海甘蓝茎尖培养再生植株的研究

海甘蓝种子在附加有０～１０ｍｇ／Ｌ６—ＢＡ＋０．１ｍｇ／ＬＮＡＡ的ＭＳ培养基中，当６—ＢＡ为２～５ｍｇ／Ｌ时，幼苗生长健壮．采用ＭＳ＋２～４ｍｇ／Ｌ６—ＢＡ＋０．１ｍｇ／ＬＮＡＡ培养基可从无菌苗茎尖诱导大量丛生芽，２～３周后，平均每个茎尖可诱导５．１～５．５个丛生芽，６—ＢＡ大于４ｍｇ／Ｌ，会导致丛芽黄化．继代培养时，４ｍｇ／Ｌ６ＢＡ＋０．１ｍｇ／ＬＮＡＡ配合使用效果较佳，繁殖系数高达１０．４．１／２ＭＳ＋０．５ｍｇ／ＬＩＢＡ丛芽的生根效果较好，保湿组培苗的成活率可达９５％，再生植株在自然条件下能正常开花结实．     

甘蔗人工种子的最佳制作流程及其提高萌发率的研究初报

以闽选７０３为材料，在Ｎ６（或ＭＳ）＋２，２－４Ｄ２．２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＣＨ（水解酷蛋白）１．５ｇ／Ｌ培养基上诱导产生胚状体。利用１／２ＭＳＯ的５．５％海藻酸钠包裹体细胞胚，播种在４种不同的固体培养基上，其中播种在培养基１／２ＭＳ＋ＢＡ２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡｌｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＡＣ（活性炭）０．５％的人工种子萌发率为３１．７％，比前人报道的２７．６％（２）提高４．１％。本文最后还探讨了活性碳对生根的作用。     

绿宝石喜林芋叶片培养及植株再生

结果表明：诱导绿宝石喜林芋叶片产生愈伤组织频率最高的培养基是ＭＳ＋ＢＡ０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋２．４－Ｄ１．０ｍｇｇ／Ｌ。最适于愈伤组织分化的基本培养基是Ｎ６；３ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＢＡ、ＺＴ和ＫＪ均能诱导愈伤组织产生不定芽，其中以ＢＡ为好；ＣＨ对愈伤组织的分化有促进作用。Ｎ６＋ＢＡ７ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＩＢＡ１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ对不定芽的增殖效果较好，３０ｄ可增殖９．４倍。１／２ＭＳ＋ＩＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ诱导生根效果好。试管苗     

油菜半粒种子的试管快繁技术

利用油菜半粒种子进行快速繁育成无性系的试验结果表明：在消毒剂为０．１％、０．２％ＨｇＣｌ２和８％～１５％ＮａＯＣｌ的１３个处理中，以８％ＮａＯＣｌ处理１０ｍｉｎ效果最好，能杀死细菌，对胚苗的发育生长抑制作用小。在芽扩增试验中，每升培养基中附加２．０ｍｇＢＡ和０．１ｍｇＮＡＡ的处理产生的芽最多，ＰＰ３３３的作用则不明显。     

三十烷醇对杂交稻繁殖制种的增产效果

１９８６—１９８７年在不育系珍汕９７Ａ的繁殖、汕优６号和汕优６４的制种上进行三十烷醇试验。在配合亩施 ４克“九二○”的条件下，喷施０．３、 ０．６、 ０．９和１．２ｐｐｍ的三十烷醇３次，以单喷“九二○”作对照。结果表明：喷施三十烷醇的处理比对照增产，其幅度繁殖田为６．１％～２６．３％，制种田为８．５％～２０．８％，但均以０．６ｐｐｍ的增产效果最佳。三十烷醇能显著改善母本开花习性，提高父、母本花时相遇的比例，提高异交结实率和千粒重     

威优46

威优４６（Ｖ２０Ａ／密阳４６）由湖南杂交水稻研究中心选配。１产量表现该组合１９８６年湖南省１８个区试点平均亩产５１６．２３ｋｇ，居５个参试组合第一位，比对照威优６４增产６．０％（达到极显著水平）。日产量４．２４ｋｇ，略低于对照。全生育期１２１．８天，比威优６４长１０．３天。１９８７年续试，全省１７个试点平均亩产４７０．８７ｋｇ，居参试９个组合第一位。比对照１威优６４增产２．９％（不显著）．增产幅度为１．４％～２０．６％。比对照２威优６号增产３．６％（不显著），增产幅度１．０％～３０．１％，全生育…     

