方斑东风螺室内水泥池养殖研究

在35口面积均为30 m2的室内水泥池中,分7种规格、11个不同养殖密度组,共投放45.7万粒方斑东风螺苗进行养殖试验。经过151~216 d的养殖,共获商品螺2574.9 kg,平均单产2.5 kg/m2,平均规格146粒/kg(115~192粒/kg),成活率82.2%(48.4%~97.8%),饵料系数2.6。苗种规格为870~9200粒/kg的成活率较高且稳定,成活率超过86.5%,规格大于12170粒/kg的成活率明显下降,23400粒/kg的成活率仅为48.4%;投放密度为185.6~868.2粒/m2时,密度对养殖成活率影响不明显,但对养成规格影响较大,养殖密度超过542.6粒/m2时,生长速度明显下降。     

浙北地区利用冬闲虾塘饲养日本对虾的试验

利用饲养南美白对虾的冬闲虾塘 ,采取精养模式养一茬日本对虾 ,可提高围塘养殖的综合效益。本试验的放养密度为 2× 10 4余尾 / 6 6 7m2 ,单产 38.5kg/ 6 6 7m2 ,成活率 2 3.3%。盐度控制在 17以上     

克氏螯虾亲本的选购、暂养和运输技术研究

克氏螯虾苗种来源目前仍然是龙虾养殖业发展的瓶颈.龙虾苗种繁育的首要工作是龙虾亲本的选购、暂养和运输,这也是苗种繁育的关键.2005年和2006年的8月中下旬至9月上中旬,进行了6次克氏螯虾亲本的选购、暂养和运输试验.龙虾亲本的规格要求适中,约30 g左右较好;复选时,以丰满度好、附肢完整、活泼健康、硬壳艳红的龙虾为最佳;暂养网箱要求安放位置适当,充分展开不兜底,在箱内布设30%～40%的浮性水草,暂养密度20～25 kg/m2为宜,暂养时间不宜超过2 d;装箱时遵循"轻装快运"的原则,装箱密度以4 kg左右为宜,途中每隔20～30 min向装虾箱和车厢内泼洒1次水,保持龙虾体表及周围环境的湿润,牢固固定虾箱,运输时间控制在1 h以内.随着选购、暂养和运输技术的完善,运输成活率最终可以稳定在90%以上.     

花鲈运输密度对其成活率的影响

为了确定花鲈充氧打包运输适宜的运输密度,实验观察平均全长为(9.55±0.70)cm、平均体长为(7.86±0.60)cm、平均体重为(9.14±1.83)g的花鲈充氧打包运输14h的过程中,每袋装鱼尾数分别为35、40、50、60、70、100、150尾的成活率情况。结果显示:在初放花鲈水温为18~18.5℃时,运输14h时,35、40、50、60、70尾密度组除60尾密度组在目的地机场运输时袋子破损,到达场区死亡13条外,其余密度组花鲈成活率均为100%,100尾密度组存活18尾,150尾密度组成活率为0,且均表现为缺氧致死状况。结果表明在进行14h以内运输时,花鲈密度最多每袋可放置70尾。     

稚鲵运输技术研究

为研究密闭环境下运输时长和运输密度对稚鲵成活率的影响,在水温14℃条件下,采用容积约20 L的塑料袋带水封闭充氧的方法,进行了2批共计5 500尾,规格为6.5~8.0 cm的稚鲵的运输试验,结果表明:稚鲵平均密度为167尾/L,密闭时长6 h,运输时长5 h,运输成活率可达99%以上。     

