丰收素对甜菜根产量与品质效应研究

１９９２年小区试验，丰收素对甜菜块根有增产效果，１９９３年的丰收素叶喷浓度、喷施次数和喷施时间试验结果表明，以５０００倍液于７月１５日和７月２５日两次叶喷块根比对照增产２５．１％，含糖率提高０．４５度；于７月１５日１次叶喷块根比对照增产１３．８％，含糖率提高０．５３度；７月２５日叶喷根产量最高，与７月１５日、８月５日和８月１５日叶喷比差异极显著；不同时期叶面喷施对块根含糖率没有影响。     

甜菜应用磷素活化剂效果试验简报

甜菜应用磷素活化剂效果试验结果表明，块根产量较对照增产２．９４￣１１．７６％，含糖率比对照提高０．８￣１．６度，产糖量较对照增加１３．４４￣２１．７３％，每公顷增收３３０－１５００元，是一项增产增糖效益显著的有效措施。     

甜菜多倍体新品种甜研307的选育

甜研３０７为标准型多粒多倍体杂交种。１９８６年以自育的四倍体杂交种与二倍体品系甜２０２杂交，经过试验鉴定，生产试验等，平均块根产量２１４７．１６ｋｇ／亩、含糖率１５．０４％、产糖量３１７．３８ｋｇ／亩，分别比对照种增产５．６８％～１０．９％、提高含糖率０．５１％～０．６９％、产糖量增加１１．３６％～１５．５３％：褐斑病发病病级为０．６～１．０级，比对照低０．３～０．７级，在黑龙江、内蒙、宁夏、新疆等地表现根产量、含糖率较高，抗病能力较强，稳产性好。     

甜菜施用几种微肥效果试验简报

几种微肥在甜菜上施用效果表明,从增产增糖作用看,处理Ｃ伏于处理Ｂ和处理Ａ,分别经对照增产１８．２％、１３．６％和６．８％,提高含糖０．５７工、０．２４度和０．２度;从投入产出比看,处理Ｂ效果最好,其次是处理Ｃ和处理Ａ,它们的投入产出比分别为１：２７、１５．４、１：６．１。说明稀土的增产潜力还很大,应扩大康普４号的应用面积。     

甜菜氮磷钾肥效应与土壤肥力的关系

依１９８６～１９９３年试验结果建立的二次多项式回归方程，探讨了甜菜氮磷钾肥需要量及其效应与土壤肥力的关系。结果为：获得最高块根产量和最高纯经济效益的施氮量分别为９．４１ｋｇ／亩和７；６８ｋｇ／亩。在最高纯经济效益施氮量下，平均每公斤氮增加块根５１．９ｋｇ，降低含糖率（０．１０＋０．００２８ｘ＿１一０．００５４ｘ＿２一０．０７４ｘ＿５）度，其中ｘ＿１、ｘ＿２和ｘ＿５分别为土壤碱解氨、有效磷和有机质含量。获得最高块根产量和最高纯经济效益施Ｐ＿２Ｏ＿５量分别为（一２５．６一０．１４０ｘ＿２＋５．０４ｘ＿４）ｋｇ／亩和（一２７．８一０．１４０ｘ＿２＋５．０４ｘ＿４）ｋｇ／亩（ｘ＿４为土壤ｐＨ值）。在最高纯经济效益施磷量下，平均每公斤Ｐ＿２Ｏ＿５增加块根（一６２．３一０．３７２ｘ＿２＋１３．４０ｘ＿４）ｋｇ，提高块根含糖率（０．６３＋０．００２０ｘ＿１一０．０７７ｘ＿４一０．０９０ｘ＿５）度。当土壤有效Ｋ＿２Ｏ含量大于１１０．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ土时，钾肥没有显著增产作用，只是有增产趋势；钾肥的增糖作用显著，每亩每公斤Ｋ＿２Ｏ提高含糖率０．００１４ｘ＿２度。     

甜菜新品种甘糖三号的选育

甜菜新品种甘糖三号是以两个抗病高糖品系杂交而成的二倍体甜菜新品种，其亲本品系采用系统选育的方法。该品种块根产量高，工艺品质好，抗黄化毒病和白粉病，经区试结果，平均块根产量比对照增产１０．４％，含糖率（１８．１６％）提高０．４５％，产糖量比对照增加１３．１％。     

甜菜施用硫肥效果试验

施用硫肥对提高甜菜产量、含糖率、产糖量有一定效果，试验表明，施用生石膏90kg／hm^2或施用硫磺30kg／hm^2处理效果最好，甜菜块根增产14．2％-16.6％，含糖率提高0．6-0．7度，产糖量增加19．7％-21．2％。     

甜菜新品种吉甜204的选育

甜菜新品种吉甜２０４是由３个自交系杂交而成的二倍体甜菜品种。该品种根产量稳定。含糖率较高，抗褐斑病能力较强。吉林省区域试验结果，块根产量、含糖率、产糖量分别比对照品种范育１号提高１０．３７％、０．５６度、１４．１％。吉甜２０４属标准偏高糖型甜菜新品种。     

甜菜多倍体新品种呼育302的选育

甜菜多倍体新品种呼育３０２为多倍体多粒型杂交种，其母本为四倍体双丰１号，父本为二倍体内三７１－１．呼育３０２品种属于标准型（Ｎ）品种，有较强的杂种优势，抗病性（褐斑病、黄化毒病）较强，适应性广。在１９８７～１９８８年内蒙古自治区甜菜品种区域试验中，其平均块根产量、含糖率和产糖量比对照品种工农４号（ＣＫ）提高１１．０％、０．３度和１３．９％，在１９９０年的生产示范中，其块根产量、含糖率和产糖量比对照品种提高１８．２％、０．９度和２８．７％。     

抗丛根病甜菜新品种宁甜双优2号的选育

甜菜抗丛根病新品种宁甜双优2号属遗传双胚型雄不育杂优品种。该品种在丛根病区种植不仅抗丛根病、褐斑病性能强。而且根产量、含糖率高，接近或达到无丛根病感染地的生产水平。1998、1999年参加5点次生产示范，平均块根产量53964．0kg/hm^2，比对照增产4．67％；平均含糖率达15．35％，比对照提高0．93度；平均产糖量8286．3kg/hm^2，比对照增产11．37％。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.