松墨天牛在云南松树干的垂直分布研究

松墨天牛(Monochamus alternatus Hope) (又名松褐天牛、松天牛)属鞘翅目,天牛科,墨天牛属,是松属树种如马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)、黑松(P.thunbergii Parl.)、云南松(Pinus yunnanensis Franch)和思茅松(P. kesiya var. langbianensis(A.chev.)Gaussen)等的重要蛀干害虫,主要危害生长衰弱的树木或新伐倒木,造成松树枯死,同时还传播松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylopilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle)萎蔫病[1-2].松墨天牛在云南主要危害云南松,目前分布范围已经扩展到43县(市),并在部分地方成灾,加大了松材线虫病传入的可能性[3].松墨天牛在滇中地区1年1代,雌成虫在树干上咬出长椭圆刻槽,将卵产在刻槽中部的表皮层下,幼虫生长发育至一定阶段蛀入木质部, 在边材表面留下椭圆形的蛀入孔;蛀入木质部的幼虫在蛀道内取食,老熟幼虫在蛀道末端构筑蛹室化蛹,成虫从蛹室向外咬出近圆形的羽化孔爬出[4-5].松墨天牛是典型的钻蛀性害虫,调查和防治非常困难.前人曾经对松墨天牛在马尾松和思茅松上的分布规律进行了研究[6-8],但这些研究是某一时间段天牛的危害痕迹或幼虫在树干上的分布,对于天牛产卵刻槽、蛀入孔和羽化孔的数量关系,目前还没有相关报道.本文对松墨天牛的产卵刻槽、蛀入孔和羽化孔在云南松树干的垂直分布规律及其数量关系进行了调查分析,旨在为松墨天牛的林间调查和防治提供参考.     

松褐天牛在马尾松树干上的分布规律

作为松材线虫病(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)的最重要传播媒介,松褐天牛已成为控制松材线虫病的重点。明确松褐天牛各虫态在不同地区寄主树干上的分布,对因地适宜地释放天敌昆虫有着重要意义。为此,本研究通过解剖受害马尾松,结合林间调查,系统地研究了松褐天牛产卵刻槽、幼虫和蛹在马尾松树干上的分布规律。结果表明:松褐天牛产卵刻槽主要分布在树干的2.5 6.5 m范围内,刻槽数量与树干高度和胸径显著相关;松褐天牛幼虫数量与树干胸径关系不显著;多数蛹室位于侵入孔正上方,少数蛹室位于侵入孔下方,两种蛹室数量差异显著;两种蛹室与侵入孔中心的平均距离分别为3.93 cm和4.39 cm,两者之间差异不显著;并建立了松褐天牛幼虫在马尾松树干上的垂直分布模式图。本研究表明了松褐天牛种群密度与寄主树木大小的关系,为释放天敌进行生物防治提供了基础。     

松材线虫病疫木剥皮处理对松墨天牛侵入的影响

松材线虫病疫木的无害化处理是松材线虫病防治工作的核心措施。为探寻高效、环保的林间疫木就地无害化处理技术,采用未被松墨天牛侵入的枯死松树(疫木)树干及伐桩,经剥皮处理后开展天牛及松瘤象等其他蛀干害虫侵入情况试验。结果表明:林间未被松墨天牛蛀入的疫木木段和伐桩,经剥皮处理后均未发现松墨天牛侵入的情况,但仍可受到小蠧等害虫的入侵。未剥皮的树干木段,松墨天牛幼虫仍可以蛀入;未剥皮的伐桩60%有松墨天牛蛀入孔和羽化孔。剥皮处理树干和伐桩可以阻止松墨天牛侵入,防止松材线虫病传播扩散,是林间疫木就地无害化处理的有效措施之一。     

松墨天牛生物学特性的研究

松墨天牛在福建闽北1a发生1代,以3～5龄幼虫在蛀道内越冬,极少数以低龄幼虫在树皮下越冬。4月上旬越冬幼虫在木质部内做一椭圆形蛹室化蛹,历时13～15d后成虫羽化。羽化后的成虫从蛹室向外咬圆形的羽化孔道飞出,6月上中旬是成虫羽化出孔的高峰期。成虫的雌雄性比为1∶1。在林间,成虫寻找松树嫩枝树皮补充营养,5～9d后开始交尾产卵,产卵前在树皮上咬刻槽,造成泪滴状松脂流下,1刻槽产卵1粒,少数可产2～4粒。卵期6～10d。幼虫孵化后取食松树内皮和韧皮部,在树皮外可见白色纤维状或褐色粉末状木屑与粪便的混合物。3龄幼虫咬一长椭圆形蛀入孔进入木质部,此后树皮外不再出现蛀屑。幼虫在蛀入木质部前死亡率极高,只有31 68%能蛀入树干中,幼虫期易受白僵菌侵染。幼虫期260～310d。     

