频率在不同年代际表现特征不同。与运城地区49年同期均值相比,进入20世纪90年代后,春旱发生频率、干旱强度分别提高了29.0%、5.1%;夏旱发生频率提高41.9%,干旱强度下降了7.4%;秋旱发生频率下降了23.8%,干旱强度提高了7.7%;冬旱发生频率下降了26.6%,干旱强度下降了37.5%。干旱的季节性特征为春旱和夏旱有加重趋势,秋旱和冬旱有减弱趋势。春旱(3—5月)和伏旱(7—8月)作为可预见性干旱,可采用土壤墒情监测、干旱预警、制定系统性抗旱措施等综合防御技术。对于不可预见类型干旱,可采用建立抗旱水源、储备抗旱机械等策略。     

甘肃冬小麦主产区40年干旱变化特征及影响风险评估

干旱是影响甘肃省冬小麦生产的主要气象灾害。运用1971—2010年甘肃省冬小麦主产区8县（区）气象站降水资料及冬小麦产量资料,分析了40 a干旱时空变化特征,建立了干旱影响冬小麦产量的风险评估指数,对冬小麦在不同季节受不同等级干旱风险进行了分析评估。结果表明,春旱以陇东黄土高原出现频率最高,为0.35～0.39　次·a^-1;徽成盆地及两江流域出现频率最少,为0.18 次·a^-1;初夏旱出现频次最高的地区为环县,为0.35 次·a^-1,最少为西峰、成县及秦安;伏旱出现频率最高地区为环县及麦积,最低为张家川;秋旱出现频率最高为环县,最低为武都。各地干旱均以轻旱为主,其次为中旱。40 a中,20世纪90年代干旱出现频次最多,80年代最少。进入21世纪,秋旱发生频次明显减少,春旱则有相对增多的趋势。冬小麦全生育期徽成盆地及两江流域受旱灾影响风险最小,种植保险率最高,为92％～93％;其次为关山区,种植保险率为91%,干旱风险较小;渭河流域及渭北旱区风险较大,种植保险率为88％～89％;陇东黄土高原种植保险率最低,为83％～85％,冬小麦生长受干旱胁迫最大。     

基于核熵成分分析的综合干旱指数的构建与应用

针对传统单变量干旱指数难以全面表征干旱及部分综合干旱指数难以反映多变量之间的非线性关系等问题，采用标准化降水蒸散发指数（SPEI）、标准化径流指数（SRI）及标准化土壤湿度指数（SSMI）3个单变量指数分别表征气象干旱、水文干旱和农业干旱，利用核熵成分分析法（KECA）构造综合干旱指数（SMDI），采用M-K趋势检验、小波分析及典型历史旱情验证等方法分析干旱的时空变化特征以及干旱指数的适用性。以黑河流域中上游为例，结果表明：研究区全年77.6%的区域表现为干旱不显著加重的趋势；在流域尺度上，干旱存在43 a的长周期，15~23 a的中周期，3~8 a的短周期；20世纪90年代夏、秋两季及21世纪以来春、冬两季干旱发生频率较高，且整体夏旱发生频率最高；1969年春、1997年秋和2009年冬的典型历史旱情验证表明SMDI优于其他3种单变量干旱指数。说明基于KECA构建的SMDI是一种有效的干旱监测指数，在黑河流域中上游干旱监测中有好的适用性。     

1951-2014年辽宁省气象干旱时空特征分析

利用辽宁省56个国家气象观测站1951-2014年逐日降水量和气温资料,依据当前气象干旱监测业务中使用的气象干旱综合监测指数(MCI),使用国家标准《气象干旱等级》中对干旱事件的定义,分析讨论了1951-2014年辽宁省气象干旱事件的时空分布特征和变化规律。结果表明:1)辽宁省近64年来气象干旱事件出现的频率高、影响范围广,特别是2000年后气象干旱范围呈急剧上升趋势;春旱和秋旱影响范围增长速率最大,春旱的影响范围最广;2)辽宁省气象干旱的发生频率分布有很强的地域特征,辽西地区是气象干旱高发区;3)四个季节都有可能发生气象干旱,其中春旱发生频率最高,夏旱次之,秋旱发生频率相对较小;4)辽宁省出现的气象干旱事件强度(持续时间)呈现全省普遍偏大(偏长)或者普遍偏小(偏短)的一致特征,辽中地区是易发生强干旱并持续的敏感区。     