地膜甜菜化学调控试验简报

试验结果表明，地膜甜菜经化学调控可显著影响干物质积累与分配，有效控制地上部生长，促进地下部生长，提高根冠比，减少青头比率。以植物生长调节剂甜控一号效果最好，可使块根增产２１．５％，提高含糖率０．９％，投入产出比为１：１０．３９；其次是缩节胺，可使块根增产１７．０％，提高含糖率０．８％，投入产出比为１：２．８２；其它化控处理（除壮丰安外）也均有较好的增产增糖效果。     

甜菜多系杂交种甜研八号的选育

甜研八号是以ＫＨ为骨干系,与４个自交系按４∶１（自交系等量）配制的多系自然杂交组合（代号ＫＨ－５）,生产上利用一代杂交种。１９９１～１９９５年参加全国１３个网点区域试验和４个点两年（１９９４～１９９５年）的生产试验,平均根产量为４２６３８．６ｋｇ／ｈｍ２和４３７８２．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,前者比对照增产９．０％,后者与对照持平（－０．１％）,平均含糖率为１６．６％和１６．１％,比对照提高１．３２度和１．３５度,平均产糖量为７１０１．９ｋｇ／ｈｍ２和７００３．７ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,比对照增产２２．９％和９．５％;１９９３～１９９７年参加黑龙江省１０个点区域试验和６个点两年（１９９６～１９９７年）的生产试验,平均根产量、含糖率和产糖量分别比对照提高１０．２％和２７．８％、０．８度和０．６４度、１８．５％和３４．９％。抗褐斑病和根腐病,较对照低０．８级,根腐病罹病率５．５％,亦较耐立枯病和丛根病。适宜在黑龙江省的佳木斯、齐齐哈尔、哈尔滨、大庆,内蒙古的中部、东部,宁夏的银川,甘肃的黄羊镇,新疆的石河子、和静等地种植。     

法国高粱杂交种SP1,SP3引种试验示范初报

从１９８８年至１９９５年,对法国ＦＲＡＳＭＡ公司提供的高粱杂交种ＳＰ１和ＳＰ３进行了引种试验和示范。结果表明,ＳＰ１和ＳＰ３适于在全国高粱夏播主产区之一的河南省种植,并有以下优点（１）产量高。比原杂１０号和豫梁７号分别增产３４．４％和２９．６％,３１．４％和２４．８％。（２）品质优。其籽粒淀粉、赖氨酸、单宁含量分别为７５．３％、２．２７％、０．０６１５％和７５．９１％、２．４８％、０．０６７％。均     

水稻施用涂层尿素研究

水稻施用涂层尿素，可改善其生物学性状，增加有效穗数、穗粒数及千粒重。一次性基施、作废层尿素，分别比追施普通尿素增产１２．６％，６．５％；氮肥利用率比普通尿素提高１３．６％和７．０％；基施、追施涂层尿素与普通尿素投入产出比分别为１：９．３、１：８．０、１：６．６。基施可免去追间化农业栽培程序。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Cytoplasmic substitution inSolanum. II. Tuber characteristics of reciprocal backcross progeny

Summary Recurrent backcrosses (BC) were used to introduce nuclear factors ofS. tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum into the cytoplasm of Andean potatoesS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (Juz. and Buk.) Hawkes andS. phureja Juz. and Buk. Each generation BC was produced in reciprocal directions to test the effect of cytoplasmic substitution on yield. This report analyses tuber number, tuber weight, and tuber length of BC₂ and BC₃ substitution into ssp.andigena cytoplasm and BC₂ and BC₂ substitutions intoS. phureja cytoplasm. Direction of cross had no consistent significant effect on yield components of ssp.andigena substitution lines. InS. phureja reciprocal progenies direction of cross was responsible for significant differences of some reciprocal sets. When there were significant differences the higher yield usually occurred when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent, but in some progenies when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent the yield was significantly lower than in the reciprocals. It is suggested that differences between reciprocals resulted from chromosomally encoded gene action, resulting from maternal and/or paternal effects, rather than cytoplasmic factors. Authorized for publication as paper No. 7494 in the Journal Series of The Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station.