低温胁迫下不同玉米自交系对外源甜菜碱的生理响应

为了探究外源甜菜碱(GB)提高玉米萌发期和苗期耐寒性的响应机制及比较外源GB对不同玉米时期低温伤害的缓解效果,采用不同浓度外源GB处理耐寒性不同的6份玉米自交系,研究10℃低温胁迫下外源GB对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明,低温胁迫能明显抑制玉米种子萌发,其平均发芽势、发芽率、胚芽长、胚根长、胚芽鲜重和胚根鲜重分别降低了55.2%、45.4%、64.6%、61.3%、57.7%和71.0%;幼苗叶片明显受到伤害,其平均相对电导率、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、SOD活性、POD活性和CAT活性分别升高了282.7%、150.1%、140.6%、124.7%、374.4%、209.7%和211.3%。萌发期和苗期分别添加20μmol·L~(-1)和10μmol·L~(-1)外源GB对低温胁迫下玉米的缓解效果最佳,其能明显促进玉米种子萌发及减轻幼苗生理伤害,除相对电导率(42.4%)和丙二醛含量(30.5%)显著降低外,脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量及抗氧化酶活性均显著升高(12.6%～324.9%)。在此最佳低温缓解外源GB浓度下,以萌发和幼苗生理性状的低温缓解指数作为低温缓解评价指标,采用隶属函数法综合评价两时期不同自交系的低温缓解效果,发现萌发期外源GB对玉米的缓解效果(0.585)优于苗期(0.454)。     

不同外源调节物质对不同耐旱性玉米自交系的干旱缓解效应分析

以旱敏感玉米自交系TS141为试材,在苗期以20%PEG模拟干旱胁迫处理,添加5种不同浓度外源甜菜碱(GB)或脯氨酸(Pro),以蒸馏水和干旱胁迫分别作为正向(CK+)、负向(CK-)对照处理,筛选得到对玉米苗期干旱胁迫缓解效果最佳的处理浓度:30μmol·L~(-1) GB或400μmol·L~(-1) Pro。以最佳浓度外源GB或Pro对干旱胁迫下的耐旱玉米自交系昌7-2和旱敏感玉米自交系TS141幼苗进行处理,比较分析两种耐旱性不同玉米自交系的生长参数、生理特性、气孔特性及叶片解剖结构。结果表明:外源GB或Pro可有效缓解玉米幼苗干旱胁迫损伤,恢复生理生化代谢稳态,外源GB对干旱胁迫的缓解效应强于外源Pro;TS141在添加外源GB后各生长参数均显著升高且叶片细胞结构明显恢复并排列整齐,而添加外源Pro后苗长并未出现显著变化且叶片细胞结构未发现明显差异;昌7-2在添加外源GB后脯氨酸含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性分别下降47.01%、26.33%、15.00%、66.08%,但添加外源Pro后只分别下降27.74%、17.65%、11.45%、44.32%。此外,外源GB或Pro对旱敏感玉米自交系缓解效果更明显:在添加外源GB或Pro后TS141各生长参数均显著升高,而昌7-2只有根长出现显著性差异;添加外源GB后TS141的脯氨酸含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性分别降低46.22%、16.58%、35.24%、60.52%,而昌7-2其值分别降低47.01%、26.33%、15.00%、66.08%,均低于TS141。干旱胁迫下玉米自交系叶片通过减小木质部导管直径,降低导管系统水势,诱导气孔开度降低,减少水分丧失;干旱胁迫下花环型结构变形,维管束鞘细胞和韧皮部细胞的散乱排列,导致了玉米自交系对干旱胁迫的耐受性降低。     

