西洋梨气调贮藏不同时间后货架期品质变化

为研究西洋梨不同气调贮藏时间出库后货架期品质的变化,将西洋梨品种“阿巴特”在1.8%±0.2% O2,0.8%±0.2% CO2气体体积分数条件下进行不同时间贮藏。结果表明,与冷藏相比,贮藏期内气调贮藏可显著地抑制西洋梨果实硬度的下降和色泽的变化,降低果实出汁率、淀粉含量和乙烯释放量,并推迟乙烯高峰的出现时间,抑制淀粉酶活性的上升;货架期间,不同贮藏期出库果实自货架6 d起气调贮藏与对照相比果实硬度和淀粉含量的下降速率和色泽变化较快,果实的出汁率和淀粉酶活性明显上升,同时果实的乙烯释放明显加快。气调贮藏与对照相比可在一定程度上抑制贮藏期果实品质的下降,其中气调贮藏90 d、货架8 d的西洋梨果实能获得较好的后熟效果。     

不同气体成分贮藏对大久保桃果实品质的影响

该文研究了大久保桃在不同气体成分下贮藏60 d以及出库后在20℃下货架期3 d后果实硬度、褐变指数、可溶性固形物含量、pH值、膜透性、出汁率和感官品质的变化。结果表明，1%的O₂对桃果实产生伤害，表现为表面色泽非正常变化、桃固有风味丧失并产生严重异味；(5～10)%O₂、(5～10)%CO₂气体成分能够在60 d的贮藏期内保持桃果实的品质，尤其是10%O₂＋10%CO₂处理较好地保持了果实的风味、质地和色泽，出库后果肉不褐变。与冷藏对照相比，气调贮藏能有效地延缓果实软化，抑制pH值和出汁率的升高，但对可溶性固形物的影响不大；在相同O₂浓度下，随CO₂浓度升高(<10%)，果实在货架期期间的软化程度、褐变指数下降幅度、pH值上升程度和膜透性增加幅度均增大，表明果实能够进行正常后熟。本研究推荐的大久保桃果实气调贮藏的适宜气体指标是10%O₂＋10%CO₂。     

1-甲基环丙烯处理对西洋梨常温贮藏的保鲜效果

为了探索西洋梨采后的常温保鲜方法,以“早红考密斯”为试材,研究了1-甲基环丙烯处理对西洋梨果实在20℃条件下生理代谢的影响。结果表明,在20℃贮藏条件下,1-MCP处理能明显延缓果实硬度的下降和色度的改变;抑制果实乙烯的合成,降低果实的呼吸速率,推迟乙烯、呼吸峰出现,并降低峰值。1-MCP处理与对照相比,乙烯释放高峰和呼吸高峰推迟6 d出现,同时降低了峰值,乙烯释放高峰和呼吸高峰分别仅为对照的69.6%和79.8%;1-MCP处理抑制了可溶性固形物含量和丙二醛含量的快速上升;在贮藏12 d时,果实的过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性分别为对照的 144.7%、113.5%、141.4%;另外,1-MCP还可以抑制果实的腐烂,降低果实腐烂率。因此,1-MCP处理可抑制西洋梨货架期的后熟衰老进程,有利于保持果实品质,提高贮藏效果。     

减压贮藏对冷藏枇杷果实品质和木质化败坏的影响(英)

为阐明低温减压贮藏对枇杷果实品质和木质化败坏的影响,该研究应用40～50 kPa压力于（0±0.5）℃下贮藏果实49 d,并每隔7 d测定果实的营养品质、出汁率、硬度、褐变指数、呼吸速率、乙烯产生速率、过氧化物酶（POD）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）等木质化相关酶活性及木质素含量的变化。结果表明,减压处理可明显抑制冷藏枇杷果实的呼吸强度、乙烯产生和果实褐变,并保持较高的果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸度和维生素C含量,抑制贮藏21 d后果实硬度的增加,减轻出汁率的下降,降低POD和PAL酶活性的上升趋势,抑制木质素含量的增加。另外,减压贮藏减轻冷藏枇杷果实的木质化败坏,可能与抑制POD和PAL酶活性有关。低温减压贮藏可有效保持果实食用品质,延长贮藏期,是适合枇杷果实贮藏的有效方法。     

