奶牛SRY基因核心保守区真核表达载体构建及序列分析

SRY基因是哺乳动物性别分化与控制的主导基因,参与有序的、多层次调控性别分化和控制的过程.本研究从牛血中提取总RNA,设计特异性引物,利用RT-PCR技术扩增出SRY基因HMG box基因片段,将该片段与pMD18-T载体连接并转化到大肠杆菌(E.coli Top)10中,提取质粒并用EcoRⅠ、AvrⅡ酶消化,将消化后的目的基因纯化并回收,与经同样的酶消化后并纯化回收的载体pPIC9K连接并转化到E.coliTop10,获得重组表达质粒pPIC9K-SRYHMG box,经PCR、酶切、测序验证了此载体构建成功,为下一步使用毕赤酵母表达SRY蛋白打下基础.     

奶牛SRY基因HMG box酵母表达载体构建与表达

研究从牛血中提取总RNA,设计特异性引物,利用RT-PCR技术扩增出SRY基因HMGbox基因片段,将该片段与pMD18-T载体连接并转化到E.coliTop10中,提取质粒并用EcoRⅠ、AvrⅡ酶消化,将消化后的目的基因纯化并回收,与经同样酶消化并纯化回收的载体pPIC9K连接再转化到E.coliTop10,获得重组表达质粒pPIC9K-SRYHMGbox,筛选出阳性酵母表达载体pPIC9K-SRY-HMGbox在酵母菌中诱导表达。结果表明:成功构建了pPIC9K-SRY-HMGbox酵母表达载体,并获得了奶牛SRY基因HMGbox酵母表达蛋白,为进一步利用SRY基因HMGbox酵母体外表达蛋白最终实现性别控制奠定了基础。     

羊泰勒虫主要表面蛋白P32基因的克隆及真核表达载体的构建

提取羊泰勒虫裂殖子总RNA,用特异性引物扩增出其主要表面蛋白P32基因,并成功地将该基因纯化后克隆到pGEM-T Easy 载体上,经PCR 和EcoRⅠ酶切鉴定均为阳性的重组质粒进行了测序和分析.随后将该基因从克隆载体上双酶切,与毕赤酵母分泌性表达载体pPIC9K相连接,构建重组表达载体pPIC9K-MPSP-P32,转化大肠埃希菌JM109,经测序证实,基因序列完全正确.     

皮蝇素A基因的克隆及其毕赤酵母表达载体的构建

提取采自甘肃玛曲皮蝇一期幼虫的总RNA,合成cDNA,根据设计的特异引物,利用PCR技术扩增出皮蝇素A(Hypodermin A,HA)基因片段,用Xho Ⅰ、Xba Ⅰ消化,将消化后的目的基因HA纯化并回收,与经同样的酶消化后并纯化回收的裁体pPICZa连接并转化,获得重组表达质粒pPICZa-HA,经PCR、酶切、测序表明,目的基因插入位置、方向和阅读框正确.     

猪IL-2基因真核表达载体的构建及在酵母中的表达

用真核表达引物从pGEM-IL-2重组质粒中扩增出猪IL-2基因，将目的基因和真核表达载体pPIC9K连接转入E．coli的JM109中，得到了猪pPIC9K-IL-2重组表达质粒。通过电激法将经SalⅠ酶切线性化的pPIC9K-IL-2质粒转化到巴斯德毕赤酵母GS115感受态细胞中，利用甲醇诱导表达，经SDS-PAGE电泳分析，表明在摇床水平及发酵罐中均表达出约17ku大小的分泌性目的蛋白，采用Sephadex G-100分子筛层析对其表达产物进行纯化，纯化结果理想。     