尖吻鲈幼鱼运输密度和时长对运输水质及其复苏率和抗氧化能力的影响

该试验采用塑料袋密闭充氧运输方式,探讨3种运输密度(D1=14 kg·m^-3、D2=21 kg·m^-3、D3=28 kg·m^-3)下模拟运输24 h和运输密度7 kg·m^-3下模拟6个不同运输时长(T1=4 h、T2=8 h、T3=12 h、T4=16 h、T5=20 h、T6=24 h)对运输水质、尖吻鲈(Lates calcarifer)幼鱼复苏率和抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示,随着运输密度和时间的增加,运输水体中氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)和亚硝态氮(NO₂^--N)升高而溶解氧(DO)、酸碱度(pH)和复苏率降低;幼鱼成活率均为100%。运输密度结果显示,D1和D2组总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05);D3组过氧化物酶(POD)活性均显著低于D1、D2和对照组(P<0.05);D2与D3组相比丙二醛(MDA)含量差异不显著,均显著高于D1和对照组(P>0.05)。运输时长结果显示,T3与T4组相比T-SOD活性差异不显著,显著高于T1、T2、T5和T6组(P<0.05);各试验组POD活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);T2组MDA含量与T4组相比差异不显著,显著高于T1、T3、T5、T6和对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,随着运输密度和时间的增加,尖吻鲈幼鱼运输水质恶化,复苏率降低,对抗氧化能力影响显著。综合分析,在水温24℃、盐度32、pH 7.92的条件下用塑料袋密封充氧运输的体长为(1.42±0.19)cm的尖吻鲈幼鱼24 h时,密度不超过21 kg·m^-3为宜。     

密度和水温对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)幼参运输成活和排脏的影响

在12.0~26.0℃下,用50cm×90cm的塑料袋,带水封闭充氧运输体质量3.56g~7.51g的海参,研究了水温和运输密度对海参成活和排脏的影响。结果表明,在水温12.0~14.0℃下,65头/kg水时,运输9h排脏;水温16.0~18.0℃下,50头/kg水时,运输18h排脏;20.0~22.0℃下,33头/kg水,运输24h排脏;24.0~26.0℃下,2h即排脏;排脏时水体中氨氮的含量变化在2.6308~4.9735mg/l。运输时间不超过24h,水温12.0~14.0℃、16.0~18.0℃、20.0~22.0℃和24.0~26.0℃下,仿刺参幼参的最大运输密度分别为65、50、32和20头/kg水。12~14℃下,充氧带水运输成活率高,排脏率低。     

北方内陆水库网箱养殖香鱼(plecoglossus Altivelis)试验

采用活水运输,在石梁河水库网箱养殖香鱼,4只网箱养殖香鱼的密度分别为2500尾、2000尾、1500尾、1500尾,通过对养殖网箱的饵料管理、水质调控、病害防治等,香鱼苗运输14h,运输成活率100%;每只网箱产平均规格81g/尾的商品鱼分别为52.5kg、43.3kg、100.2kg、102.6kg;养成成活率分别为39.2%、47.5%、89.4%、92.6%;养成的平均饵料系数为1.75。     

温度骤降对西伯利亚鲟心律和鳃动频率的影响

将西伯利鲟（Acipenser baeri）（平均体重为1.09kg,体长60.1cm）从25℃急速降温至1～2℃,然后采用B型超声仪等方法研究其在降温过程中、2℃离水保存过程中和不同复苏时间过程中的心率、鳃动频率和成活率的变化规律。结果表明：温度骤降可使西伯利亚鲟进入休眠状态,2℃离水低温保存30h后可复苏存活,而超过35h后全部死亡。在温度骤降过程中,西伯利亚鲟的心率变化表现为强度减弱和次数逐渐降低。而鳃动频率由75次/min逐渐降低至0次/min,与心率变化不呈线性关系。复苏过程中,受试鱼的心率变化与急速降温的变化规律相同,表现为强度增强后,次数逐渐增加。西伯利亚鲟鱼种的运输实验表明,低温无水运输12h后,西伯利亚鲟（体重为24.69g,体长19.27 cm）的成活率为90%。笔者建议,低温无水方法运输西伯利亚鲟商品鱼时不应超过30h,运输温度应保持稳定,复苏水温必须由低到高递进。     

日本对虾越冬养殖技术研究

对比日本对虾在不同栖息环境条件下试验,获得了在冬季室内低温条件下,3种栖息底质在保证成活率、出池率及活虾商品质量前提下,各自所能达到的最高放养密度--普通沙底养殖3kg/m^2、双层底养殖4kg/m^2、双层底立体养殖5kg/m^2.其中双层底立体养殖模式为国内外首创,该模式下的养殖密度高于日本常温养殖密度.     

