多种药剂对橘小实蝇的毒力及部分复配组合的增效作用

采用液体饲喂法测定了13种药剂对橘小实蝇成虫的毒力,以及多杀霉素分别与噻虫胺、氰戊菊酯、阿维菌素混配对橘小实蝇成虫的联合毒力。结果表明,噻虫胺、多杀霉素、氰戊菊酯对成虫的毒力最高,处理24 h后的LC_(50)分别为3.257、3.204、2.791 mg/L,48 h后的LC_(50)分别为1.002、0.936、1.560 mg/L。通过交互测定法和共毒系数法筛选得出,当多杀霉素分别与噻虫胺、氰戊菊酯、阿维菌素以有效成分44∶5、11∶10、7∶10复配时,增效作用最显著,共毒系数分别为169.8、155.9、175.1。     

辛酸乙酯对橘小实蝇产卵的驱避作用

为进一步明确驱避橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis产卵的挥发物成分,于室内测试橘小实蝇对被产卵不同时间的番石榴果实的产卵偏好,利用气相色谱-质谱（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）联用技术、气相色谱-触角电位（gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection,GC-EAD）联用技术和生物测试等方法鉴定被产卵不用时间的番石榴果实中可驱避橘小实蝇产卵的挥发物。结果表明,被产卵48 h后的番石榴果实可显著驱避橘小实蝇产卵,橘小实蝇在未被产卵和被产卵番石榴果实中的产卵量分别为238.9粒和90.7粒。被产卵48 h后的番石榴果实中产生了辛酸乙酯,该物质可引起橘小实蝇雌成虫触角发生电生理反应。0.25、0.5、1和2μL/mL的辛酸乙酯均可驱避橘小实蝇雌成虫,驱避率分别为28%、48%、48%和28%。含有辛酸乙酯浓度分别为0.25、0.5、1和2μL/g的番石榴果泥可显著驱避橘小实蝇产卵,果泥中被产卵量分别为105.7、125.5、100.8和157.9粒,显著低于对照。番石榴果...     

球孢白僵菌对橘小实蝇实验种群的影响

研究了球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)B6菌株对橘小实蝇成虫(Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel)的影响。结果表明,在杨桃、番石榴与香蕉3种水果上喷施球孢白僵菌孢子悬浮液,橘小实蝇雌成虫平均产卵量分别为(188.3±11.4)粒、(156.7±13.1)粒、(165.3±9.1)粒,与对照差异不显著;孵化的老熟幼虫数量分别(156.3±11.5)头、(130.3±8.3)头、(147.7±10.6)头,与对照差异也不显著;成虫存活率分别为51.1%、52.2%、62.3%,与对照差异极显著。干扰作用控制指数IIPC为0.554 2、0.573 0、0.667 7,对橘小实蝇成虫控制效果明显。     

肠道可培养共生菌对橘小实蝇不育雄虫生物学特征的影响

橘小实蝇是一种对果、蔬产业造成严重经济损失的害虫，应用昆虫不育技术（SIT）防治橘小实蝇是一种切实可行的科学手段，但辐照会使不育雄虫受到一定程度的损伤。本研究通过在饲料中添加抗生素对肠道灭菌处理来探究肠道可培养共生菌对橘小实蝇生物学及形态学参数的影响。结果表明，抗生素处理组在不育雄虫的蛹重、逆境存活率以及竞争交配力等均显著低于对照组。另外，抗生素处理组和对照组不育雄虫的存活率曲线图表明处理组不育雄虫的寿命时长显著低于对照组，利用Weibull分布拟合模型判断得知两组橘小实蝇存活率曲线均符合基本模型中的Ⅰ型。本研究为进一步利用肠道可培养共生菌来改善橘小实蝇不育雄虫的生理健康提供理论基础。     

不同杀虫剂对橘小实蝇幼虫的毒力及混配联合作用

采用幼虫饲料混毒法测定了8种内吸性杀虫剂对橘小实蝇幼虫的毒力,以及噻虫嗪与氯虫苯甲酰胺、虫螨腈混配对幼虫的联合毒力。结果表明,新烟碱类杀虫剂对橘小实蝇幼虫的毒力较高,其中噻虫胺、噻虫嗪处理24 h后的LC50分别为0.116、0.308 mg/L。利用共毒因子法筛选出共毒因子大于20的配比后,进一步利用共毒系数法筛选出共毒系数大于120的混配组合。当噻虫嗪与氯虫苯甲酰胺虫螨腈以3∶11、15∶11混配以及噻虫嗪与虫螨腈以1∶140、1∶14混配时具有增效作用,共毒系数分别为131.3、157.9、138.7和131.1。试验结果可为确定防治橘小实蝇幼虫的药剂组合提供参考。     