减压贮藏对冷藏枇杷果实品质和木质化败坏的影响

为阐明低温减压贮藏对枇杷果实品质和木质化败坏的影响,该研究应用40～50 kPa压力于(0±0.5)℃下贮藏果实49 d,并每隔7 d测定果实的营养品质、出汁率、硬度、褐变指数、呼吸速率、乙烯产生速率、过氧化物酶(POD)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)等木质化相关酶活性及木质素含量的变化.结果表明,减压处理可明显抑制冷藏枇杷果实的呼吸强度、乙烯产生和果实褐变,并保持较高的果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸度和维生素C含量,抑制贮藏21 d后果实硬度的增加,减轻出汁率的下降,降低POD和PAL酶活性的上升趋势,抑制木质素含量的增加.另外,减压贮藏减轻冷藏枇杷果实的木质化败坏,可能与抑制POD和PAL酶活性有关.低温减压贮藏可有效保持果实食用品质,延长贮藏期,是适合枇杷果实贮藏的有效方法.     

速冻莲藕片贮藏过程中品质变化动力学模型

为了探寻贮藏温度对速冻莲藕片品质的影响及预测其货架期,该文研究在贮藏温度?5、?15和?25℃条件下,速冻莲藕片维生素C、色泽和硬度随着贮藏时间的变化,建立了3个指标变化动力学模型。结果表明:随着贮藏温度的升高,速冻莲藕片维生素C、色泽和硬度的变化速率逐渐增加,?5℃条件下贮藏的速冻莲藕片品质快速下降,?15和?25℃条件下贮藏前期莲藕片品质下降不显著(P0.05),随着时间的延长,?25℃部分玻璃态贮藏的莲藕片品质最佳;不同贮藏温度下速冻莲藕片维生素C和硬度变化符合一级反应,总色差和亮度变化符合零级反应,速冻莲藕片维生素C、色泽和硬度反应速率常数符合Arrhenius方程,并建立莲藕片货架期动力学模型,通过对其验证发现模型拟合度良好(R20.9),能预测速冻莲藕片贮藏期各品质指标变化和不同温度下的货架期寿命。研究结果可为速冻莲藕片低温贮藏品质变化和货架寿命预测提供理论依据。     

采收期结合1-MCP对苹果采后生理和贮藏品质的影响

为了探讨1-MCP处理对不同采收期''维纳斯黄金''苹果的采后生理和贮藏品质的影响。研究了生长发育期为185 d（采收期Ⅰ）、192 d（采收期Ⅱ）、199 d（采收期Ⅲ）的3个采收期果实分别用浓度为0（CK）和1.0 μL/L 1-MCP处理后,在常温（20±0.5）℃条件下采后生理和贮藏品质变化规律。结果表明,晚采果实的呼吸高峰和乙烯高峰较早采果实高,出现时间较早,与CK相比,1-MCP处理能显著降低3个采收期果实的乙烯释放速率和呼吸强度,明显抑制或延缓呼吸高峰和乙烯跃变高峰的出现时间。1-MCP处理对采收期Ⅰ和采收期Ⅲ果实的淀粉含量、淀粉酶活性与CK差异均不显著（P>0.05）,但1-MCP处理能保持3个采收期果实较高的硬度和原果胶含量、明显延缓可溶性果胶含量和PG酶（多聚半乳糖醛酸酶,Polygalacturonase）活性的上升,显著（P0.05）抑制采收期Ⅱ果实贮藏13～25 d期间的淀粉酶活性上升,有效延缓淀粉转化。结果还表明,与采收期Ⅰ相比,采收期Ⅱ能维持''维纳斯黄金''苹果较好的可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和维生素C等品质;与采收期Ⅲ相比,采收期Ⅱ能保持果实较高的硬度和可滴定酸含量、明显延缓果实软化衰老,延长货架期。综合分析：常温贮藏25 d期间,生长发育期为192 d采收的''维纳斯黄金''苹果结合1.0 μL/L 1-MCP处理贮藏保鲜效果最佳,研究结果为明确生产中''维纳斯黄金''苹果的最适采收期、维持果实采后品质和延缓果实软化衰老提供参考。     