Management Strategies for Production of the Atlantic White Shrimp Penaeus setiferus as Bait Shrimp in Outdoor Ponds

Abstract The geographic distribution of the Atlantic white shrimp Penaeus setiferus is in coastal waters from New York to Florida and around the Gulf of Mexico. Beside its value to commercial fisheries, this shrimp is sold as bait for recreational fishing. Previous data suggest that demand for live bait shrimp cannot be satisfied by commercial fleets. A 120-d trial was designed to study production of bait size P. setiferus at high densities in eight small outdoor ponds in south Texas. A 2^4–1 fractional factorial design was applied to study the effects of postlarval (PL) density (350 and 700 shrimp/m²), feed type (A and B), and water circulation methods (with and without airlift pumps or center pond dividers) on shrimp growth, survival and yield. No significant differences in survivals or yields were found between treatments (P = 0.2). Feed type ( P = 0.011), airlift pumps ( P = 0.021), and center dividers ( P = 0.026), had significant impacts on shrimp growth rates. Density effect on growth was not statistically significant ( P = 0.055). This study demonstrated that 6-d-old postlarvae can be stocked at 700 per square meter and reached a bait size (6.2 g) in 94 d with a 73.6% survival and a yield equivalent to 31,300 kg/ha when offered a commercial shrimp feed. A preliminary economic analysis based on this data suggests that operating a bait shrimp farm in Texas with two crops/yr will show profitability within 7 to 12 yr with an internal rate of return of 6.5 and 17.6%, respectively.     

不同放苗密度凡纳滨对虾生物絮团养殖的环境和产出效应

本研究尝试将生物絮团养殖技术(Bio-floc aquaculture technology, BFA)应用到凡纳滨对虾高密度养殖系统中,研究生物絮团在凡纳滨对虾不同放苗密度下的水质调控、对虾生长及存活等方面的作用效果。试验将200、400和600尾/m2的放苗密度分为传统养殖组(TF200、TF400和TF600)和絮团养殖组(BFA)(BF200、BF400和BF600)共6组,分别在18个室内水泥池中进行,其中BFA组通过添加益生菌和赤砂糖培养生物絮团,并在养殖过程中极少换水,而传统养殖组进行传统换水养殖管理。经过113d的养殖试验,随着放苗密度的增加,水质、对虾存活率和对虾特定增长率逐步下降,然而BFA在400尾/m2的凡纳滨对虾封闭式养殖中有良好效果。与400尾/m2的传统养殖组(TF400)相比,400尾/m2的BFA组(BF400)在养殖过程中生物絮团平均形成量提升3.25倍;水体中的亚硝酸氮和氨氮平均含量分别降低67.9%和72.7%,而用水量只有传统养殖组的33%左右;对虾的体重、存活率、特定生长率及单位产量分别提高了14.5%、156.3%、2.4%和194.1%;400 尾/m2的BFA组对虾单位产量达到4.01±0.94 kg/m2,具有最好的环境和产出效应。     

中国对虾与海湾扇贝投饵混养的实验研究

用放在海水池塘中的8个陆基围隔(5.0m×5.0m×1.8m),研究中国对虾(Penaeuschinensis)与不同密度海湾扇贝(Argopectenirradians)投饵混养的放养方式、生产力和极限放养量.对虾体长(2.85±0.16)cm,扇贝壳长(1.10±0.12)cm,放养密度分别为6.0尾/m2和0,1.5,4.5,7.5粒/m2,用投饵和施肥(鸡粪和化肥)饲养.结果表明,扇贝密度为0和1.5粒/m2时,对虾的成活率无显著差异.混养(扇贝1.5粒/m2)时对虾的出塘体长、体重和产量分别比单养高2.5%,3.8%和6.5%;当扇贝密度高于1.5粒/m2时,对虾的平均体长、体重和产量随扇贝密度的增加而显著减少(P＜0.05).扇贝密度为1.5和7.5粒/m2时,其产量由470kg/hm2增至1236kg/hm2;当扇贝密度高时,去壳后湿重占体重的百分数从(42.84±3.44)%降至(37.88±4.26)%.扇贝的极限放养量为600～800kg/hm2,适宜放养密度为1.0～1.5粒/m2.     