外源赤霉素对不同耐深播性玉米自交系的深播缓解效应

为探讨不同浓度的外源赤霉素(GA)对深播胁迫下玉米种子萌发、幼苗生长的影响,综合评价GA对深播的缓解效果,以2份深播敏感自交系(‘吉853’和‘自330’)和2份耐深播自交系(‘N192’和‘Mo17’)为试材,于其苗期在2种不同深播(15、20 cm)胁迫下施加4种不同浓度外源GA。结果表明:(1)深播胁迫下出苗率、苗长、根长显著降低,中胚轴长、胚芽鞘长、中胚轴和胚芽鞘长之和,胚芽鞘中的SOD酶活性,中胚轴、胚芽鞘中POD、CAT酶活性及木质素含量显著升高,其变化率(RC)介于-75.86%～100.19%。施加外源GA后幼苗各性状增辐达4.25%～389.06%。(2)用2份深播敏感自交系对外源GA的最佳浓度进行筛选,15 cm和20 cm深播胁迫下分别施加4.0 mg·L~(-1)和6.0 mg·L~(-1)外源GA的缓解效果最佳,隶属函数值分别为0.602和0.598。(3)最佳浓度下比较分析2种耐深播性不同玉米自交系的生长参数和生理特性,表明外源GA可缓解深播对玉米幼苗的胁迫,外源GA对耐深播性不同玉米自交系的敏感程度不同,表现为吉853自330Mo17N192。(4)利用主成分与热图分析玉米萌发期深播性鉴定的三级评价指标,出苗率、中胚轴长、中胚轴和胚芽鞘长之和是主要的评价指标,中胚轴中SOD、POD、CAT活性及中胚轴、胚芽鞘中木质素含量可作为二级评价指标,根数和苗长可作为三级评价指标。     

NO2-源的NO对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗生理的影响

采用亚硝酸钠(Na NO2)在酸性条件下与还原剂还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)反应生成S-亚硝基谷胱甘肽(GSNO),GSNO能够释放出NO,合成不同浓度的GSNO(0、50、125、250μmol·L~(-1)和350μmol·L~(-1))溶液处理受Cd Cl2胁迫的玉米(Zea mays L.)幼苗,以未用Cd Cl2处理的玉米幼苗作为对照(Control),探究GSNO对玉米幼苗Cd胁迫的缓解作用及其抗氧化机制。结果表明:GSNO处理使Cd胁迫下玉米幼苗的株高、茎粗和叶面积与对照组相比显著增加,其中250μmol·L~(-1)浓度的GSNO处理效果最佳;在350μmol·L~(-1)GSNO处理下玉米幼苗各类光合色素含量在胁迫组均达到最大值,有效缓解了叶片黄化;GSNO处理(最适浓度在125~250μmol·L~(-1)之间)也显著增强了Cd胁迫下玉米幼苗的抗氧化酶活性,如超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,相应地降低了过氧化氢(H2O2)和超氧阴离子(O_2·)含量的积累;GSNO还可以显著提高玉米幼苗螯合重金属离子的能力,其中250μmol·L~(-1)浓度的GSNO处理效果最佳。     

外源NO对NaCl胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和渗透调节能力的影响

采用水培法,研究了50、100、200μmol·L~(-1)外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和渗透调节能力的影响。结果表明,外施NO可明显缓解Na Cl胁迫对玉米幼苗生长的抑制作用,与不施SNP的处理相比,100μmol·L~(-1)SNP处理全株干重的增加幅度达到19%。外施NO降低盐胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片及根系中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量,其中叶片中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白分别降低19.9%和7.9%,根系中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量分别降低9.6%和9%。外源一氧化氮(NO)使盐胁迫下玉米幼苗根系、生长叶和成熟叶叶鞘的Na~+含量分别降低38.4%、5.1%和17.2%;同时,增加根系和成熟叶叶鞘中K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量,降低玉米幼苗各器官内的Na~+/K~+、Na~+/Ca~(2+)比值,维持盐胁迫下玉米幼苗中的离子平衡,但对成熟叶片中离子含量的影响不大。研究认为,外源NO可维持盐胁迫下玉米幼苗的碳氮代谢平衡,改善玉米幼苗离子的吸收与分配,缓解Na Cl胁迫对玉米幼苗带来的伤害,其中以100μmol·L~(-1)的SNP处理效果最明显。     

