乌兰浩特糖厂引种鉴定试验简报

经过１９９６￣１９９８年引种对比试验示范，证明甜研３０３品种适应当地的土壤、气候等环境条件，比原主栽品种协作二号表现突出，平均根产量为４０．０７ｔ／ｈｍ＾２，较对照增产９．９％，平均含糖为１７．８度，比对照提高０．８９度，平均产糖量为７．１７ｔ／ｈｍ＾２，比对照增产１５．８％。甜研３０３丰产性能好、适应性强、尤其在１９９８年洪涝灾害严重年份，仍表现稳产、抗病、耐涝，已被确定为本地区的主栽品种。     

甘蔗新品种（品系）联合区域化试验初报

一年新植试验表明：公顷产蔗量以粤糖８５－１７７表现最好，其比主对照种新台糖１０号和副对照种桂糖１１号分别增产１８．６％和２０．８％；其次为桂糖８４－３３２和闽糖８６－８７７，比主对照种新台糖１０号分别增产１７．８％和１７．５％，比副对照种桂糖１１号分别增产１９．９％和１９．６％。甘蔗蔗糖分以闽糖８５－６８和桂糖８６－２６７为最高，１１～２月平均蔗糖分分别达１６．３４％和１６．２９％，依次比主对照种     

1996年甘蔗新品种区域化试验研究

对七个甘蔗新品种在我厂农场进行区域化试验，以本省当家品种闽糖７０－６１１为对照种。试验结果通过方差分析和Ｌ．Ｓ．Ｄ．测验，蔗茎产量以闽糖８８－１０３表现最好，其比对照种增产２７．１％；其次为闽糖８５－８４和选－５０，分别比对照种增产２６．７％、２６．２％，以上三个品种增产均达极显著平准。闽糖９０－５２５比对照种增产１３．２％，接近显著平准。其余三个品种比对照种略有增、减产，但均达不到差异显著水平，     

甘蔗新品种比较试验初报

通过甘蔗新品种比较试验。结果表明：蔗茎产量比对照新台糖22号增产的有园林6号，增产10．85％；蔗糖分比对照新台糖22号高的有桂糖02／237、园林6号、桂糖02／761、桂糖01／07，分别增加6．40％、3．53％、3．17％、1．02％；含糖量比对照新台糖22号高的是园林6号，增14．7％。蔗茎产量比对照新台糖16号高的有园林6号、桂糖99/181、桂糖02/761，分别增产25．1％、11．0％、1．4％；蔗糖分比对照新台糖16号高的有桂糖02／237、园林6号、桂糖02／761、桂糖01／07、桂糖02／476，分别增加10．36％、7．38％、7．01％、4．78％、0．99％；含糖量比对照新台糖16号高的有园林6号、桂糖02／761、桂糖99／181，分别增产34．30％、8．46％、1．56％。     

马铃薯需钾特性及钾肥效应

试验结果表明，钾对马铃薯营养生长有明显促进作用，团棵期施钾处理株高钾对照平均增加３．２ｃｍ，鲜重增加１１．６ｇ；盛花期分别增加２．４ｃｍ和４９．１ｇ，植株含钾量随着植株生物量的增大而减小，前期植株中钾的含量３．８５％￣４．６２％，后期钾的含量为１．６３％￣４．１９％，植株吸钾量则随着生物量的增大而增加，前期０．６￣０．８ｇ／盆，后期４．１２￣５．８６ｇ／盆，施钾处理较对照平均增产６．８％，不施钾上     

生物磷肥与无机化肥混施对甜菜产质量的影响

生物磷肥与无机化肥混施对甜菜植株生长发育具有良好效果，单株地上鲜重增加１０３．６ｇ￣１３１．２ｇ，使甜菜块根增产７．１％￣１３．１％，提高含糖０．４￣１．０度，增加产糖量１３％￣２２％。一般生物磷肥与无机化肥混施量以生物磷肥２２．５￣３０ｋｇ加尿素９０ｋｇ加二铵１５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２为最经济高效。     

几个甘蔗新品种比较试验初报

经过一年新植蔗品种比较试验，参试的甘蔗品种粤糖93．159、新台糖23号、新台糖24号、新台糖25号、台糖90-7909、大禹131、巴西45，以新台糖22号作对照，结果表明：粤糖93-159蔗茎产量和蔗糖份表现突出，比对照增产率15．73％，增糖率28．97％，可因地制宜进一步推广。大禹131、新台糖23号、新台糖25号公顷含糖量分别比对照增产5．34％、1．63％和0．5％，应继续扩大表证示范试验。     

蔗丰灵高效液肥的产量与糖分效应

在甘蔗早期叶面喷施蔗丰灵高效甘蔗液肥有明显的增产增糖效应,其ｈｍ＾２产原料蔗比对照多８４１５ｋｇ,增产１８．４２％,比施等价尿素的多２２９５ｋｇ,增产５．０２％,蔗糖分含量为１１．４３％,比对照提高０．１５％,ｈｍ＾２产糖量比对照多１０３５ｋｇ,增幅为２０．１２％,比尿素处理的产糖量多２４０ｋｇ,增幅为４．６６５,产量和产糖量差异均达极显著水平。     

早熟优质啤酒大麦新品种CA_2-1简介

CA_2-1是甘肃省农科院大麦课题组从内蒙农科院引进的来自丹麦品种，经我们两年类型选择而成的二棱啤酒大麦新品种。该品种在1990年～1991年两年品比试验中，平均较对照品种法瓦维特增产2．8％；1992～1993年参加全省啤酒大麦区域试验，在黄羊点较对照法瓦维特增产3．5％，在玉门点增产28．6％；在1994年的生产试验中，国营黄花农场种植的0．41亩，平均亩产360kg，较对照法瓦维特增产28．57％；新疆八一农学院种植的5．5亩，平均亩产296．7kg，较对照法瓦维特增产18．82％。1995年在甘肃特大干旱、严重缺水的情况下，黄花农场种植的168亩，…     

甘蔗新品种粤糖2000-236宿根蔗试验总结

通过一年新植和一年宿根试验，结果表明，粤糖2000-236品种是一个萌芽好、分蘖力较强、蔗茎粗大、较耐旱、抗倒抗风、成茎率高、有效茎多、抗病虫害、宿根性好、特早熟以及高糖高产稳产的新良种。本试验宿根蔗粤糖2000-236品种比对照新台糖10号（CK1）增产蔗茎16．39％，比新台糖16号（CK2）增产28．18％。甘蔗蔗糖分粤糖2000-236比CK1和CK2分别提高1．42％和1．43％，亩含糖量分别比CK1和CK2提高28．56％和41．60％，增产增糖十分显著。应加大该品种的推广力度，良种良法一齐抓，以便充分发挥该品种的种性，提高蔗糖生产工农业整体效益。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.