两种产卵引诱物质刺激下橘小实蝇雌成虫的转录组分析

为阐明橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis感受2种气味物质γ-辛内酯和β-石竹烯的分子机制,于室内测定记录其已交配雌成虫的触角电位（electroantennogram,EAG）反应和行为,利用RNA-Seq测序技术测定其已交配雌成虫在2种气味物质刺激下的头部组织转录组并进行比较分析,应用实时荧光定量PCR对部分化学感受基因进行验证。结果表明,橘小实蝇已交配雌成虫对γ-辛内酯和β-石竹烯2种气味物质均有浓度依赖性反应,随着浓度增大,EAG反应值有增大趋势,且2种气味物质均对橘小实蝇已交配雌成虫具有明显的引诱作用。γ-辛内酯刺激后橘小实蝇已交配雌成虫的头部转录组中共有851个差异表达基因,包括20个化学感受基因,其中有261个基因上调表达,590个基因下调表达;而β-石竹烯刺激后共有523个差异表达基因,包括15个化学感受基因,其中162个基因上调表达,361个基因下调表达。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果证实,分别有4个和6个化学感受基因可能与橘小实蝇雌成虫对γ-辛内酯和β-石竹烯的感受相关。表明橘小实蝇雌成虫感受γ-辛内酯和β-石竹烯的分子机制可能是由多种化学感受基因共同参与完成。     

温度及光周期对日本食蚧蚜小蜂发育与繁殖的影响

为明确温度、光周期对日本食蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus japonicus Compere发育与繁殖的影响,在不同温度、光周期条件下观察日本食蚧蚜小蜂的发育历期、出蜂数、雌蜂寿命以及寄生率。结果表明：温度和光周期显著影响日本食蚧蚜小蜂种群增长。在18~30℃之间,日本食蚧蚜小蜂的发育历期及雌蜂寿命均随温度的升高而缩短,18℃时发育历期与雌蜂寿命最长,分别为60.9 d和29.9 d,30℃时发育历期最短,为21.3 d,33℃时雌蜂寿命最短,为8.3 d;18~24℃之间,寄生率及出蜂数随温度的升高而增加,24℃时最高,分别为77.1%和38.7头;24~30℃之间,随温度升高日本食蚜小蜂的寄生率及出蜂数呈下降趋势。在光周期L 8 h∶D 16 h~L 16 h∶D 8 h范围内,当光周期为L 12 h∶D 12 h时,日本食蚧蚜小蜂的发育历期最短,为22.1 d,出蜂数最高,为39.0头;当光周期为L 14 h∶D 10 h时,雌蜂寿命最长,为22.6 d,寄生率最高,为71.1%。表明温度24~27℃、光周期L 12 h∶D 12 h为日本食蚧蚜小蜂种群增长的最适温度和光周期条件。     

橘小实蝇雌虫对其肠道共生菌发酵液的嗅觉行为反应

肠道微生物潜在的生防价值为研究橘小实蝇治理提供了一个新的思路。本研究利用Y型嗅觉仪测试了橘小实蝇肠道菌发酵原液及其高压灭活上清液对寄主雌虫在10、20以及30 min嗅觉行为的影响，结果表明阴沟肠杆菌（F8）、肠杆菌属（F13）、产气克雷伯氏菌（F26）、霍氏肠杆菌（F67）发酵原液以及阴沟肠杆菌（F8）、肺炎克雷伯氏菌（F10）、Pseudocitrobacter anthropi（F16）、粪肠球菌（F18）、赫尔曼亚特兰大杆菌（F31）、蜡样芽胞杆菌（F45）、铜绿假单胞菌（F50）、阴沟肠杆菌（F59）高压灭活上清液对橘小实蝇雌虫具有显著的引诱效果，P. anthropi（F16）发酵原液对雌虫具有显著的忌避作用；此外，橘小实蝇对不同的肠道菌的反应时间不同。本研究明确了橘小实蝇雌虫对其肠道菌发酵原液、高压灭活上清液的嗅觉反应，为开发雌虫引诱或忌避剂提供了依据。     

