5种常见珍珠贝的系统发育和遗传多样性分析

利用RAPD标记分析了珠母贝属常见的马氏珠母贝、大珠母贝、珠母贝、解氏珠母贝以及珍珠贝属常见企鹅珍珠贝的系统发育,同时分析了马氏珠母贝和大珠母贝不同地理种群的遗传多样性,并以邻接法（neighbor-joining,NJ）构建了种间及种群间的系统分支图。结果表明：（1）在珍珠贝5种9个种群中,大珠母贝的4个种群最早聚在一起分别成为2个姊妹群,这2个姊妹群聚合为1个单元群后,又与珠母贝聚在一起,然后才与马氏珠母贝姊妹群聚合成的单元群聚合,再与解氏珠母贝聚合,最后才与企鹅珍珠贝聚合;（2）珠母贝属4种珍珠贝进化程度由低到高的等级顺序为解氏珠母贝-马氏珠母贝-珠母贝-大珠母贝;解氏珠母贝是最晚形成的种类;（3）比较5种珍珠贝野生种群的Nei＇s多样性和Shannon多样性值为：马氏珠母贝（0.4111和0.5933）〉珠母贝（0.3971和0.5784）〉企鹅珠母贝（0.3831和0.5493）〉大珠母贝（0.3388和0.4999）〉解氏珠母贝（0.3016和0.4452）;（4）无论是马氏珠母贝,还是大珠母贝,野生种群的遗传多样性值均大于养殖种群。     

马氏珠母贝LST8基因cDNA的分子特征及表达分析

LST8（lethal with SEC13 protein 8）是TOR（target of rapamycin）复合物的重要组成成分,在生物生长和发育的调控中发挥重要作用。本研究根据马氏珠母贝转录组数据库中注释为LST8的unigene序列设计引物,采用cDNA末端快速扩增（RACE）技术克隆获得了马氏珠母贝LST8基因cDNA全长序列（pm-LST8）;同时利用荧光定量PCR（Real-time PCR）技术检测了pm-LST8在马氏珠母贝各个组织中的表达含量。结果表明,pm-LST8基因cDNA全长1 350 bp,其中开放阅读框为948 bp,编码316个氨基酸残基,5＇UTR为104 bp,3＇UTR为298 bp,含有29 bp polyA。预测其分子量为35.4 kD,等电点为6.11。多序列比对显示pm-LST8与其它物种的LST8有较高的保守性,与牡蛎的同源序列高达82%。蛋白质结构预测显示pm-LST8具有典型的WD40结构域。荧光定量PCR分析表明pm-LST8在马氏珠母贝闭壳肌、鳃、外套膜、肝胰脏、性腺、足、血淋巴七个组织中均有表达,其中在性腺中表达量最高。本研究为进一步阐述LST8在马氏珠母贝生长和发育调控中的作用提供理论基础。     

马氏珠母贝IKKε同源基因的克隆及表达分析

IKKε（inhibitor of NF-κB kinasesε）是NF-κB（nucleur factorκB）信号通路中的关键成员,参与调控细胞的分化、发育、凋亡及免疫反应。本研究根据马氏珠母贝转录组数据库中注释为IKKε的unigene序列设计引物,应用cDNA末端快速扩增（RACE）技术克隆获得了马氏珠母贝（Pinctada martensii）IKKε基因cDNA的全长序列（PmIKKε）并对其序列特征进行分析;同时利用荧光定量PCR（Real-time PCR）技术检测了马氏珠母贝六个组织中PmIKKε基因mRNA的表达。结果表明：PmIKKε基因cDNA全长2 843 bp,其中5＇UTR为116 bp,3＇UTR为516 bp,含有27 bp polyA,开放阅读框为2 211 bp,编码737个氨基酸残基。预测其分子量为85.07 kD,等电点为6.17。多序列比对显示PmIKKε与其它物种IKKε有较高的同源性,与牡蛎的序列相似性有45%。软件分析结果显示PmIKKε的N端含有一个蛋白激酶功能结构域和一个MAPKK（mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase）的激活位点,C端含有一个亮氨酸拉链（leucin zipper,LZ）和一个螺旋-环-螺旋结构（helix-loop-helix,HLH）。荧光定量PCR分析表明PmIKKε在马氏珠母贝肝胰脏、性腺、血淋巴、鳃、外套膜、闭壳肌六个组织中均有表达,肝胰脏中表达量最高。本研究为进一步阐述PmIKKε在马氏珠母贝生长、发育及先天性免疫中的作用提供理论基础。     

中国马氏珠母贝遗传育种的现状与展望

回顾了中国马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii)遗传育种的历史,介绍了最新的研究进展以及传统育种方法与现代生物技术结合的情况,展望了马氏珠母贝遗传改良的前景.提出马氏珠母贝育种应该分别选育育珠贝(母贝)和细胞小片贝,形成两类不同的系列;育珠贝应是以提高生长速度和抗多毛类寄生虫病作为主要选育目标,两个目标可以同时选择;细胞小片贝应以分泌银白色、白色或粉红色珍珠质作为主要选育目标.进一步强调传统育种方法与现代生物技术相结合,科研单位与生产企业相结合,研究与推广相结合,加快育种步伐,缩短育种周期,在"十五"末培育出优良品系在海水珍珠养殖生产上推广应用.     