松褐天牛羽化历期和各虫态在被害树上的分布

松褐天牛 Monochamusalternatus在浙东沿海地区的羽化始期为 5月上旬 ,盛期为5月中旬至 6月上旬 ,末期为 7月上旬 ;室内羽化的盛期和末期比露天网室滞后 2 0天。卵、幼虫和蛹在被害树体上的数量分布 ,树干中段 >下段 >梢段 >侧枝 ;分布密度 ,树干梢段 >中段 >下段。蛀入木质部幼虫的成虫羽化率室内室外均为 70 %左右     

16%虫线清乳油不同浓度防治松墨天牛试验

松墨天牛是松树上的重要蛀干性害虫,又是松材线虫病主要传播媒介。于4~5月间通过使用16%虫线清乳油,以不同浓度的荮液防治松树枯死木中的松墨天牛效果显著。经林间对122株马尾松枯死木喷药试验结果表明,对松墨天牛幼虫、蛹及成虫的杀伤力极强,施药后第15天检查,杀虫率达100%。用此种农药防治松墨天牛,可以降低虫口密度,以便控制松墨天牛危害,达到防治目的。     

松褐天牛羽化历期和各虫态在被害树上的分布

松褐天牛Ｍｏｎｏｃｈａｍｕｓ ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｕｓ在浙东沿海地区的羽化始期５月上旬,盛期为５月中旬至６月上旬,末期为７月上旬;室内羽化的盛期和末期比露天网室滞后２０天。卵、幼虫和蛹在被害树体上的数量分布,树干中段＞下段＞梢段＞侧枝;分布密度,树干梢段＞中段＞下段。蛀入木质部幼虫的成虫羽化率室内室外均为７０％左右。     

栗山天牛幼虫和蛹在辽东栎树干上的分布规律

通过解剖受害辽东栎,结合林间调查,研究栗山天牛幼虫和蛹在栎树树干上的分布规律。结果表明:受害后表现为全部枯梢症状的栎树,栗山天牛幼虫主要分布在树干4m以下,蛹主要分布在1～4m;部分出现枯梢症状的栎树,栗山天牛幼虫主要分布在树干6m以下,蛹主要分布在3～7m。天牛数量与树皮厚度和树干直径均呈正相关关系。调查发现,当辽东栎树皮厚度大于0.47cm、树干直径大于9.02cm时,开始出现栗山天牛危害。在林间,栗山天牛低龄幼虫主要分布在树干阳面的韧皮部中,而蛹主要分布在木质部,越靠近树干中心分布越多。产卵当年和翌年6月前幼虫主要在韧皮部取食危害。从翌年6月开始,天牛幼虫逐渐蛀入木质部为害,7—8月为蛀入木质部的高峰期,9月绝大多数幼虫蛀入木质部取食,直至化蛹。树干2m以下的幼虫排粪孔数与树木胸径成正相关,而与最高活枝高度成负相关关系。当最高活枝高度在4～7m时,幼虫数量最多。     

山核桃蛀干害虫——云斑天牛及防治

云斑天牛(Batocera hoisfielde)隶属鞘翅目天牛科,我国黄河流域以南诸多省区有分布,能危害多种阔叶树及果树。该虫在皖浙山核桃产区的危害株率达90%以上,是山核桃主要的蛀干害虫。1生物学特性该虫在山核桃产区2年发生1代,以幼虫和成虫在蛀道内或蛹室中越冬。5月上旬始见越冬成虫咬羽化孔飞出,6月中旬为成虫活动盛期,6月中、下旬为产卵盛期,6月下旬~7月上旬为孵化盛期,10月底后幼虫进入越冬期。第二年3月~7月为幼虫危害盛期,7月底8月初幼虫老熟,开始作蛹室化蛹,蛹期约30天,9月上、中旬羽化为成虫并在蛹室中越冬。成虫多在19~23时咬出羽化孔爬出并在次日12时前爬上树冠,啃食嫩梢嫩树皮(补充营养)。成虫补充营养后到死亡前均能进行交尾。交尾相对集中在19~23时并多在树干下部。雌雄成虫均可交尾多次。每雌携卵量约40粒。卵分批成熟,分批生产。卵多产于胸径15cm以下树干4m以下树干上。产卵时头朝下咬近一圆形中央有一小孔的刻槽,将卵产于刻槽上方,每槽产卵1粒,然后用分泌液粘木屑盖住孔口。卵期约2周。初孵化幼虫在韧皮部附近蛀食,被害部分树皮变黑,纵向涨裂,流液,并可见细蛀屑。约经3~4周蛀入木质部并向上蛀食...     