Density and Water Exchange-Dependent Growth and Survival of Litopenaeus setiferus Postlarvae

This present study was designed to investigate the effects of stocking density and water exchange on the growth rate, survival and performance index of L. setiferus postlarvae under controlled laboratory conditions. The experiment was done with postlarvae (PL10 to PL40) at densities of 50, 150, 250 and 350 shrimp/m² and various different water exchanges rate per day (0, 6, 12 and 18%). The maximum growth rate was obtained for shrimp with 12% water exchange per day at all densities. A reduction of the maximum growth rate was observed in relation to density with the highest values in shrimp stocked in a density of 50 and 150 shrimp/m² (mean value of 0.53 mg/d) and the lowest in shrimp stocked in a density of 350 shrimp/m² (0.24 mg/d). The multiple regression equation obtained to relate performance index (growth rate* survival : PI), shrimp density (X₁) and water exchange (X₂) was: PI = 0.31 + (0.001) X₁+ 0.039 X₂+ 2.28 × 10⁻⁶ X₁²+ (−0.0017) X₂²+ (0.000026)X₁X₂, R ²= 0.78; P > 0.03. According to this equation the optimum shrimp density-water exchange comhination was between 5 to 12% of water exchange at stocking density of between 50 and 150 shrimp/m². Salinity, ammonia-N and nitrite-N increased according to the time spent in tanks without water exchange. With no (0%) water exchange, water quality parameters measured were outside the optimum for L. setiferus postlarvae. The use of optimum density and water exchange in a nursery system for L. setiferus with optimum variables established is proposed.     

Intensive Culture Potential of Penaeus vannamei

Tank and pond rearing studies were conducted to assess the potential for intensive culture of Penaeus vannamei in South Carolina. Postlarvae were stocked in intensive nursery tanks at 500/ m². Growth and survival were compared for shrimp reared in control fiberglass tanks and in tanks with artificial substrates (fiberglass screen). Addition of substrate improved survival (82% versus 58%), but not growth. Juvenile shrimp (mean weight, 1.3 g) from the nursery trial were stocked into 6 m diameter tanks at densities of 10, 20 and 40/m². Growth rate was inversely related to stocking density, with mean sizes of 33.9, 32.5, and 26.7 g attained at the low, medium, and high densities respectively after 168 days. At harvest, standing crop biomass averaged 225.6, 442.0, and 685.4 g/m² for the three densities. To further test the intensive culture potential, two 0.1 ha ponds were stocked with hatchery-reared postlarvae at densities of approximately 40 and 45/m². The ponds were managed intensively using paddlewheel aerators and water exchange averaging 16–17%/day. The ponds were harvested after 138 and 169 days and yielded 6,010 kg/ha of 16.7 g (mean weight) shrimp and 7,503 kg/ha of 17.9 g shrimp, respectively. Average production was 6,757 kg/ha with a food conversion of 2.51. These data suggest good potential for intensive pond culture of P. vannamei in South Carolina and other areas of the continental United States.     

凡纳滨对虾对东北碳酸盐类盐碱水的驯化适应

采用虾塘水添加天然盐碱水的方法,进行凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannam eiBoone)对东北地区碳酸盐类盐碱水环境的驯化适应试验。结果表明,驯化速度采用每隔12 h、24 h、48 h分别提高1次碱度1、2、4 mmol/L,经过14 d,从碱度为3.17 mmol/L的盐碱水环境,分别驯化至30.44、29.13及27.32 mmol/L的水环境,幼虾的存活率分别为41%、39%及34%。通过驯化适应,可提高幼虾对碳酸盐类盐碱水环境的适应能力及其存活率。     

Some effects of oral doses of oxytetracycline on growth,survival and disease in Penaeus aztecus