牙鲆群体生化遗传学研究——Ⅰ.组织特异性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,研究了AAT、EST、SOD、MDH、LDH和ME等位酶在牙鲆[Paralichthys olivaceus(T.et S.)]心脏、肌肉、鳃、眼睛、肾脏、肝脏、肠、脾、胃组织器官中表达,并分析了各种酶的等位酶位点表达以及酶谱表型。研究结果表明EST、SOD、MDH和ME 4种等位酶在不同组织中表达相同,AAT、LDH 2种等位酶在不同组织中表达差异,可能是受不同基因位点或同一基因位点不同等位基因控制的结果,与各组织完成特有生化代谢活动有关。     

牙鲆群体生化遗传学研究——I．组织特异性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术，研究了AAT、EST、SOD、MDH、LDH和ME等位酶在牙鲆[Paralichthys olivaceus(T.et S.)]心脏、肌肉、鳃、 眼睛、肾脏、肝脏、肠、脾、胃组织器官中表达，并分析了各种酶的等位酶位点表达以及酶谱表型。研究结果表明EST、SOD、MDH和ME 4种等位酶在不同组织中表达相同，AAT、LDH 2种等位酶在不同组织中表达差异，可能是受不同基因位点和同一基因位点不同等位基因控制的结果，与各组织完成特有生化代谢活动有关。     

三种诱导马氏珠母贝四倍体方法的比较

摘要：比较了3种诱导马氏珠母贝（Pinctada martensii D.）四倍体产生的方法。①由三倍体马氏珠母贝的卵子与二倍体的精子受精，抑制受精卵第一极体的释放，诱导形成四倍体，四倍体率在D形幼虫期为27.7%～35.9%，幼虫死亡率高，在幼贝以后未能检测到四倍体的存在；②药物直接抑制二倍体马氏珠母贝受精卵第一极体和第二极体的释放，诱导四倍体；此法诱导的四倍体率在担轮幼虫期为30%以上，死亡率也较高，但在中贝（养殖7个月的贝）中检测到四倍体，四倍体率为0.0625%；③抑制二倍体马氏珠母贝受精卵的第一次卵裂形成四倍体；此法产生的四倍体马氏珠母贝在担轮幼虫期可达13.1%，但孵化率极低，早期死亡率极高，不能通过变态。比较研究表明，直接抑制二倍体马氏珠母贝受精卵的极体形成可以获得成活的四倍体马氏珠母贝，此方法值得进一步研究。     

马氏珠母贝4个壳色选育系F1遗传结构的AFLP分析

本研究从湛江流沙港马氏珠母贝养殖群体中挑选不同壳色个体为亲本,共构建了黑（BS）、红（RS）、黄（YS）和白壳色（WS）4个壳色选系F1,然后分别在4个壳色选育系F,中随机取样,利用3对AFLP引物分析其遗传结构与遗传分化。结果表明,每对引物的扩增位点数在104～109之间,共得到331个扩增位点;BS、RS、YS和WS壳色选系F1的多态位点比例分别为49．2％、49．5％、51．6％和63．4％,Shannon’s多样性指数分别为0．1884、0．1886、0．1896和0．1954,4个壳色选育系F1的遗传分化系数（Fst）为0．1972。本研究说明经过一代壳色纯化4个壳色选育系F1出现显著遗传分化,也为马氏珠母贝壳色系选育或选育系间杂交提供了参考依据。     

桂林地区蜈蚣蕨群体遗传多样性及与南宁地区群体的对比分析

采用等位酶电泳技术,研究了桂林地区的桂林市、雁山镇、永福县的野生蜈蚣蕨群体的遗传多样性,并与南宁地区群体进行比较。所测定的酶系统包括：氨基肽酶（AMP）、还原型辅酶Ⅰ心肌黄酶（DIA）、异柠檬酸脱氧酶（IDH）、苹果酸脱氨酶（MDH）、6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶（PGD）、磷酸葡萄糖异构酶（PGI）、磷酸葡萄糖变位酶（PGM）和莽草酸脱氧酶（SKD共8个酶系统,15个酶位点。分析结果表明：桂林地区蜈蚣蕨群体内遗传多样性水平中等偏上,每个位点的等位基因平均为1．7,多态位点百分数为60％,平均期望杂合度为0．251,略高于南宁地区。     

四种同工酶在寿×斗杂交鸡中表达变化的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)对地方特色品种鸡(寿光慈伦鸡,鲁西斗鸡)及其优化的杂交后代鸡种的血样同工酶(LDH、EST、POD、SOD)表达变化进行分析.结果表明使用全血样品比分离血样更能显示出酶蛋白的多态,杂交后代鸡EST同工酶Es-1位点受多等位基因支配,新出现Es-1F、Es-1C、Es-1A2同工酶变异体.LDH同工酶存在性别上的明显差异,LDH同工酶基因表达调控A和B亚基的构成.POD和SOD同工酶表达谱型发生改变,POD显示二种新的同工酶活都呈现增强趋势.提示同工酶表达多态变化差异是地方特色鸡保种、选育、种质评价及杂交亲本选配的有效标志物.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.