外源ATP对盐胁迫下油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以‘陇油8号’油菜为试验材料,研究了不同浓度(1、10、25、50、100μmol·L~(-1))外源ATP预处理对盐胁迫下油菜种子萌发及幼苗生物量、H_2O_2和·OH含量、抗氧化酶活性、膜损伤程度、渗透调节物质及相关基因表达的影响。结果表明,与对照(不用ATP或NaCl处理)相比,用不同浓度的外源ATP处理,可不同程度地提高油菜种子的发芽率和发芽势,25μmol·L~(-1)的ATP处理表现较为显著,发芽率和发芽势分别提高了26.9%和17.2%。25μmol·L~(-1)的ATP+NaCl处理相比较于单独NaCl胁迫处理,油菜种子的发芽率和发芽势分别提高了13.7%和15.0%,油菜幼苗的生物量(根长、株高、鲜重)、2种抗氧化酶活性(CAT、POD)、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量及相关基因(MAPK3和MAPK6、SOS1和NHX1)的表达量均显著增加,其中根长、株高、鲜重分别增加了23.6%、27.3%、28.6%,CAT、POD活性、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量分别增加了10.3%、27.0%、15.9%、41.0%;而H_2O_2和·OH含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量及相对电导率分别显著降低了13.6%、6.3%、27.6%、20.5%。以上结果表明,外源ATP浸种能够促进NaCl胁迫处理下油菜的种子萌发,显著提高幼苗的生物量、抗氧化能力及相关基因的表达,降低其膜损伤,增强油菜幼苗的耐盐性。     

褪黑素浸种对大豆种子萌发过程中干旱胁迫的缓解效应

以大豆干旱敏感型品种绥农26为材料,采用室内培养法,研究不同浓度褪黑素(0、100、300、500、800μmol·L~(-1))浸种对6%PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫条件下大豆种子萌发的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫处理抑制了大豆种子萌发,与对照(蒸馏水处理种子)相比,处理D(6%PEG处理种子)的发芽势、发芽率、根体积和鲜重显著降低,降幅分别为38.14%、23.72%、21.4%、25.6%;根系电导率、MDA和H_2O_2含量大幅上升,增幅分别为51.18%、83.33%和60.60%。而褪黑素浸种处理(100、300、500、800μmol·L~(-1))显著缓解了干旱胁迫对种子萌发的抑制,促进了根系生长,其中以根直径和干重提升最为显著,分别增加了16.38%、29.73%、34.97%、31.72%和10.70%、14.28%、10.70%、25.00%;抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性提高,其中处理M500+D(500μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素+6%PEG)效果最为显著,增幅分别为37.61%、40.10%、12.96%和28.31%。在6%PEG-6000模拟的干旱胁迫下,500μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素浸种处理对大豆种子萌发过程中干旱胁迫的缓解效果最佳。     

外源调节剂包衣对低温胁迫下棉花种子萌发及幼苗耐寒性的影响

为探讨外源调节剂包衣对低温胁迫棉花幼苗耐寒性的调控效应,通过室内砂培试验,研究了外源调节剂包衣处理对低温下棉花种子萌发的影响,分析了5℃低温胁迫下以及恢复常温后外源调节剂包衣对棉花幼苗耐寒性的生理响应。结果表明:低温胁迫下棉花种子的萌发和幼苗生长受到抑制,水杨酸以及外源调节剂复配包衣处理均能显著提高低温胁迫下棉花种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数,其中发芽指数和活力指数达到极显著水平,增幅分别为41.2%~44.4%和51.2%~63.9%;外源调节剂包衣处理叶片的相对电导率(REC)和MDA含量显著降低,可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖等渗透调节物质的含量显著提高,SOD、POD和CAT等抗氧化酶的活性也显著增强;5 mmol·L-1水杨酸+45 mmol·L-1氯化钙+60 mg·L-1亚硒酸钠复配包衣处理的叶片REC、MDA含量显著低于其它包衣处理,可溶性蛋白含量及其增幅显著高于其它包衣处理。说明水杨酸、氯化钙和亚硒酸钠三元复配包衣在缓解棉花幼苗低温逆境中具有协同效应,可以缓解低温胁迫对棉花种子萌发及幼苗生长的抑制作用,提高植物的耐寒性。     