松材线虫病防治试验初报

在南京地区连续二年对松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Nickle病的媒介昆虫松褐天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope成虫羽化、成化率以及在松树上的分布和发生情况等观察,结果表明:5月下旬至6月上旬为松褐天牛的羽化盛期,且70%天牛寄生在松树5m以上的树干和枝梢中;防治上要注重病死树枝梢材的处理,MPP乳剂的防治区松材线虫病死树明显减少,喷MPP油剂处理病材对天牛毒杀作用较好。     

苏柳932等5个柳树优良无性系幼林生长及干形的初步研究

为进一步了解柳树优良无性系的生长特点,为无性系的合理利用提供依据,对苏柳932,799,795,797和172等5个柳树优良无性系2年生幼林的树高、胸径、材积等生长指标以及生物量和形率进行了测定分析。结果表明,苏柳5个无性系的胸径平均值为4．28cm,其中苏柳172的平均胸径最大（4．71cm）;树高平均值为6．97m,其中苏柳795平均树高最高（7．75m）。苏柳795的形率qo．5、q0．7值分别为0．68,0．44,是各无性系中形率的最高值,主干生物量占单株地上部分总生物量的比例最高（76．02％）,出材率高,是优良的用材林树种;而苏柳932的总生物量最高,为12．35kg／株,枝量、叶量占总生物量的比例最大,为42．0％,14．4％,属于防风防浪和生物能源林的造林良种。     

Influence of stem rot pathogen <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fomitiporia</Emphasis> sp. on “Sanbu-sugi” cultivar of the Japanese cedar <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis>

An unidentified Fomitiporia sp. causes severe white-rot on stems of a cultivar “Sanbu-sugi” of the Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica. The influence of the fungus on tree health and wood properties was determined. Bark from dead branches and xylem from living branches contained more glucose than bark from living branches and xylem from dead branches. Tree heights at which annual rings were disconnected were 2, 4 and 6 m at ages 37, 15 and 24 years old, respectively. The pH values of damaged parts were lower than those of non-damaged parts, and the damaged parts were clearly identified using bromocresol green solution. Weight loss of sapwood during 60 days of fungal degradation was 1.4 %, which was less than that by a saprophyte, Trametes versicolor. The amount of polyphenols in the heartwood from damaged tree stems was less than that from non-damaged stems. Degraded parts were less stiff than the non-degraded sapwood as measured with a wood-decay tester, Pilodyn. Our observations indicate that damaged stems are chemically and physically inferior to non-damaged stems.     

银杏树冠结构对主干直径和干形的影响

以19年生实生银杏为研究对象,每木检尺,研究了银杏树冠的结构因子一级侧枝的层性、数量和基径对主干直径和干形的影响,主要结果如下:(1)银杏主干上一级侧枝分布的层性和不均衡,导致了主干不同部位生长量分配的差异,表现为随着树冠高度的增加,一级枝数量在树冠垂直方向上呈现“一年小一年大”的波动式变化;一级侧枝层的层间距在0.58~0.82m之间;某层侧枝数量少时,该层上方的层间距较大,反之亦然。(2)树冠上不同层次的一级侧枝及其数量和基径的差异引起主干直径与材积的不均匀分布,导致树干形质发生变化,表现为一级侧枝的基径随着树冠的高度增加呈现“升高-降低”的变化趋势,且树冠中部的一级侧枝的基径较大;每一轮的侧枝使该层侧枝上部的主干不同程度地变细。随着一级侧枝层的上移,侧枝层使胸高形率呈现缩小的变化趋势。一级侧枝直径生长影响着主干上下部直径增量的分配。     

Seasonal diet of the Great Spotted Woodpecker （Picoides major） in shelterwood plantations of Wulate Qianqi County,Inner Mongolia

The feeding habits of the Great Spotted Woodpecker （Picoides major） were surveyed by field observations and trace checking from 2005 to 2007, in Wulate Qianqi County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, during which the woodpecker performed fourteen types of foraging techniques. Pecking and hammering were most common in winter; gleaning and probing were most common at times of high food availability at the trunk and tree branches during the breeding season and in summer. The woodpecker gleans arthropods and insect larvae in the breeding season and summer, seeds and nuts mainly in the winter and pokes holes for sap-sucking in winter. The main diet consisted of arthropods and plant seeds. The diet was significantly different between seasons The Great Spotted Woodpecker primarily consumes defoliators and the food on tree trunks from March to October. The contribution of wood borers to the diet was higher in winter, lower in the breeding season and summer. The proportion of the food on ground was small in the breeding season and high in the Summer and winter.     