基于降水量距平百分率的内蒙古地区干旱特征

利用1971-2015年内蒙古地区52个气象站逐月降水量观测数据,采用降水量距平百分率(Pa),从干旱频率和干旱变化趋势率分析了研究区近45 a来干旱时空分布特征。结果表明:从时间变化来看,年降水量呈微弱的下降趋势,并于1998年和2012年发生突变;春季、秋季和冬季降水量变化呈上升趋势,夏季降水量变化呈下降趋势;年尺度干旱主要发生在1999-2011年;季节尺度干旱发生频率为冬旱>春旱>秋旱>夏旱。从空间变化来看,多年平均降水量由东向西呈逐级递减趋势,降水分布地域特征明显,大兴安岭以东地区和巴彦淖尔市西部地区降水变化趋势率较高,呼伦贝尔市西北部、通辽市中南部、赤峰市中部、阿拉善盟西部地区降水变化趋势率较低;发生不同等级干旱的几率为轻旱>特旱>中旱>重旱,各级干旱易发生地区集中在呼伦贝尔市西部、赤峰市中北部、通辽市北部、锡林郭勒盟中西部以及阿拉善盟西部地区。Pa变化趋势率表现为,呼伦贝尔市中东部、巴彦淖尔市西部和阿拉善盟东部呈上升趋势,即干旱程度减轻;兴安盟南部至鄂尔多斯市、阿拉善盟中西部呈下降趋势,即干旱程度加重。     

新疆北部地区春夏季干旱的区域性和持续性特征

基于1961-2007年36站的逐日降水资料,分析新疆北部地区春、夏季干旱的区域性和持续性特征。结果表明：新疆北部春、夏季干旱发生较为频繁,尤其在北疆西北部地区,春旱平均3 a一遇,夏旱为4~5 a一遇。季节间的连旱概率较低,不足10%,主要以月际间的连旱为主,其中2个月的持续干旱次数占干旱总次数的20%左右。进一步的分析表明,春夏之交的5~6月,是2个月连续干旱发生次数相对频繁的时期,北疆西北部地区此类连续干旱事件最多。伊犁河谷、北天山地区和北疆北部春旱较夏旱频繁,春旱以北疆北部发生最多;夏旱3个区域发生频次相似,但北天山地区大旱发生频数较高。3个区域的春、夏季干旱程度均呈减弱趋势,春旱在20世纪90年代中后期、夏旱在80年代中后期处在一个较低的发生期。     

基于MCI指标的甘肃省近50年干旱特征分析

基于甘肃省16个气象站1961—2010年改进气象干旱指标(MCI)对甘肃省近50年不同季节的干旱特征进行了统计分析。结果表明:春旱和夏旱发生频率最高,为55.4%和55.0%;秋旱发生频率最低,为41.1%;冬季干旱发生频率为46.3%。全省夏秋季易出现大范围干旱,冬季较少。近50年来,干旱发生范围在全年各季节都有不同程度增加。春季各等级干旱发生天数均较高,且更容易发展成为重旱甚至特旱;夏季和冬季易发生大范围的轻旱和中旱,而严重干旱发生较少;秋季干旱发生日数最少,且干旱强度也最轻。总的来说,甘南地区干旱发生最少,而河西东部、陇中北部和陇南南部发生干旱较多。近50年,研究区干旱平均持续日数、发生干旱站次比以及干旱强度虽有不同程度增加或减少趋势,但变化并不显著。春季干旱强度最强,秋季最弱。干旱强度与无雨日数有显著负相关关系。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.