气调包装与1-MCP结合抑制苹果蜡质成分降低

为了探讨红富士苹果在贮藏过程中主要蜡质成分特别是与油腻相关的蜡质成分变化,以及贮藏过程中果实主要品质指标的变化规律,研究了聚氯乙烯袋（PVC）自发气调包装（MAP）与1-甲基环丙烯（1-MCP）结合处理（MAP+1-MCP）对(0±1)℃冷藏过程中红富士苹果蜡质成分和果实贮藏品质的影响。结果表明：在贮藏过程中,对照（不做任何处理）的蜡质总量一直降低,MAP和MAP+1-MCP处理的在贮藏一个月后升高,随后贮藏的过程中降低。所有处理和对照中,二十九烷和二十七烷含量降低,十六烷酸和9,12-十八碳二烯酸含量升高,二十九-10-醇和二十九-10-酮含量先降低再升高。MAP和MAP+1-MCP能够抑制蜡质总量和其他成分相应的变化。MAP和MAP+1-MCP均能延缓果实硬度的下降、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸的降解速度,降低固酸比率和失重率,抑制呼吸速率和乙烯释放速率,且可以抑制苹果贮藏后期油腻的发生。无论从对蜡质成分的影响,还是对果实贮藏品质的影响来看,MAP+1-MCP的效果优于MAP。PVC气调包装结合1 μL/L1-MCP是较为理想的长时间保鲜红富士苹果的处理方式。研究结果可为生产上科学有效的长期贮藏红富士苹果、解决贮藏后期果实油腻问题提供参考。     

四种特色品种小苹果采后生理及耐贮性比较

探究四个特色小苹果品种采后生理品质及质地变化规律，为制定特色小苹果最佳贮藏货架期提供科学依据和理论参考。该研究以''龙丰''金红''塞外红''乙女''4个特色小苹果为试验材料，在常温（20±1） ℃条件下放置14 d，测定果实品质指标（硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C、乙醇和乙醛含量、乙烯释放量）以及穿刺参数（果肉硬度、果肉做功、破裂力、屈服力）和质地多面分析（Texture Profile Analysis）参数（脆裂性、内聚性、弹性、胶黏性、咀嚼性）等指标的动态变化，并对以上指标进行综合评分。结果表明不同品种小苹果果实的硬度、可滴定酸、维生素C含量随贮藏时间不断下降，可溶性固形物含量变化较小，其中''龙丰''果实硬度、维生素C含量和可滴定酸含量下降均较低，常温贮藏性能优良；''塞外红''刚采收时品质高，但在常温贮藏期间，硬度下降最大，品质下降较快，常温贮藏性能较差。''金红''和''乙女''硬度、维生素C含量下降也较大，且''金红''和''乙女''果实的乙醇、乙醛含量出现峰值，而其他小苹果的乙醇、乙醛含量均大体呈缓慢上升的趋势。不同品种小苹果果实的乙烯释放量呈现先增加后下降的趋势，均出现一个呼吸高峰，''龙丰''乙女''金红''和''塞外红''果实的呼吸高峰出现时间分别是12、6、10和8 d。小苹果果实的穿刺参数和TPA参数均呈现下降趋势，其中''塞外红''果实的穿刺参数和TPA参数在贮藏期间下降速度最快，其次是''金红''和''乙女''果实也呈现较大幅度的下降，而''龙丰''果实则下降最为缓慢。综合评分可知不同品种小苹果常温贮藏性能由高到低依次为''龙丰''金红''乙女''塞外红''。根据常温贮藏期间果实硬度等生理品质并结合果实口感变化，''塞外红''金红''品种的自然贮藏的最佳货架期应为8 d，''龙丰''为12 d，''乙女''为3 d，在以上最佳货架期间，4个品种特色小苹果果实口感保持良好且营养价值损失最低。研究结果为特色小苹果最佳贮藏货架期提供参考。     

热处理对冷藏枇杷木质化及相关酶活性的影响

为阐明热处理对冷藏枇杷果实木质化败坏的影响及其机理,该研究先将枇杷果实用38℃热空气处理5 h,然后在(1±1)℃下贮藏35 d,并每隔7 d测定果实硬度、出汁率、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）等木质化相关酶活性及果胶和木质素含量的变化。结果表明,热处理可以有效控制果实硬度的上升和出汁率的下降,抑制PAL、POD和PPO活性的上升及PG活性的下降,减少原果胶和木质素的积累,保持较高的水溶性果胶含量,从而减轻冷藏枇杷果实的木质化症状,保持较好的食用品质。这些结果表明,热处理减轻冷藏枇杷果实木质化败坏的机理与其抑制木质素的合成和促进果胶物质的降解有关。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。