Seasonal variations in the incidence of pine wilt and infestation by its vector, Monochamus alternatus, near the northern limit of the disease in Japan

During the last few decades, pine wilt disease has spread to cool-climate regions in Japan and, more recently, the potential risk of it spreading into the European midwest has also become a concern. In a coastal pine stand (84.7?ha) in Akita, near the northern limit of pine wilt disease in Japan, we investigated seasonal variations in the incidence of damage caused by the disease to trees and oviposition by the disease’s insect vector, Monochamus alternatus, during a two-year period. Foliage discoloration occurred throughout each year, and its seasonal variation showed a bimodal pattern in Pinus thunbergii (a higher peak in May–June and a smaller peak in October) and a clear peak in June in P. densiflora, which differed from the patterns in seasonal variation seen for warm-climate regions. Oviposition scars by M. alternatus were found in 40–45% of the trees damaged each year. The percentage of trees that had oviposition scars was higher in P. thunbergii than in P. densiflora. This appeared to reflect the difference in seasonal discoloration pattern between the two species. Analysis of the oviposition risk showed that trees that exhibited discoloration starting between July and October had a significantly higher risk or significantly higher oviposition scar densities, particularly for those that became discolored between August and September (2.5–14.6-fold higher risk than during other months). Oviposition scar densities per damaged tree were similar within the period of higher oviposition risk. Considering both oviposition risks and scar densities, we concluded that trees with discoloration that become apparent between July and October are important targets for preventing the spread of pine wilt disease in Akita.     

2种Y形整形方式对‘中梨1号’生长结果的影响

为了解Y形架不同整形方式对梨树生长结果的影响,研究了龙干式和二主枝2种Y形架整形方式下‘中梨1号’梨品种幼树树干直径、主枝直径、早期结果性能、果实品质等方面的差异。结果表明,龙干式整形的‘中梨1号’树干直径、主枝直径、40%以上节位结果枝条数、单株平均结果数等均显著高于二主枝整形的‘中梨1号’,表现出良好的幼树早期丰产性。但龙干式整形的树势相对中庸,果实平均单果质量略小于二主枝整形的‘中梨1号’。除了龙干式的果心占比稍大于二主枝‘中梨1号’,2种整形方式的‘中梨1号’果实在果形指数、果肉硬度和可溶性固形物含量等品质指标上并无显著差异。总体上,龙干式较二主枝式更容易整形,树势更中庸,幼树早期丰产性强,但需要强化水肥管理。     

Height growth recovery and crown development in top‐damaged Pinus sylvestris trees

Leader shoot damage was imposed on young Scots pines (3 m high) in four ways: by caging the uppermost whorl including the leader shoot with 10 pine shoot beetles; by caging the two uppermost whorls with 20 beetles; by topping the tree below the 1984 whorl; by topping the trees as above and removing all current shoots in whorl 1983. Six years later, top‐damaged trees were still significantly shorter than undamaged controls, although the annual height growth rate had recovered to the pre‐damage level within 3 years. Recovery occurred in two ways: lateral branches from the nearest intact whorl took dominance over the damaged leader or secondary branches developed from interfascicular buds on the damaged leader shoot. Approximately one and two years of height growth were lost in the former and latter case, respectively. Only 5 of the 34 top‐damaged trees escaped technical defects (crooks and/or vertical branches). Stem diameter and crown development were slightly affected.     

不同坡位8年生厚朴人工林生物量分配格局

对不同坡位8年生厚朴人工林地上部分和地下部分生物量及其分配率进行了调查分析。研究结果表明,从生长量来看,不同坡位平均胸径、平均树高及平均木单株总生物量均体现为下坡位〉中坡位〉上坡位;就各器官生物量分配率而言,不同坡位厚朴各器官生物量分配率表现为干〉叶〉枝;从平均木各径级根生物量分配率来看,各坡位均表现为骨骼根〉中根根〉大根〉小根〉细根;地上部分皮的总生物量表现为下坡位〉中坡位〉上坡位,地下部分不同径级根生物量分配率随坡位变化而变化,其中干皮生物量分配率表现为下坡〉上坡〉中坡,枝皮生物量分配率表现为下坡〉中坡〉上坡,大根及中根皮生物量分配率表现为中坡〉上坡〉下坡。