猪带绦虫未知基因SLC10在毕赤酵母中的表达

SLC10是以反式剪切引导序列为基础,通过RT-PCR从猪囊尾蚴中克隆到的一个未知基因。将猪囊尾蚴SLC10基因从重组克隆载体pGEM-SLC10扩增并酶切后,与相应酶切处理的毕赤酵母分泌性表达载体pPIC9K相连接,构建重组表达载体pPIC9K-SLC10,转化大肠杆菌JM109,经PCR、酶切和测序鉴定,基因序列完全正确。纯化的重组质粒pPIC9K—SLC10用内切酶Sac I线性化,电转化毕赤酵母,使重组表达载体与酵母染色体发生同源整合;采用G418抗性梯度法筛选多拷贝重组菌株,用甲醇进行诱导表达;通过SDS-PAGE和Western—blot分析表达产物,结果表明目的蛋白得到了表达,但不具有免疫反应性。     

禽传染性支气管炎病毒S1基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

根据GenBank已公布的传染性支气管炎病毒(Infectious bronchitis virus,IBV)株S1基因序列及pPIC9K表达载体序列,设计1对IBV S1基因表达片段的PCR引物,用RT-PCR方法扩增出长度为1 566 bp IBV S1基因表达片段,5′端不含信号肽序列,3′端添加了终止密码子。用限制性内切酶SnaB和Not将S1基因和载体pPIC9K酶切回收后连接,构建了重组表达载体pPIC9K-S1。用限制性内切酶Bgl将表达质粒pPIC9K-S1线性化,然后用电转化的方法导入毕赤酵母GS115,在MD平板上生长的转化子经过PCR鉴定和表型筛选后,获得了整合型阳性重组菌株GS115/pPIC9K-S1 His Muts。将重组菌株在1%甲醇中进行诱导分泌表达,并对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE、Western blot分析。结果显示,IBV S1基因在毕赤酵母中成功获得了表达,表达蛋白的分子量约为76 000,能与IBV阳性血清特异性结合,表达的蛋白占上清中总蛋白量的12.5%。     

大肠杆菌铜锌超氧化物歧化酶基因的克隆与序列测定

试验以E.coliMG1655的基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR技术扩增sodC基因,PCR产物经纯化回收后克隆至pMD18-T载体中,转化E.coliDH5α感受态细胞,筛选阳性克隆,提取质粒进行SacI和KpnI酶切及PCR扩增鉴定,并对sodC基因片段进行序列测定。试验成功克隆了sodC基因,获得的基因与报道的sodC基因序列同源性达到99.6%,为进一步构建重组表达载体奠定了基础。     

貂源犬瘟热病毒f基因酵母表达载体的构建和鉴定

根据GenBank中登录的犬瘟热病毒f基因序列设计一对引物,利用RT-PCR方法扩增出水貂源犬瘟热病毒分离株的f基因,将其插入到克隆载体pMD18-T中,经EcoRⅠ和XbaⅠ双酶切鉴定后纯化回收,与经同样的酶酶切消化后并纯化回收的载体pPICZaA连接并转化E.coliDH5α,在含Zeocin的低盐LB固体培养基上筛选阳性转化子,阳性克隆菌经PCR法鉴定、酶切分析和测序鉴定表明目的基因插入位置、方向和阅读框正确。证明pPICZaA-f酵母表达载体构建成功。     

巴什拜羊SPLUNC1基因的克隆与真核表达

为了克隆巴什拜羊SPLUNC1基因并表达该蛋白,本试验从巴什拜羊肺脏组织中提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR方法扩增出SPLUNC1基因开放阅读框序列,将该基因片段插入到真核表达质粒pPIC9K中构建pPIC9K-SPLUNC1重组质粒,然后将pPIC9K-SPLUNC1重组质粒线性化并电击转化入毕赤酵母GS115中,经甲醇诱导蛋白表达后用SDS-PAGE和Western blotting分析鉴定目的蛋白。结果表明,经RT-PCR扩增成功获得大小为748 bp的SPLUNC1基因;构建的pPIC9K-SPLUNC1重组质粒经PCR、酶切及测序鉴定与预期结果一致;SDS-PAGE及Western blotting检测鉴定结果表明获得大小为25.53 ku的SPLUNC1蛋白。本试验结果为进一步研究巴什拜羊SPLUNC1蛋白的生物学活性奠定基础。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.