Two size groups of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) were fed a formulated feed containing 0, 100, 1 000 or 5 000 mg of oxytetracycline/kg of feed. Growth and survival were measured after a 3-week drug consumption period. The shrimp were then inoculated with Vibrio alginolyticus, and survival was monitored during the following 24 h.At all three concentrations of oxytetracycline, small shrimp (mean initial wet weight 143.4 mg) consumed approximately one-third the amount of feed consumed by those fed the control diet with no oxytetracycline, yet growth was more rapid with diets containing 100 and 1 000 mg of oxytetracycline/kg of food than with the control diet. Larger shrimp (mean initial wet weight 458.1 mg) receiving oxytetracycline consumed about one-fourth the feed consumed by those on the oxytetracycline-free diet. Some growth inhibition was apparent in these shrimp at all oxytetracycline concentrations. Maximum drug consumption rate, based on actual feed intake, was approximately 1 300 mg oxytetracycline per kg body weight per day for small shrimp, but only 370 mg per kg body weight per day for larger shrimp.All shrimp fed 0, 100 or 1 000 mg of oxytetracycline/kg of feed died within 24 h following inoculation with a standard dose (70% light transmission at 520–540 nm) of Vibrio alginolyticus. All the small shrimp and 70% of the large shrimp fed at the 5 000-mg drug level died, but death generally took place later in the 24-h period than with those fed at the lower drug concentrations. All shrimp fed 5 000 mg oxytetracycline/kg of feed and inoculated with a 1 : 100 dilution of the standard dose of Vibrio alginolyticus survived. All small shrimp and 90% of the large shrimp survived injection of sterile saline.     

饲料中黄曲霉毒素B1对凡纳滨对虾生长、肝胰腺和血淋巴生化指标及肝胰腺显微结构的影响

实验设置黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)为0、400、800、1200,1600、2000μg/kg6组饲料,饲养初始体质量为(0.3±0.02)g的凡纳滨对虾,经过8周的生长实验观察饲料中AFB1对凡纳滨对虾生长、体营养成分组成、肝胰腺显微结构以及血淋巴和肝胰腺生化指标的影响。实验结果表明:随着饲料中AFB1的增加,各组全虾粗蛋白量无显著性差异,1600μg/kg组和2000μg/kg组的全虾粗脂肪量高于其他组。AFB1为1200μg/kg时对虾增重率最低(304.67%),2000μg/kg时增重率显著高于其他组,但成活率最低(58.33%)。随着饲料中AFB1的升高酶活性普遍呈下降趋势。2000μg/kg组肝胰腺中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著下降(P<0.05),1600μg/kg组肝胰腺中谷胱甘肽S转移酶(GST)、超微量ATP酶和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)酶活力最低,但血淋巴中GST显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。从凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺的组织切片可观察到,饲料中含有的AFB1越高,肝胰腺被破坏程度越高。随着饲料中AFB1含量增加,对虾肝胰腺中AFB1残留量逐渐增加,2000μg/kg组对虾肝胰腺中AFB1含量最高(95.49μg/kg),各实验组肌肉中无AFB1残留。     

凡纳滨对虾地膜光伏集约工程化养殖试验

为研究地膜光伏工程化养殖模式的实用性,在地膜光伏工程化养殖系统中开展凡纳滨对虾养殖试验。地膜光伏工程化养殖系统由对虾养殖系统和光伏发电系统组成。取3口池塘进行凡纳滨对虾高密度养殖试验,放养密度为500尾/m^2,养殖试验周期100 d。凡纳滨对虾平均体长达到(9.77±0.11)cm,平均体质量(10.80±0.82)g。1号池塘产量为4.25 kg/m^2,存活率为78.71%,饲料系数为1.22;2号池塘养殖产量为4.42 kg/m^2,存活率为81.85%,饲料系数为1.18;3号池塘产量为4.07 kg/m^2,存活率为75.37%,饲料系数为1.25。养殖期间8:00水温范围为22.5~31.0℃;15:00水温范围为22.5~32.0℃,日气温差最大为11.0℃,日水温差最大为2.5℃。养殖期间pH稳定在7.00~8.34。养殖期间亚硝酸盐氮(NO-2-N)0~8.47 mg/L,总氨氮(TAN)0~7.83 mg/L。地膜光伏工程化养殖模式养殖凡纳滨对虾,实现了对虾养殖和光伏发电的双重收益,具有较大的实用价值,是一种值得推广的养殖模式。