根施外源甜菜碱对胡杨幼苗叶片积累甜菜碱与耐盐特性的影响

在不同盐分处理下(0、100、200、300、500 mmol·L~(-1)Na Cl)对土壤进行盆栽实验,研究根施甜菜碱(GB,5 mmol·L~(-1))对1 a生胡杨(Populus euphratica)幼苗叶片甘氨酸甜菜碱(GB)积累特性与不同时间(第7天、第14天)光合作用的影响。结果表明:(1)盐胁迫单独处理下,相比对照(0 mmol·L~(-1)Na Cl,CK)叶片甜菜碱随盐胁迫强度增大积累量显著增多。盐胁迫和外源GB双重处理下,叶片GB含量总体趋势随盐浓度升高表现为先升高后保持平稳。在低盐胁迫处理时(100~300 mmol·L~(-1)Na Cl)外源GB能诱导叶片产生更多GB,较未经GB处理组叶片GB积累量分别提高44.0%、32.5%和35.9%,而高盐胁迫(500 mmol·L~(-1)Na Cl)则转为抑制,叶片GB含量降低了5.1%。(2)随着盐浓度升高,外源GB虽不能持续促进叶片GB含量,但其对光合维持能力却没有丧失。随着胁迫强度增加,外源GB对叶绿素含量、水分利用效率(WUE)、叶片相对含水量(RWC)及相关光合参数的维持作用越明显。(3)不同时间下盐分和外源GB对胡杨光合作用的影响会改变,外源GB先维持胡杨水分传递过程,后维持CO_2同化能力,最终提高其光合作用。总之,根施GB能够促使胡杨叶片GB积累量发生变化并发挥作用,调节盐胁迫下胡杨光合相关生理过程从而提高其耐盐能力。     

外源亚精胺对渗透胁迫下南瓜幼苗抗氧化酶活性等生理特性的影响

选用南瓜品种银辉2号为材料,以PEG模拟水分胁迫,采用砂培法研究了不同浓度外源亚精胺(Spd)对南瓜幼苗生长、活性氧代谢、抗氧化酶活性及非酶抗氧化剂和渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明:0.9、1.2mmol·L~(-1)外源Spd处理,使渗透胁迫下南瓜幼苗的生物量分别增加了43.40%和36.69%,根系O·2生成速率和膜脂过氧化产物MDA的积累量下降了56.33%、43.50%;0.6、0.9 mmol·L~(-1)Spd处理,不同程度诱导增强了根叶抗氧化酶活性,尤其以0.9 mmol·L~(-1)Spd处理效果最佳,根系和叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性分别为渗透胁迫下的2.00倍、1.83倍和5.47倍、2.40倍,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性分别提高了410.89%、300.50%和276.25%、331.18%,叶片中脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性糖含量提高了1.76倍、1.71倍,可溶性蛋白的积累量达渗透胁迫的1.49倍,维持了较高的渗透缓冲和调节能力,根系抗坏血酸(ASA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量升高了2.88倍和2.41倍;渗透胁迫下0.9 mmol·L~(-1)外源Spd处理,抑制了活性氧(ROS)的生成,减轻了由此导致的氧化损伤,抗氧化酶活性的响应和ASA-GSH循环,保护了生物膜系统的稳定,渗透调节物质的含量变化,既维持了细胞与环境的渗透平衡,又增加了光合碳同化产物和蛋白质的积累。表明0.9 mmol·L~(-1)外源Spd维持了渗透胁迫下南瓜幼苗碳氮代谢的正常进行,减轻了胁迫对南瓜苗期的氧化伤害。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.