光周期对莲草直胸跳甲生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确莲草直胸跳甲Agasicles hygrophila Selman et Vogt的生态适应性,提高其对恶性杂草喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides(Martius)的生物防治效率,研究了7组不同光周期对其生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明:不同光周期处理下,莲草直胸跳甲卵的孵化历期差异显著,在L∶D=12 h∶12 h时孵化历期最短,为4.33 d;其化蛹率无显著差异。相较于短光期,长光期条件更适合其幼虫生长发育。随着光照时数的增加,莲草直胸跳甲成虫寿命、产卵历期、雌虫产卵量呈明显单峰趋势,光周期为L∶D=12 h∶12 h时,成虫寿命和产卵历期最长,分别为41.8 d和34.0 d;光周期为L∶D=8 h∶16 h时,雌虫产卵量最高,为98.5块。不同光周期处理下其成虫后代的孵化率均高于85%,各处理间均无显著差异。在7组光周期处理下,莲草直胸跳甲均未出现生长与生殖停滞及大量死亡现象。生命表分析结果显示,光周期为L∶D=12 h∶12 h时,莲草直胸跳甲种群的净增殖率、平均世代周期及内禀增长率均最高,分别为386.88、45.36和0.13;而种群增殖时长最短,为5.27 d。表明光周期为L∶D=12 h∶12 h时最适合莲草直胸跳甲生长发育和繁殖。     

橘小实蝇生活习性观察及其在石河子越冬情况调查

在室内饲养条件下,橘小实蝇能侵染冬枣果实,羽化的第1代成虫可在冬枣果实中成功繁殖下一代。卵、幼虫、预蛹和蛹的发育历期分别为1.9、10.0、12.6 d。橘小实蝇在冬枣果实中可以独立完成整个生活史,羽化成虫雌雄比约为1.2∶1。初步证实了冬枣果实不仅可作为橘小实蝇的寄主,还可为其羽化阶段提供庇护所。经2年在新疆石河子埋蛹观察,橘小实蝇的越冬蛹不能成功羽化为成虫,因此,橘小实蝇在石河子地区不能越冬。     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.     

Inactivation of soil-borne plant pathogens during small-scale composting of crop residues

Samples of heavily infested crop residues were incorporated in static compost heaps (2.5–4.6 m³) of the Indore type. Temperature increased to 50–70°C within 6 days depending on the type of crop residues used and the location within the heap. The heat phase (>40 °C) lasted 2–3 weeks and was followed by a c. 5-months maturation phase (<40 °c).=" among=" the=" 17=" pathogens=" tested,=">Olpidium brassicae and one of the four formae speciales ofFusarium oxysporum that were tested survived composting, but also their inoculum was greatly reduced.Survival during specific phases of composting was studied by incorporation and retrieval of samples at various stages of the process.F. oxysporum f. sp.melonis was completely inactivated andO. brassicae andPlasmodiophora brassicae were almost completely inactivated during the short heat phase. The three pathogens survived the long-lasting maturation phase without loss of viability. Heat evolved during composting was found to be the most important factor involved with sanitation of crop residues. The possible involvement of fungitoxic conversion products and microbial antagonism is discussed.     

浅黄恩蚜小蜂和丽蚜小蜂对温室白粉虱的寄生潜能分析

浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd和丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan是防治粉虱类害虫的优势寄生蜂,通过生命表技术方法分析了2种寄生蜂对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的防治潜能。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂在羽化第3天和第10天出现2次寄生高峰,占其总寄生量的13.7%和8.0%,在2次高峰之间逐日寄生粉虱数量比较平稳,单雌逐日平均产雌数保持在10.6~13.4头,10 d后寄生量呈明显的下降趋势;而浅黄恩蚜小蜂羽化10 d内逐日寄生粉虱量变化不大,单雌逐日产雌数稳定在4.2~5.4头,羽化14 d后寄生量呈明显下降趋势。丽蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂的R0、T、rm、λ值分别为171.5、18.0、0.2854、1.3303和61.6、16.2、0.2544、1.2897;粉虱若虫充足时,丽蚜小蜂平均单雌寄生若虫数是浅黄恩蚜小蜂的2.7倍,而后者平均单雌取食若虫数为60.6头,明显高于前者42.7头,总的来看,丽蚜小蜂通过寄生和取食杀死粉虱总量220.8头,明显高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的127.9头。表明在应用寄生蜂防治温室白粉虱时,单独释放丽蚜小蜂比浅黄恩蚜小蜂显示出更好的防治潜能。     

Combined effect of generally regarded as safe (GRAS) compounds andTrichoderma harzianum on the control of postharvest diseases of rambutan

Botryodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides andGliocephalotrichum microchlamydosporum are the causal fungi of the rambutan postharvest diseases stem-end rot, anthracnose and brown spot, respectively. Two different treatments of rambutan fruits(Nephelium lappaceum) against the three pathogens were compared: potassium metabisulphite (250 ppm) or cinnamaldehyde (30 ppm), each combined withTrichoderma harzianum (TrH 40). The application of TrH 40 and potassium metabisulphite effectively controlled the incidence and severity of the three postharvest diseases and maintained the overall quality and color of the fruit under low temperature storage at 13.5°C and 95% r.h. for 18 days. The greatest effect of this treatment was shown onG. microchlamydosporum. Cinnamaldehyde affected the growth and germination of TrH 40, whereas potassium metabisulphite did not. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 4, 2001.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Identification and pathogenicity of Pythium species causing damping-off of kidney bean

Five Pythium species (Pythium irregulare, P. mamillatum, P. myriotylum, P. spinosum and P. ultimum var. ultimum) were isolated from the hypocotyls and roots of kidney bean plants with damping-off from a commercial field and from experimental plots that have undergone either continuous cropping with kidney bean or rotational cropping with arable crops. In inoculation tests, all five Pythium species were pathogenic to kidney bean. This is the first report of damping-off of kidney bean caused by Pythium species; we named this disease damping-off of kidney bean. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AB291811, AB291944 and AB291945.     

Survey of Bacterial and Fungal Seedborne Diseases in Imported and Domestic Potato Seed Tubers

Potato seed tubers are imported to Israel from northern Europe and planted in spring; tubers harvested early from the spring crop are used as seed for the autumn crop. Although only seed lots registered as certified are imported, a previous survey (1984–1994) indicated that most imported lots were affected by latent or active infections caused byErwinia carotovora,Streptomyces scabies, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp. andSpongospora subterranae. The survey was extended until 1998, and included additional pathogens:Ralstonia solanacearum,Helminthosporium solani, Colletotrichum coccodes andVerticillium dahliae. Most of these pathogens were also monitored in domestic seed tubers, and are reported for the first time. Brown rot was not observed in any of the imported lots. Blackleg and soft rot caused byErwinia spp. were detected in most of the imported lots; however, less than 7% of the lots were contaminated at high levels, while approximately 65% were contaminated at moderate levels. Common scab was detected in most of the imported lots; 51% of the imported lots were contaminated at moderate or high levels, whereas only 6.5% of the domestic seed lots were contaminated at these levels. Black scurf was detected in most of the imported lots; on average, 47.3%, 44.2% and 1.4% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 7.1% were disease-free. In contrast, most of the domestic lots were either disease-free (45.4%) or had a low disease incidence (37.3%). Only 16.7% of the lots were moderately infected and 0.2% were highly contaminated. Silver scurf was observed in most of the imported lots during all years of the survey, with no differences among the producing countries; on average, 22.7%, 66.1% and 7.5% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 3.7% were disease-free. Most of the domestic lots (76%) were disease-free and only 6.6% were infected at moderate or high levels. Black dot was observed in a considerable portion of the shipments from Holland during all years of the survey, particularly in 1998, when 34% of the lots were infected. The shipments from France and Germany were infected at low levels, except in 1998, when 19% and 11% of the lots, respectively, arrived infected. In shipments from Scotland and Ireland low incidences of the disease were observed in 1994 and 1995. In the domestic lots, black dot incidence was low (<2.4%) except in 1996, when 11% of the lots were infected.V. dahliae was monitored only in domestic seed tubers. The incidence of disease-free lots was 56–64%, whereas in 20–30% of the lots the level of infection was <5%, and in 6–16% of the lots the level was >5%. The survey findings demonstrate transmission of seedborne pathogens; most of these pathogens can become established in the soil and eventually cause severe outbreaks of disease in potatoes grown in Israel. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 16, 1999.     

两种蚜小蜂对烟粉虱MED隐种的田间笼罩控效评价

为明确烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci MED隐种优势寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati ZolnerowichRose与浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd对其控制效果的影响,在棉田尼龙纱网笼罩中释放烟粉虱之后,再分别单独释放海氏桨角蚜小蜂、浅黄恩蚜小蜂以及二者以不同比例组合(1∶1、1∶3、3∶1)释放,定期调查统计2种蚜小蜂对烟粉虱的寄生量和烟粉虱的种群动态。结果表明,相对于不放蜂对照,自首次放蜂后40 d开始,所有放蜂处理均能显著降低烟粉虱若虫种群密度,每100 cm~2叶片上均少于1.00头,但各处理间的烟粉虱种群密度无显著差异;海氏桨角蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂以3∶1比例组合释放的处理中对烟粉虱的寄生量最高,每100 cm~2棉花叶片上能达到4.25头。表明在棉田中对烟粉虱进行生物防治时,以初级寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂与复寄生蜂浅黄恩蚜小蜂为3∶1的比例释放,可以到达较好的控制效果。